Earth:List of unconfirmed impact craters on Earth

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This list of more than 130 possible impact craters on Earth includes theoretical impact sites that have appeared several times in the literature, or may have been endorsed by the Impact Field Studies Group (IFSG)[1] or Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures (EDEIS),[2] but not yet confirmed by the Earth Impact Database (EID).[3]

Unconfirmed impact craters

The following are officially considered "unconfirmed". Due to stringent requirements regarding evidence and peer-reviewed publication, newly discovered craters—or those where collecting evidence is difficult—are generally known for some time before becoming listed. Recent extensive surveys have been done for Australian (2005),[4] African (2014),[5] and South American (2015)[6] craters, as well as those in the Arab world (2016).[7] A book review by A. Crósta and U. Reimold disputes some of the evidence presented for several of the South American structures.[8]

File:Ak-Bura 2.png
Ak-Bura (Murgab)
False-colour Landsat image of Darwin Crater (arrowed)
Topographic image of Iturralde Crater
File:Zerelia West and East.png
Zerelia West and East
File:French Indochina map.jpg
Tonlé Sap lake

Younger than one million years old

The more than 20 unconfirmed craters in the first table are younger than one million years old and at least 0.1 km in diameter. For comparison, the largest confirmed crater in the Earth Impact Database within the last 10,000 years is the 0.3 km Macha crater in Siberia.

Name Location Diameter
(km) 		Age
(in ka) 		Date
(approx.) 		Coordinates
Curuçá astrobleme[9] Brazil (Amazonas) 1.0 0.08 1930 AD [ ⚑ ] 5°11′S 71°38′W / 5.183°S 71.633°W / -5.183; -71.633 (Curuçá)
Lake Cheko Russia (Siberia) 0.5 0.1 1908 AD [ ⚑ ] 60°57′50″N 101°51′36″E / 60.964°N 101.86°E / 60.964; 101.86 (Cheko)
Ak-Bura (Murgab)[10][11] Tajikistan 0.8 0.3 1700 AD[12] [ ⚑ ] 38°5′38.5″N 74°16′58″E / 38.094028°N 74.28278°E / 38.094028; 74.28278 (Ak-Bura)
Mahuika New Zealand (offshore) 920 20?


0.6 1400 AD [ ⚑ ] 48°18′S 166°24′E / 48.3°S 166.4°E / -48.3; 166.4 (Mahuika)
Merewether[13] Canada (Newfoundland) 0.2 0.9 1100 AD [ ⚑ ] 58°02′N 64°03′W / 58.04°N 64.05°W / 58.04; -64.05 (Merewether)
Sirente Italy 0.1 1.7 320 ± 90 AD [ ⚑ ] 42°10′38″N 13°35′45″E / 42.17722°N 13.59583°E / 42.17722; 13.59583 (Sirente)
Svetloyar lake[14] Russia 0.4 2.6 600 BC [ ⚑ ] 56°49′08″N 45°05′35″E / 56.819°N 45.093°E / 56.819; 45.093 (Svetloyar)
Kachchh (Luna)[15] India 2.1 4.0 2000 BC [ ⚑ ] 23°42′17″N 69°15′37″E / 23.70472°N 69.26028°E / 23.70472; 69.26028 (Kachchh)
Umm al Binni Iraq 3.4 5.0 3000 BC [ ⚑ ] 31°14′29″N 47°06′21″E / 31.24139°N 47.10583°E / 31.24139; 47.10583 (Umm al Binni)
Burckle Indian Ocean 930 30?


5.0 3000 BC [ ⚑ ] 30°52′S 61°22′E / 30.86°S 61.36°E / -30.86; 61.36 (Burckle)
Zerelia West[16] Greece 0.2 7.0 5000 BC [ ⚑ ] 39°09′48″N 22°42′32″E / 39.16333°N 22.70889°E / 39.16333; 22.70889 (Zerelia West)
Zerelia East[16] Greece 0.1 7.0 5000 BC [ ⚑ ] 39°09′43″N 22°42′51″E / 39.16194°N 22.71417°E / 39.16194; 22.71417 (Zerelia East)
Smerdyacheye lake[17] Russia 0.2 10–30? – [ ⚑ ] 55°44′06″N 39°49′23″E / 55.735°N 39.823°E / 55.735; 39.823 (Smerdyacheye)
Hickman Crater Australia 0.3 10–100 – [ ⚑ ] 23°2′13″S 119°40′59″E / 23.03694°S 119.68306°E / -23.03694; 119.68306 (Hickman)
Bloody Creek Canada (Nova Scotia) 0.4 12?[18] – [ ⚑ ] 44°45′N 65°14′W / 44.75°N 65.233°W / 44.75; -65.233 (Bloody Creek)
Brushy Creek Feature[19] United States (Louisiana) 2.0 11–30 – [ ⚑ ] 30°46′05″N 90°44′06″W / 30.768°N 90.735°W / 30.768; -90.735 (Brushy Creek Feature)
Iturralde Bolivia 908 8.0


11–30 – [ ⚑ ] 12°35′S 67°40′W / 12.583°S 67.667°W / -12.583; -67.667 (Iturralde)
Ouro Ndia[20] Mali 3.0 11–100?[12] – [ ⚑ ] 14°59.8′N 4°30.0′W / 14.9967°N 4.5°W / 14.9967; -4.5 (Ouro Ndia)
Mt. Oikeyama[21] Japan 0.9 30? – [ ⚑ ] 35°24′18″N 138°00′47″E / 35.405°N 138.013°E / 35.405; 138.013 (Oikeyama)
Sithylemenkat lake[22] United States (Alaska) 912 12


33?[23][24] – [ ⚑ ] 66°07′34″N 151°23′20″W / 66.12611°N 151.38889°W / 66.12611; -151.38889 (Sithylemenkat)
La Dulce crater[25] Argentina 2.8 445? – [ ⚑ ] 38°13′S 59°13′W / 38.21°S 59.21°W / -38.21; -59.21 (La Dulce)
Bajada del Diablo craters[26][27] Argentina 0.4 450 ± 300 – [ ⚑ ] 42°46′S 67°24′W / 42.767°S 67.4°W / -42.767; -67.4 (Bajada del Diablo)
Darwin Crater Tasmania 1.2 816 – [ ⚑ ] 42°19′S 145°40′E / 42.317°S 145.667°E / -42.317; 145.667 (Darwin crater)
Pantasma Nicaragua 910 10


820?[28] – [ ⚑ ] 13°22′N 85°57′W / 13.37°N 85.95°W / 13.37; -85.95 (Pantasma)

The Cheko crater is thought by one research group to be the result of the famous Tunguska event, although sediments in the lake have been dated back more than 5000 years. There is highly speculative conjecture about the supposed Sirente impact (c. 320 ± 90 AD) causing the Roman emperor Constantine's vision at Milvian Bridge.[29]

The Burckle crater and Umm al Binni structure are proposed to be behind the floods that affected Sumerian civilization.[30][31] The Kachchh impact may have been witnessed by the Harappan civilization and mentioned as a fireball in Sanskrit texts.[15]

The age of the Bloody Creek crater is disputed, with some evidence suggesting it hit glacier ice 12000 years ago, coeval with the Younger Dryas.[18]

As the trend in the Earth Impact Database for about 26 confirmed craters younger than a million years old show that almost all are less than 2 km in diameter (except the 3 km Agoudal and 4 km Rio Cuarto), the suggestion that two large craters, Mahuika (20 km) and Burckle (30 km), formed just within the last few millennia has been met with skepticism.[32][33][34]

However, the source of the young (less than a million years old) and enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 790 ka) is suggested to be a crater about 100 km across somewhere in Indochina,[35][36] with Hartung and Koeberl (1994) proposing the elongated 100 km × 35 km Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia (visible in the map at the side) as a suspect structure.[37]

Aorounga South. Aorounga Central is above this structure
File:Arlit.png
Arlit crater
The Bangui magnetic anomaly in central Africa[5]
Decorah crater
File:Duolon crater.png
Duolun crater
File:El-Baz.png
El Baz crater
Lake Iro
Kebira Crater
Panther Mountain
Ramgarh crater
Rubielos de la Cérida
The Nastapoka (Hudson Bay) arc of Quebec (in red).
Silverpit crater in false colours
File:Mahas crater.png
Sudan (Mahas) crater
A map of Sudan showing three craters
Mahas
Mahas
Bayuda
Bayuda
Red Sea Hills
Red Sea Hills
class=notpageimage|
Three craters in Sudan
Ust-Kara and Kara twin? crater
Vélingara circular structure
1973 Skylab image of the Vichada Structure
Weaubleau structure
File:DR Congo crater.png
Wembo-Nyama ring structure
Wilkes Land crater in Antarctica

Older than one million years old

The more than 110 suspected craters in the table below are either older than 1 Ma, or have an unknown age.

Name Location Diameter (km) Age
(in Ma) 		Coordinates
38th Parallel structures United States (Missouri, etc.) .010 2-17


?
Al Madafi[38][39] Saudi Arabia .006 6


.006 6-66[38][39]


[ ⚑ ] 28°40′N 37°11′E / 28.67°N 37.18°E / 28.67; 37.18 (Al Madafi)
Alamo bolide impact United States (Nevada) .100 100 ± 40

[12][40]

.367 367


[ ⚑ ] 37°19′N 116°11′W / 37.31°N 116.18°W / 37.31; -116.18 (Alamo)
Anefis[20][41] Chad .0039 3.9


.023 23?[12]


[ ⚑ ] 18°04′19″N 0°02′53″W / 18.072°N 0.048°W / 18.072; -0.048 (Anefis)
Aorounga Central[42][43] Chad .0116 11.6


.345 < 345


[ ⚑ ] 19°13′44″N 19°15′40″E / 19.229°N 19.261°E / 19.229; 19.261 (Aorounga center)
Arganaty[44] Kazakhstan (Almaty region) .300 300


.250 250

[45]

[ ⚑ ] 46°30′N 79°48′E / 46.5°N 79.8°E / 46.5; 79.8 (Arganaty)
Arlit crater[46][47] Niger .010 10


? [ ⚑ ] 21°21′11″N 9°08′42″E / 21.353°N 9.145°E / 21.353; 9.145 (Arlit)
Australian impact structure Australia (Northern Territory) .600 600


.545 >545


[ ⚑ ] 25°33′S 131°23′E / 25.55°S 131.383°E / -25.55; 131.383 (MAPCIS)
Azuara Spain .035 35-40


.030 30-40


[ ⚑ ] 41°07′N 0°13′W / 41.117°N 0.217°W / 41.117; -0.217 (Azuara)
Bajo Hondo[48] Argentina .0039 3.9


.009 < 10


[ ⚑ ] 42°15′S 67°55′W / 42.25°S 67.917°W / -42.25; -67.917 (Bajo Hondo)
Bangui magnetic anomaly[5][49] Central African Republic .700 600-800?


.543 >542


[ ⚑ ] 6°00′N 18°18′E / 6°N 18.3°E / 6; 18.3 (Bangui)
Bateke Plateau[50] Gabon .007.1 7.1


.0026 < 2.6


[ ⚑ ] 0°38′45″S 14°27′29″E / 0.64583°S 14.45806°E / -0.64583; 14.45806 (Bateke)
Bedout Australia (offshore) .250 250


.250 250


[ ⚑ ] 18°S 119°E / 18°S 119°E / -18; 119 (Bedout)
Bee Bluff[51] United States (Texas) .0024 2.4


.040 40?


[ ⚑ ] 29°02′N 99°51′W / 29.03°N 99.85°W / 29.03; -99.85 (Bee Bluff)
Björkö[52] Sweden .010 10


1.200 1200


[ ⚑ ] 59°18′N 17°36′E / 59.30°N 17.60°E / 59.30; 17.60 (Björkö)
Bohemian circular structure[53][54] Czech Republic .260 260-300


.700 >700?[12]


[ ⚑ ] 50°00′N 14°42′E / 50.0°N 14.7°E / 50.0; 14.7 (Bohemian)
Bow City Canada (Alberta) .008 8


.070 70


[ ⚑ ] 50°25′N 112°16′W / 50.417°N 112.267°W / 50.417; -112.267 (Bow City)
Bowers crater[55] Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) .100 100


.005 3-5[56][57]


[ ⚑ ] 71°12′S 176°00′E / 71.2°S 176°E / -71.2; 176 (Bowers)
Catalina structures[58]
(Navy, Catalina, Emery Knoll) 		Pacific Ocean (NE) .032 12, 32, 37


.016 16-18


[ ⚑ ] 32°55′N 118°05′W / 32.91°N 118.09°W / 32.91; -118.09 (Catalina)
Cerro do Jarau[9][59] Brazil (Paraná) .010 10


.117 117


[ ⚑ ] 30°12′S 56°32′W / 30.2°S 56.533°W / -30.2; -56.533 (Cerro)
Charity Shoal Crater Canada (Ontario) .0012 1.2


.469 <470


[ ⚑ ] 44°2′15″N 76°29′37″W / 44.0375°N 76.49361°W / 44.0375; -76.49361 (Charity Shoal)
Corossol Canada (Quebec) .004 4


.469 <470


[ ⚑ ] 50°03′N 66°23′W / 50.05°N 66.383°W / 50.05; -66.383 (Corossol)
Decorah crater United States (Iowa) .0056 5.6


.470 470


[ ⚑ ] 43°18′50″N 91°46′20″W / 43.31389°N 91.77222°W / 43.31389; -91.77222 (Decorah)
Dumas magnetic anomaly[60] Canada (Saskatchewan) .0032 3.2


.070 70 ± 5


[ ⚑ ] 49°55′N 102°07′W / 49.92°N 102.12°W / 49.92; -102.12 (Dumas)
Duolun[61] China (Inner Mongolia) .120 120 ± 50


.130 129 ± 3


[ ⚑ ] 42°3′N 116°15′E / 42.05°N 116.25°E / 42.05; 116.25 (Duolun)
El-Baz[43][62] Egypt .004 4


? [ ⚑ ] 24°12′N 26°24′E / 24.2°N 26.4°E / 24.2; 26.4 (El-Baz)
Eltanin impact Pacific Ocean (SE) .035 35?


.0025 2.5


[ ⚑ ] 57°47′S 90°47′W / 57.783°S 90.783°W / -57.783; -90.783 (Eltanin)
Faya Basin[63] Chad .002 2


.385 385 ± 15


[ ⚑ ] 18°10′N 19°34′E / 18.167°N 19.567°E / 18.167; 19.567 (Faya)
Falkland Plateau
anomaly[64][65][66][67] 		Atlantic Ocean
(near the Falkland Islands) 		.250 250-300


.250 250[12]


[ ⚑ ] 51°S 62°W / 51°S 62°W / -51; -62 (Malvinas)
Fried Egg structure[68] Atlantic Ocean .006 6


.017 17


[ ⚑ ] 36°N 27°W / 36°N 27°W / 36; -27 (Fried Egg)
Garet El Lefet[69][70] Libya .003 3


? [ ⚑ ] 25°00′N 16°30′E / 25.0°N 16.5°E / 25.0; 16.5 ("Garet El Lefet")
Gatun structure Panama .003 3


.020 20


[ ⚑ ] 09°05′58″N 79°47′22″W / 9.09944°N 79.78944°W / 9.09944; -79.78944 (Gatun structure)
General San Martin[25][71] Argentina .011 11


.0012 1.2


[ ⚑ ] 38°0′S 63°18′W / 38°S 63.3°W / -38; -63.3 (General San Martin)
Gnargoo[72] Australia (Western Australia) .075 75


.299 <300


[ ⚑ ] 24°48′24″S 115°13′29″E / 24.80667°S 115.22472°E / -24.80667; 115.22472 (Gnargoo)
Guarda Portugal .030 30


.200 200


[ ⚑ ] 40°38′N 07°06′W / 40.633°N 7.1°W / 40.633; -7.1 (Guarda)
Hartney anomaly[60][73] Canada (Manitoba) .008 8


.120 120 ± 20


[ ⚑ ] 49°24′N 100°40′W / 49.4°N 100.67°W / 49.4; -100.67 (Hartney)
Hico structure[74] United States (Texas) .009 9


.059 < 60


[ ⚑ ] 32°01′N 98°02′W / 32.01°N 98.03°W / 32.01; -98.03 (Hico)
Hotchkiss[75] Canada (Alberta) .004 4


.220 220 ± 100


[ ⚑ ] 57°32′20″N 118°52′41″W / 57.539°N 118.878°W / 57.539; -118.878 (Hotchkiss)
Howell structure[76][77] United States (Tennessee) .0025 2.5


.380 380 ± 10


[ ⚑ ] 35°14′N 86°37′W / 35.23°N 86.61°W / 35.23; -86.61 (Howell)
Ibn-Batutah[78] Libya .0025 2.5


.120 120 ± 20


[ ⚑ ] 21°34′10″N 20°50′15″E / 21.56944°N 20.8375°E / 21.56944; 20.8375 (Ibn-Batutah)
Ishim impact structure[79] Kazakhstan (Akmola region) .300 300


.460 430-460

[80]

[ ⚑ ] 52°0′N 69°0′E / 52°N 69°E / 52; 69 (Ishim Akmola)
Jackpine Creek
magnetic anomaly[81] 		Canada (British Columbia) .025 25


.121 120 ± 20


[ ⚑ ] 55°36′N 120°06′W / 55.6°N 120.1°W / 55.6; -120.1 (Jackpine)
Jebel Hadid[82] Libya .0047 4.7


.066 < 66


[ ⚑ ] 20°52′12″N 22°42′18″E / 20.87°N 22.705°E / 20.87; 22.705 (Jebel Hadid)
Jeptha Knob United States (Kentucky) .0043 4.3


.425 425


[ ⚑ ] 38°11′N 85°07′W / 38.183°N 85.117°W / 38.183; -85.117 (Jeptha Knob)
Jwaneng South[83] Botswana .0013 1.3


.066 < 66


[ ⚑ ] 24°42′S 24°46′E / 24.7°S 24.767°E / -24.7; 24.767 (Jwaneng South)
Kebira Egypt .031 31


.100 100


[ ⚑ ] 24°40′N 24°58′E / 24.667°N 24.967°E / 24.667; 24.967 (Kebira)
Kilmichael[84] United States (Mississippi) .013 13


.045 45


[ ⚑ ] 33°30′N 89°33′W / 33.5°N 89.55°W / 33.5; -89.55 (Kilmichael)
Krk structure[85] Croatia .012 12


.040 40


[ ⚑ ] 45°04′N 14°37′E / 45.06°N 14.62°E / 45.06; 14.62 (Krk)
Kurai Basin[86] Russia (Altai) .020 20


.199 <200


[ ⚑ ] 50°12′N 87°54′E / 50.2°N 87.9°E / 50.2; 87.9 (Kurai)
Labynkyr ring[87][88] Russia .067 67


.150 150?[12]


[ ⚑ ] 62°19′30″N 143°05′24″E / 62.325°N 143.090°E / 62.325; 143.090 (Labynkyr)
Lairg Gravity Low Scotland .040 40


1.200 1200


58°1′12″N, 4°24′0″W
Lake Iro (Lac Iro)[5][89] Chad .013 13


? [ ⚑ ] 10°10′N 19°40′E / 10.167°N 19.667°E / 10.167; 19.667 (Iro Lake)
Lake Tai (Tai Hu)[90] China (Jiangsu) .070 70 ± 5


.365 365 ± 5

[91]

[ ⚑ ] 31°14′N 120°8′E / 31.233°N 120.133°E / 31.233; 120.133 (Tai)
Loch Leven[92] Scotland .018 18x8


.290 290


[ ⚑ ] 56°12′N 3°23′W / 56.2°N 3.383°W / 56.2; -3.383 (Loch Leven)
Lorne Basin[93] Australia (New South Wales) .030 30


.249 250 ± 2


[ ⚑ ] 31°36′S 152°37′E / 31.60°S 152.62°E / -31.60; 152.62 (Lorne)
Lycksele structure[94][95] Sweden .130 130


1.500 1500 ± 300


[ ⚑ ] 64°55′N 18°47′E / 64.92°N 18.78°E / 64.92; 18.78 (Lycksele)
Madagascar structure 3[96] Madagascar .012 12


? [ ⚑ ] 18°50′20″S 46°13′16″E / 18.839°S 46.221°E / -18.839; 46.221 (Madagascar)
Magyarmecske anomaly[97] Hungary .007 7


.299 299


[ ⚑ ] 45°57′N 17°58′E / 45.95°N 17.97°E / 45.95; 17.97 (Magyarmecske)
Maniitsoq structure[98][99] Greenland .100 100


3.00 3000


[ ⚑ ] 65°15′N 51°50′W / 65.25°N 51.833°W / 65.25; -51.833 (Maniitsoq)
Mejaouda (El Mrayer)[70][20][100] Mauritania .003 3


.540 < 542?[12]


[ ⚑ ] 22°43′19″N 7°18′43″W / 22.722°N 7.312°W / 22.722; -7.312 (Mejaouda)
Meseta de la Barda Negra[101] Argentina .0015 1.5


.004 4 ± 1


[ ⚑ ] 39°10′S 69°53′W / 39.167°S 69.883°W / -39.167; -69.883 (Barda Negra)
Middle-Urals Ring Structure[102][103] Russia .500 400–550


.542 >542


[ ⚑ ] 56°N 56°E / 56°N 56°E / 56; 56 (Urals Ring)
Mount Ashmore dome[104][105] Indian Ocean (in Timor Sea) .050 >50


.035 35


Mousso[106] Chad .0038 3.8


.540 < 542


[ ⚑ ] 17°58′N 10°53′E / 17.967°N 10.883°E / 17.967; 10.883 (Mousso)
Mulkarra[107] Australia (South Australia) .017 17


.105 105


[ ⚑ ] 27°51′S 138°55′E / 27.85°S 138.92°E / -27.85; 138.92 (Mulkarra)
Nastapoka (Hudson Bay) arc Canada (Quebec) .450 450


1.80 1800?

[12]

[ ⚑ ] 57°00′N 78°50′W / 57°N 78.833°W / 57; -78.833 (Hudson Bay)
Ouro Ndia[20] Mali .003 3


.0026 <2.6


[ ⚑ ] 14°59′N 4°30′W / 14.983°N 4.5°W / 14.983; -4.5 (Ouro Ndia)
Panther Mountain United States (New York) .010 10


.375 375


[ ⚑ ] 42°03′N 74°24′W / 42.05°N 74.4°W / 42.05; -74.4 (Panther Mountain)
Peerless structure[108] United States (Montana) .006 6


.470 470 ± 10


[ ⚑ ] 48°48′N 105°48′W / 48.8°N 105.8°W / 48.8; -105.8 (Peerless)
Piratininga[9] Brazil (Paraná) .012 12


.117 117


[ ⚑ ] 22°28′S 49°09′W / 22.467°S 49.15°W / -22.467; -49.15 (Piratininga)
Praia Grande[9][59] Brazil (São Paulo, offshore) .020 20


.084 84


[ ⚑ ] 25°39′S 45°37′W / 25.65°S 45.617°W / -25.65; -45.617 (prai grande)
Ramgarh India (Rajasthan) .003 3


? [ ⚑ ] 25°20′16″N 76°37′29″E / 25.33778°N 76.62472°E / 25.33778; 76.62472 (Ramgarh)
Ross crater[56] Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) .550 600?


.037 <38


[ ⚑ ] 77°30′S 178°30′E / 77.5°S 178.5°E / -77.5; 178.5 (Ross)
Rubielos de la Cérida Spain .080 80x40


.030 30-40


[ ⚑ ] 40°46′59″N 1°15′00″W / 40.783°N 1.25°W / 40.783; -1.25 (Rubielos)
Sakhalinka[109] Pacific Ocean (NW) .012 12


.070 70


[ ⚑ ] 30°15′N 170°03′E / 30.25°N 170.05°E / 30.25; 170.05 (Sakhalinka)
São Miguel do Tapuio[59][110] Brazil (Piauí) .022 22


.120 120

[12]

[ ⚑ ] 5°37.6′S 41°23.3′W / 5.6267°S 41.3883°W / -5.6267; -41.3883 (Sao Miguel Do Tapuio)
Shanghewan[111][112] China (Jilin) .030 30


? [ ⚑ ] 44°29′N 126°11′E / 44.483°N 126.183°E / 44.483; 126.183 (Shangewan)
Shiva crater Indian Ocean .500 500


.065 66


[ ⚑ ] 18°40′N 70°14′E / 18.667°N 70.233°E / 18.667; 70.233 (Shiva)
Shiyli dome[113] Kazakhstan .0055 5.5


.046 46 ± 7


[ ⚑ ] 49°10′N 57°51′E / 49.167°N 57.85°E / 49.167; 57.85 (Shiyli)
Silverpit Atlantic Ocean (North Sea) .020 20

[114]

.061 60 ± 15


[ ⚑ ] 54°14′N 1°51′E / 54.233°N 1.85°E / 54.233; 1.85 (Silverpit)
Snows Island (Johnsonville) United States (South Carolina) .011 11


.300 300?

[12]

[ ⚑ ] 33°49′N 79°22′W / 33.817°N 79.367°W / 33.817; -79.367 (Snows Island)
Sudan 3 (Mahas) Sudan .0028 2.8


? [ ⚑ ] 20°01.9′N 30°13.7′E / 20.0317°N 30.2283°E / 20.0317; 30.2283 (Mahas)
Sudan 2 (Bayuda)[115][116] Sudan .010 10


? [ ⚑ ] 18°03.5′N 33°30.2′E / 18.0583°N 33.5033°E / 18.0583; 33.5033 (Bayuda)
Sudan 1 (Red Sea hills)[117] Sudan .006 6


? [ ⚑ ] 17°57.1′N 37°56.1′E / 17.9517°N 37.935°E / 17.9517; 37.935 (Red Sea)
Takamatsu[118] Japan .005 4-8


.015 15


[ ⚑ ] 34°18′N 134°03′E / 34.3°N 134.05°E / 34.3; 134.05 (Takamatsu)
Tarek (Gilf Kebir)[119][120] Egypt .0021 2.1


.112 112?[12]


[ ⚑ ] 24°36′04″N 27°12′18″E / 24.601°N 27.205°E / 24.601; 27.205 (Tarek)
Tatarsky North[121] Pacific Ocean (NW) .014 14


? [ ⚑ ] 49°57′35″N 141°23′40″E / 49.95972°N 141.39444°E / 49.95972; 141.39444 (Tatarsky1)
Tatarsky South[121] Pacific Ocean (NW) .020 20


? [ ⚑ ] 48°17′38″N 141°23′40″E / 48.29389°N 141.39444°E / 48.29389; 141.39444 (Tatarsky2)
Tefé River structure[59][122] Brazil (Amazonas) .015 15


.065 65 ± 20


[ ⚑ ] 4°57′S 66°03′W / 4.95°S 66.05°W / -4.95; -66.05 (Tefé)
Talundilly[123] Australia (Queensland) .084 84


.128 128 ± 5


[ ⚑ ] 24°44′S 144°37′E / 24.73°S 144.62°E / -24.73; 144.62 (Talundilly)
Temimichat[124] Mauritania .0007 0.7


.002 2?

[12]

[ ⚑ ] 24°15′N 9°39′W / 24.25°N 9.65°W / 24.25; -9.65 (Temimichat)
Tsenkher[125] Mongolia .0036 3.6


.005 5


[ ⚑ ] 43°38′41″N 98°22′09″E / 43.64472°N 98.36917°E / 43.64472; 98.36917 (Tsenkher)
Toms Canyon United States (New Jersey) .022 22


.035 35


[ ⚑ ] 39°08′N 72°51′W / 39.133°N 72.85°W / 39.133; -72.85 (Toms Canyon)
Unnamed impact[126] Australia (Queensland) .13 130


.3 300


[ ⚑ ] 22°09′S 141°54′E / 22.15°S 141.9°E / -22.15; 141.9 (Winton crustal anomaly)
Ust-Kara[127] Russia (Nenetsia, offshore) .025 25


.070 70 ± 2.2


[ ⚑ ] 69°17′N 65°21′E / 69.28°N 65.35°E / 69.28; 65.35 (Ust-Kara)
Vélingara[128] Senegal .048 48


.023 23-40


[ ⚑ ] 13°02′N 14°08′W / 13.033°N 14.133°W / 13.033; -14.133 (Vélingara)
Versailles cryptoexplosion[129] United States (Kentucky) .0015 1.5


.400 <400


[ ⚑ ] 38°05′N 84°40′W / 38.09°N 84.67°W / 38.09; -84.67 (Versailles)
Vichada Structure Colombia .050 50


.030 30?

[12]

[ ⚑ ] 4°30′N 69°15′W / 4.5°N 69.25°W / 4.5; -69.25 (Vichada)
Victoria Island structure United States (California) .0055 5.5


.038 37-49


[ ⚑ ] 37°53′N 121°32′W / 37.89°N 121.53°W / 37.89; -121.53 (Victoria Island structure)
Warburton East[130][131] Australia (South Australia) .200 200


.360 300-360

[132]

[ ⚑ ] 28°00′S 140°30′E / 28°S 140.5°E / -28; 140.5 (Warbuton)
Warburton West[131] Australia (South Australia) .200 200


.360 300-360

[132]

Weaubleau structure United States (Missouri) .019 19


.330 330 ± 10


[ ⚑ ] 38°00′N 93°36′W / 38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau)
Wembo-Nyama (Omeonga)
ring structure[133][134] 		DR Congo .036 36-46


.060 60?


[ ⚑ ] 3°37′52″S 24°31′07″E / 3.63111°S 24.51861°E / -3.63111; 24.51861 (Wembo-Nyama ring structure)
Wilkes Land crater Antarctica .480 480


.251 250-500


[ ⚑ ] 70°S 120°E / 70°S 120°E / -70; 120 (Wilkes)
Woodbury astrobleme[135] United States (Georgia) .007 7


.500 500 ± 100


[ ⚑ ] 32°55′N 84°33′W / 32.92°N 84.55°W / 32.92; -84.55 (Woodbury)
Yallalie[136][137] Australia (Western Australia) .012 12


.099 99?

[12]

[ ⚑ ] 30°26′40″S 115°46′16″E / 30.44444°S 115.77111°E / -30.44444; 115.77111 (Yallalie)

The Decorah crater has been conjectured as being part of the Ordovician meteor event.[138]

Several twin impacts have been proposed such as the Rubielos de la Cérida and Azuara (30–40 Ma),[139] Cerro Jarau and Piratininga (c. 117 Ma),[9] and Warburton East and West (300–360 Ma).[131] However, adjacent craters may not necessarily have formed at the same time such as case of the confirmed Clearwater East and West lakes.

Some confirmed impacts like Sudbury or Chicxulub are also sources of magnetic anomalies[140] and/or gravity anomalies. The magnetic anomalies Bangui and Jackpine Creek,[81] the gravity anomalies Wilkes Land crater and Falkland Islands,[64] and others have been considered as being of impact origin. Bangui apparently has been discredited,[43][141] but appears again in a 2014 table of unconfirmed structures in Africa by Reimold and Koeberl.[5]

Several anomalies in Williston Basin were identified by Swatzky in the 1970s as astroblemes including Viewfield, Red Wing Creek, Eagle Butte, Dumas, and Hartney, of which only the last two are unconfirmed.[60]

The Eltanin impact has been confirmed (via an iridium anomaly and meteoritic material from ocean cores) but, as it fell into the Pacific Ocean, apparently no crater was formed. The age of Silverpit and the confirmed Boltysh crater (65.17 ± 0.64 Ma), as well as their latitude, has led to the speculative hypothesis that there may have been several impacts during the KT boundary.[142][143] Of the five oceans in descending order by area, namely the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic, only the smallest (the Arctic) does not yet have a proposed unconfirmed impact crater.

Craters larger than 100 km in the Phanerozoic (after 541 Ma) are notable for their size as well as for the possible coeval events associated with them especially the major extinction events.

For example, the Ishim impact structure[79] is conjectured to be bounded by the late Ordivician-early Silurian (c. 445 ± 5 Ma),[80] the two Warburton basins has been linked to the Late Devonian extinction (c. 360 Ma),[132] both Bedout and the Wilkes Land crater have been associated with the severe Permian–Triassic extinction event (c. 252 Ma),[144][145] Manicouagan (c. 215 Ma) was once thought to be connected to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (c. 201 Ma)[146] but more recent dating has made it unlikely, while the consensus is the Chicxulub impact caused the one for Cretaceous–Paleogene (c. 66 Ma).

However, other extinction theories employ coeval periods of massive volcanism such as the Siberian Traps.

Undiscovered but inferred

An approximate map of the strewnfield.
Australasian strewnfield. Shaded areas represent tektite finds.

There is geological evidence for impact events having taken place on Earth on certain specific occasions, which should have formed craters, but for which no impact craters have been found. In some cases this is because of erosion and Earth's crust having been recycled through plate tectonics, in others likely because exploration of the Earth's surface is incomplete. Typically the ages are already known and the diameters can be estimated.

Parent Crater of Expected Crater Diameter (km) Age
Dakhleh glass[147][148] 0.4 km 150 ka
Argentinian tektites[149] 5 km 480 ka
Australasian tektites[36] 32–114 km 780 ka
Central American tektites[150][151] 14 km 820 ka
Skye ejecta deposits[152] Unknown 60 Ma
Stac Fada Member 40 km 1.2 Ga
Barberton Greenstone Belt microtektites[153] 500 km 3.2 Ga
Marble Bar impact spherules[154] "hundreds of kilometers" 3.4 Ga

Formerly unconfirmed

Luizi crater
Suvasvesi north and south

As of Jan 2017, the Earth Impact Database has risen to 190 confirmed impact craters (from 178 by the end of 2010). The following had their status upgraded from unconfirmed to confirmed in the last few years.

Year confirmed Name Location Diameter (km) Age Coordinates
2011 Carancas Peru .001 0.01


17 years [ ⚑ ] 16°40′S 69°03′W / 16.667°S 69.05°W / -16.667; -69.05 (Carancas)
2011 Luizi DR Congo .17 17


570 Ma (approx.) [ ⚑ ] 10°10′S 28°00′E / 10.167°S 28°E / -10.167; 28 (Luizi)
2011 Matt Wilson crater Australia .075 7.5


1400 ± 400 Ma [ ⚑ ] 15°30′S 131°11′E / 15.5°S 131.183°E / -15.5; 131.183 (Matt Wilson)
2011 Ritland Norway .027 2.7


520 ± 20 Ma [ ⚑ ] 59°14′N 6°26′E / 59.233°N 6.433°E / 59.233; 6.433 (Ritland)
2013 Colônia Brazil .036 3.6


5–36 Ma [ ⚑ ] 23°52′S 46°43′W / 23.867°S 46.717°W / -23.867; -46.717 (Colonia)
2013 Tunnunik (Prince Albert) Canada .25 25


130–450 Ma [ ⚑ ] 72°28′N 113°58′W / 72.467°N 113.967°W / 72.467; -113.967 (Tunnunik)
2014 Malingen Sweden .01 1.0


458 Ma (approx.) [ ⚑ ] 62°55′N 14°33′E / 62.917°N 14.55°E / 62.917; 14.55 (Malingen)
2015 Santa Marta Brazil .10 10


66–100 Ma [ ⚑ ] 10°10′S 45°15′W / 10.167°S 45.25°W / -10.167; -45.25 (Santa Marta)
2015 Suvasvesi South Finland .038 3.8


250 Ma (approx.) [ ⚑ ] 62°36′N 28°13′E / 62.6°N 28.217°E / 62.6; 28.217 (Suvasvesi)
2015 Hummeln Sweden .012 1.2


443–470 Ma [ ⚑ ] 57°22′N 16°15′E / 57.367°N 16.25°E / 57.367; 16.25 (Hummeln)
2016 Agoudal[155] Morocco .03 3.0


105 ka? [ ⚑ ] 31°59′N 5°30′W / 31.983°N 5.5°W / 31.983; -5.5 (Agoudal)
2016 Saqqar[156] Saudi Arabia .34 34


70–410 Ma [ ⚑ ] 29°35′N 38°42′E / 29.583°N 38.7°E / 29.583; 38.7 (Saqqar)

Malingen crater is thought to be a double impact with Lockne crater.[157] The pair, plus Hummeln and several other Ordovician craters in a small region in Europe, have been speculated to be connected to the Ordovician meteor event.[158]

Mistaken identity

Some geological processes can result in circular or near-circular features that may be mistaken for impact craters. Some examples are calderas, maars, sinkholes, glacial cirques, igneous intrusions, ring dikes, salt domes, geologic domes, ventifacts, tuff rings, forest rings, and others. Conversely, an impact crater may originally be thought as one of these geological features, like Meteor Crater (as a maar) or Upheaval Dome (as a salt dome).

The presence of shock metamorphism and shatter cones are important criteria in favor of an impact interpretation, though massive landslides (such as the Köfels landslide of 7800 BC which was once thought to be impact-related) may produce shock-like fused rocks called "frictionite".[159]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Impact Field Studies Group
  2. ↑ Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures
  3. ↑ Earth Impact Database
  4. ↑ P. W. Haines (2005). Impact cratering and distal ejecta: the Australian record, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 52, p. 481–507.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 W. Reimold & C. Koeberl (2014). Impact structures in Africa: A review, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 93, May 2014, Pages 57–175.
  6. ↑ R. Acevedo, M. C. Rocca, J. Ponce, S. Stinco (2015). Impact Craters in South America, Springer, Apr 25, 2015.
  7. ↑ M. C. Chabou (2016). An updated inventory of meteorite impact structures in the Arab world, 1st ArabGU International Conference, Feb 2016, Algeria
  8. ↑ A. Crósta and U. Reimold (2016). A Book Review: "Impact Craters in South America, by R. D. Acevedo et al."
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 A. Crósta, R. Romano (2004). Brazilian Impact Craters: A Review, 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2004)
  10. ↑ Meteorite crater site of Ak-Bura
  11. ↑ Bacharev, A (1952), The Murgab meteorite crater. Astron. Tsirk., No 122, p.8-10
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures (EDEIS), Accessed May 2016
  13. ↑ J. B. Garvin and J. J. Frawley (2008). Geometric Properties Of The Merewether Structure, Newfoundland, Canada.Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX (2008)
  14. ↑ V. Feldman, A. Kiselev (2008). Shock-melted impactites at the Svetloyar meteorite crater Volga area, Russia, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 R. V. Karanth, P. Thakker, and M. Gadhavi 2006. A preliminary report on the possible impact crater of Kachchh, Current Science, vol. 91, no. 7, October 2006
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Dietrich, V. J; Lagios, E; Reusser, E; Sakkas, V; Gartzos, E; Kyriakopoulos, K (2013). "The enigmatic Zerelia twin-lakes (Thessaly, Central Greece): two potential meteorite impact Craters". Solid Earth Discussions 5 (2): 1511–1573. doi:10.5194/sed-5-1511-2013. Bibcode: 2013SolED...5.1511D. 
  17. ↑ L. L. Kashkarov, D. D. Badjukov, A. I. Ivliev, G. V. Kalinina, and M. A. Nazarov, Vernadsky (2005). The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence For Impact Origin And Formation Age, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Stevens, G, I Spooner, J Morrow, P Pufahl, R Raeside, RAF Grieve, CR Stanley, SM Barr, and D McMullin (2008) Physical evidence of a late-glacial (Younger Dryas?) impact event in southwestern Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology. 44:42.
  19. ↑ Heinrich, P.V. (2003) Possible Meteorite Impact Crater in St. Helena Parish, Louisiana. Search and Discovery Article. no. 50006. American Association of Petroleum Geologist, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
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  21. ↑ Sakamoto, Masao; Gucsik, Arnold; Nishido, Hirotsugu; Ninagawa, Kiyotaka; Okumura, Tasuku; Toyoda, Shin (2010), "Micro Raman spectroscopy of anomalous planar microstructures in quartz from Mt. Oikeyama: Discovery of a probable impact crater in Japan", Meteoritics and Planetary Science, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01003.x, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01003.x/epdf 
  22. ↑ Cannon, P.J. (1977) Meteorite impact crater discovered in central alaska with landsat imagery, Science, 1977 Jun 17;196(4296):1322-4.
  23. ↑ Ned Rozell (2008) The mystery of mammoth tusks with iron fillings
  24. ↑ Jonathan T. Hagstrum, Richard B. Firestone, Allen West, Zsolt Stefanka and Zsolt Revay(2010). Micrometeorite Impacts in Beringian Mammoth Tusks and a Bison Skull
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Harris, R. S.; Schultz, P. H.; Zárate, M. A. (2007) La Dulce Crater: Evidence For A 2.8 Km Impact Structure In The Eastern Pampas Of Argentina, 38th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
  26. ↑ R. D. Acevedo, J. Rabassa, M. J. Orgeira, et al. (2010) Bajada Del Diablo Impact Crater Strewn-Field, Patagonia, Argentina: The Largest Crater Field In The World? 73rd Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting
  27. ↑ Acevedo, R. D.; Rabassa, J.; Ponce, J. F, et al. (2012) The Bajada del Diablo astrobleme-strewn field, central Patagonia Argentina: Extending the exploration to surrounding areas Geomorphology, Volume 169, p. 151-164.
  28. ↑ H. Povenmire, R.S. Harris, and J.H. Cornec (2011), The New Central American Tektite Strewn Field, 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011)
  29. ↑ Whitehouse, David (2003-06-23). "Space impact 'saved Christianity'". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3013146.stm. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  30. ↑ Sandra Blakeslee (2006). Ancient Crash, Epic Wave
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  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Glass B.P. and Pizzuto J.E. (1994) "Geographic variation in Australasian microtektite concentrations: Implications concerning the location and size of the source crater," J of Geophysical Research, vol 99, no E9, 19075-19081, Sept 1994.
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  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Roger Weller. Al Madafi crater
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  41. ↑ Roger Weller Anefis crater
  42. ↑ Ocampo, A. & Pope, K. (1996). Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C) Images Reveal Multiple Impact Craters at Aorounga, Northern Chad, Lunar and Planetary Science, volume 27, page 977.
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  57. ↑ "Evidence for a Possible Late Pliocene Impact in the Ross Sea, Antarctica". http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~dallas/abbott_publications/Gerard-Little_et_al_2006_Abstract_Ross.html. 
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  83. ↑ Sharad Master, Brad Pitts and Marek Wendorff (2009). Jwaneng South Structure, Botswana: a New 1.3 km Diameter Buried Cenozoic Impact Crater Discovered by Airship-mounted Gravity Gradometer, 11th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition
  84. ↑ M.S. Huber, D.T. King, Jr., L.W. Petruny, and C. Koeberl (2013). REVISITING KILMICHAEL (MISSISSIPPI), A POSSIBLE IMPACT STRUCTURE, 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
  85. ↑ T. Marjanac, A. Tomša, Lj. Marjanac, M. Calogovic & S. Fazinic (2015). Krk impact structure ejecta breccia and melt rocks on the islands of Krk and Rab, Croatian Adriatic: A clue on the impact target lithology, Bridging the Gap III (2015)
  86. ↑ S. A. Vishnevsky (2007). The Kurai Basin, Altai mountains (Russia): First evidences of impact origin, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007)
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  88. ↑ Roger Weller. Labynkyr ring
  89. ↑ James B. Garvin (1986). POSSIBLE IMPACT STRUCTURES IN CENTRAL AFRICA
  90. ↑ Roger Weller. Tai Hu crater
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  92. ↑ B. J. Hamill (2003). The Loch Leven Crater: Anatomy Of A Low-Angle Oblique Impact Structure, Large Meteorite Impacts (2003)
  93. ↑ P. Tonkin (1998). Lorne Basin, New South Wales: Evidence for a possible impact origin?, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 45, Issue 5, 1998
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  96. ↑ Roger Weller. Madagascar structure
  97. ↑ Tamas Bodoky et al. (2007). Is the Magyarmecske telluric conductivity anomaly a buried impact structure?
  98. ↑ Garde, Adam A.; McDonald, Iain; Dyck, Brendan; Keulen, Nynke (2012). "Searching for giant, ancient impact structures on Earth: The Mesoarchaean Maniitsoq structure, West Greenland". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 337–338: 197. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.026. Bibcode: 2012E&PSL.337..197G. 
  99. ↑ Scherst, Anders; Garde, Adam A. (30 July 2013). "Complete hydrothermal re-equilibration of zircon in the Maniitsoq structure, West Greenland: A 3001 Ma minimum age of impact?" (PDF). Meteoritics & Planetary Science 48 (8): 1472–1498. doi:10.1111/maps.12169. Bibcode: 2013M&PS...48.1472S. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/maps.12169/pdf. Retrieved 21 August 2016. 
  100. ↑ Roger Weller. Mejaouda crater
  101. ↑ A.C. Ocampo, A.C. Garrido, J. Rabassa, M.C. Rocca, J.C. Echaurren, and E. Mazzoni (2005). A Possible Impact Crater In Basalt At Meseta De La Barda Negra, Neuquen, Argentina, 68th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting
  102. ↑ G. Burba (1991). Middle-Urals Ring structure, USSR: Definition, description, possible planetary analogues, Lunar and Planetary Science conference XXII.
  103. ↑ G. Burba (2003). The geologic evolution of the Ural Mountains: A supposed exposure to a giant impact. Microsymposium 38, MS011, 2003
  104. ↑ A. Glikson, D. Jablonski, & S. Westlake (2010). Origin of the Mt Ashmore structural dome, west Bonaparte Basin, Timor Sea. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 57, Issue 4
  105. ↑ Examining a new asteroid crater found in the Timor Sea. ScienceWise 2010, Australian National Uni
  106. ↑ Elmar Buchner, Martin Schmieder (2007). Mousso structure: a deeply eroded, medium-sized complex impact crater in northern Chad?, Journal of African Earth Sciences 49, 71–78
  107. ↑ J. B. Plescia (1999). Mulkarra Impact Structure, South Australia: A Complex Impact Structure, Lunar and Planetary Science XXX
  108. ↑ J.M. Comstock and J.R. Morrow (2000). PEERLESS STRUCTURE SOUTHWESTERN DANIELS COUNTY, MONTANA: A PROBABLE MIDORDOVICIAN IMPACT EVENT, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI
  109. ↑ B. Levin, E. Gretskaya, G. Nemchenko (2006). A new astrobleme in the Pacific Ocean, Doklady Earth Sciences, 2006, Vol. 411, No. 8, pp.1336–1338.
  110. ↑ W. D. MacDonald, A. P. Crosta, J. Francolin (2006) Structural Dome At São Miguel do Tapuio, Piaui, Brazil, 69th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (2006)
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  112. ↑ Wu Siben (1988). The Shanghewan Impact Crater, China, Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, volume 19, page 1296, (1988)
  113. ↑ S. A. Vishnevsky (2007). Shiyli Dome, Kazakhstan: Origin Of Central Uplift By Elastic Response, Workshop on Impact Cratering II
  114. ↑ "A 20-km-diameter multi-ringed impact structure in the North Sea". Nature 418 (6897): 520–3. 2002. doi:10.1038/nature00914. PMID 12152076. Bibcode: 2002Natur.418..520S. 
  115. ↑ A. Sparavigna (2010) Crater-Like Landform in Bayuda Desert (A Processing of Satellite Images)
  116. ↑ A. Sparavigna (2010) Craters and ring complexes of the North-East Sudanese country
  117. ↑ G. Di Achille (2005). A New Candidate Impact Site In Northeastern Sudan Detected From Remote Sensing, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI
  118. ↑ Y. Miura (2007) Analyses Of Surface And Underground Data Of Takamatsu Crater In Japan. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007)
  119. ↑ Philippe Paillou et al. (2006).An extended field of crater-shaped structures in the Gilf Kebir region, Egypt: Observations and hypotheses about their origin, Journal of African Earth Sciences
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  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 B. W. Levin, S. A. Vishnevsky, and N. A. Palchik (2010). Underwater depressions on the bottom of the Tatarsky Strait, the Sea of Japan (western coast of the Sakhalin Island, Russia): possible marine impact craters, 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010)
  122. ↑ J. de Menezes, C. de Souza, F. Fortes, and C. Filho (1999). Geophysical Evidence Of A Possible Impact Structure At The K-T Boundary Of The Solimões Basin, Brazil, 6th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society
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  124. ↑ Roger Weller. Temimichat crater
  125. ↑ G. Komatsu et al. (2015)The Tsenkher structure, Gobi-Altai, Mongolia: A probable impact crater with well-preserved rampart ejecta. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2015)
  126. ↑ "Potential asteroid impact identified in western Queensland". Geoscience Australia. http://www.ga.gov.au/news-events/news/latest-news/potential-asteroid-impact-identified-in-western-queensland. Retrieved 26 June 2016. 
  127. ↑ C. Koeberl (1990). The Kara/Ust-Kara twin impact structure. Geological Society of America, special paper.
  128. ↑ S. Wade, M. Barbieri, J. Lichtenegger (2001) The Velingara Circular Structure Esa Bulletin June 2001
  129. ↑ Harris, J. B., Jones, D. R., & Street, R. L. (1991). A shallow seismic refraction study of the Versailles cryptoexplosion structure, central Kentucky, Meteoritics, vol. 26, March 1991, p. 47-53
  130. ↑ UQ Researcher Discovers Giant Asteroid Impact, University News and Information Service (2010)
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 131.2 World's largest asteroid impact zone found in Australia: Meteorite broke in two, leaving two craters each 200 km across. Mar 24, 2015
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 Stephen Luntz (2013). Huge Asteroid Impact Identified. Australasian Science
  133. ↑ G. Monegato; M. Massironi; E. Martellato (2010). "The Ring Structure of Wembo-Nyama (Eastern Kasai, R.D. Congo): A Possible Impact Crater in Central Africa". Lunar and Planetary Science (Lunar and Planetary Institute) XLI. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/1601.pdf. 
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  138. ↑ Vastag, Brian (18 February 2013). "Crater found in Iowa points to asteroid break-up 470 million years ago". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/crater-found-in-iowa-points-to-asteroid-break-up-470-million-years-ago/2013/02/18/545131f8-76d5-11e2-aa12-e6cf1d31106b_story.html?wprss=rss_national. Retrieved 19 February 2013. 
  139. ↑ Ernstson, K., Claudin, F., Schüssler, U. & Hradil, K. (2002): The mid-Tertiary Azuara and Rubielos de la Cérida paired impact structures (Spain) – Treb. Mus. Geol. Barcelona, 11, 5 – 65.
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  161. ↑ Roger Weller. Semsiyat crater
  162. ↑ Dietz, R.S., R. Fudali, and W. Cassidy (1969) Richat and Semsiyat Domes (Mauritania): Not Astroblemes. Geological Society of America. v. 80, no. 7, pp. 1367-1372.

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