Earth:List of southernmost items

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The most southerly geographical features of various types are listed here.

Cities and settlements

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Capital (of an independent nation) New Zealand Wellington, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 41°17′20″S 174°46′38″E / 41.28889°S 174.77722°E / -41.28889; 174.77722 (Wellington, New Zealand)
Permanent settlement of any size Antarctica Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica [ ⚑ ] 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Settlement capable of housing more than 1,000 people[1] Antarctica McMurdo Station, Antarctica [ ⚑ ] 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.85°S 166.667°E / -77.85; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)
Town > 1,000 people Chile Puerto Williams, Chile [ ⚑ ] 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
City > 50,000 people Argentina Ushuaia, Argentina [ ⚑ ] 54°48′S 68°18′W / 54.8°S 68.3°W / -54.8; -68.3 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
City > 100,000 people Chile Punta Arenas, Chile [ ⚑ ] 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
City > 250,000 people New Zealand Christchurch, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 43°31′48″S 172°37′13″E / 43.53°S 172.62028°E / -43.53; 172.62028 (Christchurch, New Zealand)
City > 500,000 people Argentina Mar del Plata, Argentina [ ⚑ ] 38°00′S 57°33′W / 38°S 57.55°W / -38; -57.55 (Mar del Plata, Argentina)
Metropolitan area > 5,000,000 people Australia Melbourne, Australia [ ⚑ ] 37°48′49″S 144°57′47″E / 37.81361°S 144.96306°E / -37.81361; 144.96306 (Melbourne, Australia)
Metropolitan area > 15,000,000 people Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina [ ⚑ ] 34°36′12″S 58°22′54″W / 34.60333°S 58.38167°W / -34.60333; -58.38167 (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Metropolitan area > 20,000,000 people Brazil São Paulo, Brazil [ ⚑ ] 23°33′06″S 46°38′01″W / 23.55167°S 46.63361°W / -23.55167; -46.63361 (São Paulo, Brazil)

Geography

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Body of water (navigable) Bay of Whales, Ross Sea [ ⚑ ] 78°30′S 164°20′W / 78.5°S 164.333°W / -78.5; -164.333
Land (excluding Antarctica) Thule Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands [ ⚑ ] 59°31′50″S 27°23′50″W / 59.53056°S 27.39722°W / -59.53056; -27.39722

Islands

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Any island (above sea level) Deverall Island [ ⚑ ] 81°28′S 161°54′E / 81.467°S 161.9°E / -81.467; 161.9
Any island (with bare rock, not ice-covered) Ross Island [ ⚑ ] 77°50′S 166°40′E / 77.833°S 166.667°E / -77.833; 166.667
Any size excluding Antarctica Thule Island [ ⚑ ] 59°27′S 27°18′W / 59.45°S 27.3°W / -59.45; -27.3
Island > 10,000 km2 excluding Antarctica Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina /Chile [ ⚑ ] 55°02′S 56°27′W / 55.033°S 56.45°W / -55.033; -56.45
Island > 100,000 km2 South Island, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 46°40′S 169°00′E / 46.667°S 169°E / -46.667; 169
Coral atoll Elizabeth Reef, Australia [ ⚑ ] 29°57′S 159°4′E / 29.95°S 159.067°E / -29.95; 159.067

Berkner Island is further south than any of these, but its bedrock lies entirely below sea level, with only its ice covering rising above.

Nature

Animals

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Bird: South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) seen at the South Pole[2] [ ⚑ ] 90°00′S 00°00′W / 90°S -0°E / -90; -0 (South Pole, Antarctica)
Amphibian: Gray four-eyed frog (Pleurodema bufoninum) Southern tip of South America[3] [ ⚑ ] 53°54′S 71°18′W / 53.9°S 71.3°W / -53.9; -71.3 (Gray four-eyed frog)
Mammal: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Southern Ocean[4][5] 80th parallel south
Marsupial: Patagonian opossum (Lestodelphys halli) Estancia La Madrugada, Argentina [6] [ ⚑ ] 47°06′00″S 66°29′01″W / 47.1°S 66.48361°W / -47.1; -66.48361 (Lestodelphys)
Reptile: Liolaemus magellanicus Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego[7] [ ⚑ ] 52°22′57″S 68°24′36″W / 52.382367°S 68.409956°W / -52.382367; -68.409956 (Liolaemus)
Insect: Antarctic midge (Belgica antarctica) Refuge Islands[8][9] [ ⚑ ] 68°21′S 67°10′W / 68.35°S 67.167°W / -68.35; -67.167 (Antarctic midge)
Fish: Gymnoscopelus nicholsi, Gymnoscopelus braueri, Electrona antarctica Ross Sea[10] 75th parallel south

Plants

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Flowering plants (in greenhouses) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica[11] [ ⚑ ] 90°00′S 139°16′W / 90°S 139.267°W / -90; -139.267 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Grass and flowering plants (naturally occurring) Terra Firma Islands, Antarctica[12] [ ⚑ ] 68°42′S 67°32′W / 68.7°S 67.533°W / -68.7; -67.533 (Terra Firma Islands)
Trees (Nothofagus betuloides, naturally occurring) Hornos Island, Chile [13] [ ⚑ ] 55°58′S 67°15′W / 55.967°S 67.25°W / -55.967; -67.25 (Cape Horn)
Conifers (Pilgerodendron uviferum, naturally occurring) Tierra del Fuego, Chile [14][15] [ ⚑ ] 54°20′S 70°7′W / 54.333°S 70.117°W / -54.333; -70.117 (Tierra del Fuego)
Palms (nīkau (Rhopalostylis sapida), naturally occurring) Chatham Islands, New Zealand[16] [ ⚑ ] 44°02′S 176°26′W / 44.033°S 176.433°W / -44.033; -176.433 (Chatham Islands, New Zealand)

Agriculture

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Cattle farm Estancia Moat, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina [17] [ ⚑ ] 54°58′32.4″S 66°44′41″W / 54.975667°S 66.74472°W / -54.975667; -66.74472 (Estancia Moat)
Cherry orchard Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina [18] [ ⚑ ] 46°32′30.24″S 71°39′20.32″W / 46.5417333°S 71.6556444°W / -46.5417333; -71.6556444
Potato farm Centro Experimental Kampenaike, Magallanes Region, Chile [19] [ ⚑ ] 52°37′59.24″S 70°32′40.87″W / 52.6331222°S 70.5446861°W / -52.6331222; -70.5446861
Rice field San Nicolás, Ñuble Region, Chile [20][21] [ ⚑ ] 36°30′12″S 72°12′44″W / 36.503333°S 72.212222°W / -36.503333; -72.212222 (San Nicolás)
Vineyard Chile Chico, Aysén Region, Chile [22] [ ⚑ ] 46°32′0.41″S 71°41′16.46″W / 46.5334472°S 71.6879056°W / -46.5334472; -71.6879056 (Viñedo experimental)

Education

Item Place Latitude/longitude
International Baccalaureate school John McGlashan College, Dunedin, New Zealand[23] [ ⚑ ] 45°51′17″S 170°29′55″E / 45.85472°S 170.49861°E / -45.85472; 170.49861 (John McGlashan College in Dunedin)
University National University of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina [24] [ ⚑ ] 54°48′57″S 68°19′04″W / 54.81583°S 68.31778°W / -54.81583; -68.31778 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
Kindergarten Puerto Williams,[25] Chile [ ⚑ ] 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.6166667°W / -54.93306; -67.6166667 (Kindergarten in Puerto Williams)
Secondary school Puerto Williams, Chile [26] [ ⚑ ] 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.6166667°W / -54.93306; -67.6166667 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
Primary school Escuela Nº 38 "Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín", Esperanza Base, Antarctica[27] [ ⚑ ] 63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.4°S 57°W / -63.4; -57 (Esperanza Base, Antarctica)

Science and technology

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Astronomical observatory South Pole Telescope, Antarctica [ ⚑ ] 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (South Pole Telescope, Antarctica)
Permanent scientific
research station 		Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica [ ⚑ ] 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Planetarium Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand[28] [ ⚑ ] 45°51′56″S 170°30′38″E / 45.865678°S 170.510471°E / -45.865678; 170.510471 (Otago Museum)
Nuclear power plant Atucha I, Argentina [29] [ ⚑ ] 33°58′S 59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.2°W / -33.967; -59.2 (Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant, Argentina)
Atucha II, Argentina [citation needed] [ ⚑ ] 33°58′S 59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.2°W / -33.967; -59.2 (Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant, Argentina)

Historical sites and archaeological findings

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Prehistoric archaeological site Yaghan people's Cape Horn hunting camp,[30] Chile . [ ⚑ ] 55°58′19″S 67°15′50″W / 55.97183°S 67.264006°W / -55.97183; -67.264006 (Isla Hornos, Chile)

Transportation

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Airfield (permanent, no scheduled flights) Jack F. Paulus Skiway at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica [ ⚑ ] 89°59′22″S 1°0′0″W / 89.98944°S 1°W / -89.98944; -1 (Jack F. Paulus Skiway, Antarctica)
Seaport/Harbour Winter Quarters Bay, McMurdo Station, Antarctica[31] [ ⚑ ] 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.85°S 166.667°E / -77.85; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)
Airport (permanent, with scheduled flights) Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport, Puerto Williams, Chile [ ⚑ ] 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport)
International airport Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport, Ushuaia, Argentina [ ⚑ ] 54°50′S 068°17′W / 54.833°S 68.283°W / -54.833; -68.283 (Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport)
Metro station Plaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón in Buenos Aires, Argentina[32] [ ⚑ ] 34°38′34.9″S 58°27′41.8″W / 34.643028°S 58.461611°W / -34.643028; -58.461611 (Plaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón)
Suburban rail (Regular passenger services) Wellington Central station in Wellington, New Zealand 41°16′43″S 174°46′51″E
Railway Southern Fuegian Railway (Ferrocarril Austral Fueguino) from Ushuaia to the Tierra del Fuego National Park in Argentina [33] [ ⚑ ] 54°48′S 68°18′W / 54.8°S 68.3°W / -54.8; -68.3 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
Narrow gauge railway Dumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica[34][35]

The record was previously held by a 1963 installed line at the British Antarctic Survey base at Signy Island.[34]

[ ⚑ ] 66°40′S 140°01′E / 66.667°S 140.017°E / -66.667; 140.017 (Dumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica)
Suspension bridge Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge, Falkland Islands[36] [ ⚑ ] 51°51′14″S 59°01′04″E / 51.853912°S 59.017825°E / -51.853912; 59.017825 (Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge)
Underground railway station Flagstaff railway station, Melbourne, Australia [ ⚑ ] : 37°48′44″S 144°57′22″E / 37.812121°S 144.956065°E / -37.812121; 144.956065

Recreation

Sport

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Bowling club Stewart Island Bowling Club, Oban, New Zealand[37] [ ⚑ ] 46°53′57″S 168°07′43″E / 46.899224°S 168.128746°E / -46.899224; 168.128746 (Stewart Island Bowling Club)
Ski resort Cerro Castor, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina[38] [ ⚑ ] 54°43′S 68°00′W / 54.717°S 68°W / -54.717; -68 (Cerro Castor)
Golf club Ushuaia Golf Club, Ushuaia, Argentina [39] [ ⚑ ] 54°49′52″S 68°25′02″E / 54.831183°S 68.417283°E / -54.831183; 68.417283 (Ushuaia Golf Club)

Religious buildings

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Church (ice-made) Chapel of Our Lady of the Snows, Belgrano II Base, Antarctica[40][41] [ ⚑ ] 77°52′S 34°37′W / 77.867°S 34.617°W / -77.867; -34.617 (Belgrano II Base, Antarctica)
Church (regular) Trinity Church, Antarctica (Russian Orthodox Church), King George Island, Antarctica[citation needed] [ ⚑ ] 62°12′S 58°58′W / 62.2°S 58.967°W / -62.2; -58.967 (King George Island, Antarctica)
Mormon church Puerto Williams, Chile [42] [ ⚑ ] 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Mormon church of Puerto Williams, Chile)
Cathedral El Sagrado Corazón, Diocese of Punta Arenas, Punta Arenas, Chile [43] [ ⚑ ] 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
Hindu temple Centro Cultural y Templo Hindu, Punta Arenas, Chile [44] [ ⚑ ] 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
Mosque Southland Muslim Association, Invercargill, New Zealand[45] [ ⚑ ] 46°24′35″S 168°23′20″E / 46.40972°S 168.38889°E / -46.40972; 168.38889 (Invercargill, New Zealand)
Synagogue Dunedin Synagogue, Dunedin, New Zealand[46][47] [ ⚑ ] 45°52′S 170°30′E / 45.867°S 170.5°E / -45.867; 170.5 (Dunedin, New Zealand)
Buddhist stupa the Enlightenment Stupa at Portobello, Dunedin, New Zealand[48] [ ⚑ ] 45°51′S 170°39′E / 45.85°S 170.65°E / -45.85; 170.65 (Portobello, New Zealand)
Sikh Gurdwara New Zealand Sikh Society (Wellington), Lower Hutt, New Zealand[49] [ ⚑ ] 41°12′S 174°57′E / 41.2°S 174.95°E / -41.2; 174.95 (New Zealand Sikh Society)

Shops and service facilities

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Tourist office Puerto Williams,[50] Chile [ ⚑ ] 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.6166667°W / -54.93306; -67.6166667 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
Restaurant Lodge Lakutaia,[51] Puerto Williams, Chile [ ⚑ ] 54°56′12″S 67°36′47″W / 54.936789°S 67.613039°W / -54.936789; -67.613039
Cinema Jubany Base, Antarctic Peninsula[citation needed] [ ⚑ ] 62°14′S 58°40′W / 62.233°S 58.667°W / -62.233; -58.667 (Jubany)
Public post office Port Lockroy, Goudier Island, Antarctica[52] [ ⚑ ] 64°49′S 63°30′W / 64.817°S 63.5°W / -64.817; -63.5 (Port Lockroy, Antarctica)
Bar Faraday Bar,[53] Vernadsky Research Base, Antarctica [ ⚑ ] 65°14′45″S 64°15′27″W / 65.245747°S 64.257391°W / -65.245747; -64.257391
Automated teller machine McMurdo Station, Antarctica[54] [ ⚑ ] 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.85°S 166.667°E / -77.85; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)

International brand names

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Mobil petrol station Invercargill, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 46°25′46″S 168°21′42″E / 46.42944°S 168.36167°E / -46.42944; 168.36167 [55]
H&M Christchurch, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 43°32′00″S 172°38′16″E / 43.5333333°S 172.63778°E / -43.5333333; 172.63778 [56]
Shell petrol station Blackmans Bay, Tasmania, Australia [ ⚑ ] 43°00′00″S 147°19′13″E / 43°S 147.32028°E / -43; 147.32028 [57]
7-Eleven Rosebud, Victoria, Australia [ ⚑ ] 38°21′25″S 144°54′04″E / 38.35694°S 144.90111°E / -38.35694; 144.90111 [58]
ECCO Moorabbin, Melbourne, Australia [ ⚑ ] 37°58′15″S 145°05′21″E / 37.97083°S 145.08917°E / -37.97083; 145.08917 [59]
IKEA Springvale, Melbourne, Australia [ ⚑ ] 37°55′36″S 145°08′36″E / 37.92667°S 145.14333°E / -37.92667; 145.14333

Franchised food brands

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Baskin-Robbins Camberwell, Melbourne, Australia [ ⚑ ] 37°49′50″S 145°03′24″E / 37.830423°S 145.056742°E / -37.830423; 145.056742
Wendy's Dunedin, New Zealand[60] [ ⚑ ] 45°53′38″S 170°30′14″E / 45.894013°S 170.503808°E / -45.894013; 170.503808
Starbucks Invercargill, New Zealand[61] [ ⚑ ] 46°24′43″S 168°20′57″E / 46.411950°S 168.349075°E / -46.411950; 168.349075
Burger King Invercargill, New Zealand[62] [ ⚑ ] 46°24′48″S 168°21′42″E / 46.413267°S 168.361750°E / -46.413267; 168.361750
KFC Invercargill, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 46°25′08″S 168°21′42″E / 46.418758°S 168.361609°E / -46.418758; 168.361609
McDonald's Invercargill, New Zealand[63] [ ⚑ ] 46°25′15″S 168°21′41″E / 46.420921°S 168.361503°E / -46.420921; 168.361503
Pizza Hut Invercargill, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 46°25′40″S 168°21′41″E / 46.427798°S 168.361313°E / -46.427798; 168.361313
Subway Invercargill, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 46°25′40″S 168°21′42″E / 46.427908°S 168.361736°E / -46.427908; 168.361736
Domino's Pizza Punta Arenas, Chile [ ⚑ ] 53°08′20″S 70°53′23″W / 53.138801°S 70.889852°W / -53.138801; -70.889852
Hard Rock Café Ushuaia, Argentina [ ⚑ ] 54°48′25″S 68°18′23″W / 54.806825°S 68.3062502°W / -54.806825; -68.3062502

Gardens/parks, zoos and aquaria

Item Place Latitude/longitude
National park Cabo de Hornos National Park, Tierra del Fuego, Chile [ ⚑ ] 55°49′58″S 67°25′58″W / 55.83278°S 67.43278°W / -55.83278; -67.43278 (Cabo de Hornos National Park)
Penguin reserve Magdalena Island Penguin Reserve, Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Chile [64]
Aviary Queens Park Aviary, Invercargill, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 46°24′13″S 168°21′37″E / 46.40361°S 168.36028°E / -46.40361; 168.36028
Botanical garden Jardín Botánico de Ushuaia, Ushuaia, Argentina [65] [ ⚑ ] 54°47′6.5″S 68°16′56″W / 54.785139°S 68.28222°W / -54.785139; -68.28222

Other

Item Place Latitude/longitude
UNESCO world heritage site (natural) French Austral Land and Seas[66] Template:Coord/display/ (southernmost Point)
UNESCO world heritage site (cultural) Cueva de las Manos, Argentina [67] [ ⚑ ] 47°9′S 70°40′W / 47.15°S 70.667°W / -47.15; -70.667 (Cueva de las Manos, Argentina)
Skyscraper (>100 m) Majestic Centre, Wellington, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 41°17′19″S 174°46′27″E / 41.288501°S 174.774296°E / -41.288501; 174.774296 (Majestic Centre)
Opera house Opera House, Wellington, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 41°17′29″S 174°46′40″E / 41.2915°S 174.7778°E / -41.2915; 174.7778 (Wellington Opera House)
High-rise building Cue Building,[68] Invercargill, New Zealand [ ⚑ ] 46°24′40″S 168°20′57″E / 46.4110°S 168.3493°E / -46.4110; 168.3493 (Cue Building)
Mine Invierno mine, Riesco Island, Chile[69] [ ⚑ ] 52°52′11.92″S 71°37′31.13″W / 52.8699778°S 71.6253139°W / -52.8699778; -71.6253139 (Mina Invierno)
Brewery Cerveza Artesanal Beagle, Ushuaia, Argentina [70] [ ⚑ ] 54°47′24″S 68°15′57″W / 54.789983°S 68.265745°W / -54.789983; -68.265745 (Cerveza Artesenal Beagle)
Lighthouse Monumental Cabo de Hornos, Hornos Island, Chile [71] [ ⚑ ] 55°57′54″S 67°13′12″W / 55.965°S 67.22°W / -55.965; -67.22
Bell tower First Church of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand[72] [ ⚑ ] 45°52′34″S 170°30′17″E / 45.8760°S 170.5047°E / -45.8760; 170.5047 (First Church of Otago)
Place of birth of a human Esperanza Base, Antarctica (Emilio Marcos Palma in 1978 and seven others) [73] [ ⚑ ] 63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.4°S 57°W / -63.4; -57 (Esperanza Base, Antarctica)
Cemetery Buromskiy Island, Antarctica[74] [ ⚑ ] 66°32′S 93°0′E / 66.533°S 93°E / -66.533; 93 (Buromskiy Island Cemetery)

See also

Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

References

  1. ↑ "4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present". https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/4past.htm. 
  2. ↑ "Skuas - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection". http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/wildlife/birds/skuas.shtml. 
  3. ↑ Fairbanks, Mailing Address: 101 Dunkel St Suite 110; Us, AK 99701 Phone: 907459-3730 Contact. "Amphibians 101 - Gates Of The Arctic National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". https://www.nps.gov/gaar/learn/nature/wood-frog-page-5.htm. 
  4. ↑ "Antarctica: Marine Mammals". http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/AAmammals.htm. 
  5. ↑ Routti, Heli; Krafft, Bjørn A.; Herzke, Dorte; Eisert, Regina; Oftedal, Olav (February 1, 2015). "Perfluoroalkyl substances detected in the world's southernmost marine mammal, the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)". Environmental Pollution 197: 62–67. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.026. PMID 25497307. 
  6. ↑ Birney, Elmer C.; Monjeau, J. Adrian; Phillips, Carleton J. Sikes, Robert S.; Kim, Iksoo. 1996. Lestodelphys halli: new information on a poorly known Argentine marsupial. Mastozoología Neotropical 3:171-181.
  7. ↑ Jaksic, Fabian M. (2022). "Historical account and current ecological knowledge of the southernmost lizard in the world, Liolaemus magellanicus (Squamata: Liolaemidae)". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 95 (7). doi:10.1186/s40693-022-00112-y. 
  8. ↑ "Stress tolerance in a polyextremophile: The southernmost insect | Request PDF". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271714668. 
  9. ↑ Usher, Michael B.; Edwards, Marion (September 1, 1984). "A dipteran from south of the Antarctic Circle: Belgica antarctica (Chironomidae) with a description of its larva". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 23 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00803.x. https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/23/1/19/2666295. Retrieved March 23, 2020. 
  10. ↑ "Archived copy". http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/508228/1/Atlas_Chap.7-Duhamel_et_al_2014-F.pdf. 
  11. ↑ "UA, Tempe company bring veggies to South Pole". http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/business/articles/1110greenhouse10.html. 
  12. ↑ Smith, Roff. "Frozen Under". National Geographic. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com:80/ngm/data/2001/12/01/html/ft_20011201.1.html. Retrieved 2012-06-23. 
  13. ↑ Welch, Craig (July 2020). "The tree at the bottom of the world—and the wind-blasted trek to find it". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/07/journey-to-the-worlds-southernmost-tree/. 
  14. ↑ Soto, Daniel P.; Le Quesne, Carlos; Lara, Antonio; Gardner, Martin F. (2007). "Precarious conservation status of Pilgerodendron uviferum forests in their northern distribution in the Chilean Coastal Range". Bosque 28 (3): 263–270. doi:10.4067/S0717-92002007000300012. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1731/173113292012.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Allnutt, T.R.; Newton, A.C.; Premoli, A.; Lara, A. (2003). "Genetic variation in the threatened South American conifer Pilgerodendron uviferum (Cupressaceae), detected using RAPD markers". Biological Conservation 114 (2): 245–253. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00044-2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703000442. 
  16. ↑ "Bushmansfriend: Forest walks, Nature Photography & NZ Flora - Native Plant Information - New Zealand, native trees, natives, shrubs, information". http://www.bushmansfriend.co.nz/xurl/PageID/9165/ArticleID/-33868/function/moreinfo/content.html. 
  17. ↑ Hoffmann, M. A. (1974). The southernmost cattle exploitation in the world. Development action of the Argentine Army in an isle of Tierra del Fuego. (in Spanish). Anales de la Sociedad Rural Argentina.
  18. ↑ "Los Antiguos: la cereza más austral del mundo" (in Spanish). LRA Radio Nacional. 2022-07-22. https://www.radionacional.com.ar/los-antiguos-la-cereza-mas-austral-del-mundo/. 
  19. ↑ "Chile: INIA prepara la cosecha más austral de papa semilla certificada" (in Spanish). Argenpapa. 2020-04-03. https://www.argenpapa.com.ar/noticia/8837-chile-inia-prepara-la-cosecha-mas-austral-de-papa-semilla-certificada. 
  20. ↑ Paredes, C.M.; Becerra, V.V.; Donoso, Ñ.G.; Cruz, G.M. (2021) Tolerancia al frío en el cultivo del arroz en el mundo. In: Paredes, C.M. (et al. (eds.)) 100 años del cultivo del arroz en Chile en un contexto internacional 1920-2020. Tomo I. Colección Libros INIA no. 40. Chillán (Chile): Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, p. 188-214. ISBN:978-956-7016-51-8
  21. ↑ "Presente y perspectivas futuras del cultivo del arroz en Chile" (in Spanish). Mundo Agro. 2020-11-30. https://mundoagro.cl/presente-y-perspectivas-futuras-del-cultivo-del-arroz-en-chile/. 
  22. ↑ "Keokén, el viñedo más austral de Chile" (in Spanish). https://wip.cl/keoken-hasta-donde-hemos-podido-llegar/. 
  23. ↑ "John McGlashan College". http://www.ibo.org/en/school/001178/. 
  24. ↑ "Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego »". UNTDF. http://www.untdf.edu.ar. 
  25. ↑ ": : Dirección de Bienestar de la Armada de Chile : :". http://www.bienestararmada.cl/prontus_bienestar/antialone.html?page=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bienestararmada.cl%2Fprontus_bienestar%2Fsite%2Fartic%2F20071016%2Fpags%2F20071016080826.html. 
  26. ↑ "WWW. Municipalidad Cabo de Hornos. CL". http://www.municipalidadcabodehornos.cl/Paginas/liceo/t_director.htm. 
  27. ↑ "Escuela Nº38 Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín". http://www.marambio.aq/escuela38.html. 
  28. ↑ "World's southernmost planetarium opens in Dunedin". Newshub. https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2015/12/worlds-southernmost-planetarium-opens-in-dunedin.html. 
  29. ↑ "Nucleoeléctrica Argentina (in Spanish)". http://www.na-sa.com.ar/centrales. 
  30. ↑ Buma, Brian; Morello, Flavia; Rodriguez, Karina; Fillol, Alberto Serrano (October 2022). "Antiquity announcement: Isla Hornos/Isla Lököshpi". Antiquity 96 (389): 1324–1329. doi:10.15184/aqy.2022.91. 
  31. ↑ Klein, Andrew G.; Kennicutt, Mahlon C.; Wolff, Gary A.; Sweet, Steve T.; Bloxom, Tiffany; Gielstra, Dianna A.; Cleckley, Marietta (2008). "The historical development of McMurdo station, Antarctica, an environmental perspective". Polar Geography 31 (3): 119–144. doi:10.1080/10889370802579856. "Winter Quarters Bay is the world's southernmost port.". 
  32. ↑ Oren (2018-06-12). "Riding to the Southernmost Subway Station in the World" (in en-US). https://orenstransitpage.com/the-travelogue/riding-to-the-southernmost-subway-station-in-the-world/. 
  33. ↑ "Tren del Fin del Mundo Ushuaia Tierra del Fuego Argentina". https://www.trendelfindelmundo.com.ar:443/es. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 David Rootes (1988). A concise account of Signy Base 'H'. British Antarctic Survey. p. 17. ISBN 085665129X. 
  35. ↑ Martin Coombs. "Big whales, small engines!". Railways of the Far South. http://www.railwaysofthefarsouth.co.uk/11cwhaling.html. Retrieved 2022-01-03. 
  36. ↑ "Southern most Suspension Bridge". http://text.fostlong-photography.com/Southern-most-Suspension-Bridge. 
  37. ↑ "Stewart Island bowling green opened - the world's southernmost green?". http://www.bowlsnz.co.nz/Category?Action=View&Category_id=2955. 
  38. ↑ Cerro Castor: esquí en el Fin del Mundo Revista Magna.
  39. ↑ "At the imposing Patagonian geography, the perfect combination of challenge and contemplation.". http://www.argentina.travel/en/xp/the-southernmost-golf-course/4252#.V7yq6CPr3q4. 
  40. ↑ "Church in ice cave at Belgrano II station, Antarctica". http://www.waponline.it/ChurchinAntarctica/tabid/65/Default.aspx. 
  41. ↑ "Mass at ice church in Belgrano II Base". http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/fotos/BaseBelgrano/pages/Misa_jpg.htm. 
  42. ↑ "Nearby Churches | ComeUntoChrist.org". https://www.comeuntochrist.org/worship-with-us/nearby-churches. 
  43. ↑ "Obispado de Punta Arenas". http://www.iglesia.cl/puntaarenas/. 
  44. ↑ Academy, Himalayan. "Hinduism Today Magazine". https://www.hinduismtoday.com/. 
  45. ↑ "Southland Muslim Association Inc, Invercargill, 9810, New Zealand - Islamic Centers, Masjids Mosques, Muslim Owned Businesses, Islamic Schools and Colleges". Islamicfinder.org. 2011-04-20. http://www.islamicfinder.org/getitWorld.php?id=96144. 
  46. ↑ "NZ Jewish Archives - Temple Sinai". http://www.sinai.org.nz/community/archives.html. 
  47. ↑ Google Books : The New Zealand Jewish Community By Stephen I. Levine
  48. ↑ "Dhargyey Buddhist Centre Home Page". https://dbc.dharmakara.net/. 
  49. ↑ "Gurudwaras of World". https://www.worldgurudwaras.com/users/login?return=L2luZGV4LnBocD9vcHRpb249Y29tX210cmVlJmFtcDt0YXNrPWFkZGxpc3RpbmcmYW1wO2xpbmtfaWQ9MCZhbXA7SXRlbWlkPTEzOQ%3D%3D. 
  50. ↑ [1]
  51. ↑ "☞ The Most Southern Restaurant in the World / Самые южный ресторан в мире". http://restoran.us/trivia/southern.htm. 
  52. ↑ "UKAHT - UKAHT". http://www.ukaht.org/. 
  53. ↑ "Having A drink At The World's Southernmost Bar". March 11, 2016. https://annualadventure.com/southernmost-bar-antarctica/. 
  54. ↑ "Group". http://consumerist.com/2010/07/rejoice-penguins-wells-fargo-has-an-atm-in-antartica.html. 
  55. ↑ "Find Gas Stations Near Me | Esso Fuel Finder". http://www.fuels.esso.co.th/en-th/find-station?latitude1=-46.37451105273903&longitude1=168.29256184082033&latitude2=-46.43369711214521&longitude2=168.4120381591797. 
  56. ↑ [2] "Store Locator"
  57. ↑ [3] "Fuel Finder; Gas Station Locator"
  58. ↑ "Find a Store - Find Coffee, Gas, Food & More Nearby | 7-Eleven". https://www.7-eleven.com/locator. 
  59. ↑ "Service". https://global.ecco.com:443/en/service/find-a-store. 
  60. ↑ "World's southernmost Wendy's is now open in Dunedin". 2015-03-12. http://www.wendys.co.nz/news/. 
  61. ↑ "Southern-most Starbucks draws tourist crowds". https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/business/64893344/southern-most-starbucks-draws-tourist-crowds. 
  62. ↑ "City to hold meetings to discuss plans for upcoming bicycle boulevard projects". http://www2.ljworld.com/marketplace/businesses/burger-king-5970/print/. 
  63. ↑ "Southernmost McDonald's in the world in Invercargill, New Zealand". 2011-06-16. http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/southernmost-mcdonalds-in-the-world/. 
  64. ↑ Velez, Vitoria (2014-03-17). "Global warming a concern at Chile's penguin paradise". https://phys.org/news/2014-03-global-chile-penguin-paradise.html. 
  65. ↑ Mestre, L.; Caipillán, E.; Cánepa, L.; Rodríguez, S.; Herrera, M.L.; Fernández, L.; Argañaraz, C.I. (2021-09-09) (in Spanish). Creación del Jardín Botánico de Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (Report). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354472909. Retrieved 2022-11-30. 
  66. ↑ (in en) Winners & Losers: Episode 4 - UNESCO World Heritage Sites, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cv_m5RKQVQ, retrieved 2020-04-15 
  67. ↑ World Heritage List and List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas
  68. ↑ "Cue Building" (in English). https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1519581/cue-building-invercargill-new-zealand. 
  69. ↑ "The world's southernmost mines | MINING.com". http://www.mining.com/the-worlds-southernmost-mines/. 
  70. ↑ "101 Beer Experiences: Explore the edges of the world". January 18, 2016. https://draftmag.com/101-beer-experiences-explore-the-edges-of-the-world/. 
  71. ↑ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Southern Chile". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/chls.htm. 
  72. ↑ This Way Up (17 December 2016). "Ring my bells!". Radio New Zealand. http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/thiswayup/20161217. 
  73. ↑ "Times On Line article on Antarctica". http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article2859563.ece. 
  74. ↑ "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)". Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM35/WW/atcm35_ww003_e.pdf. 
  • Moore, D. M. (1983). Flora of Tierra del Fuego.



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