Engineering:Antonov An-32

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Short description: Airliner and military tactical transport aircraft by Antonov
An-32
AirMark Antonov An-32 Spijkers-2.jpg
An-32 of AirMark
Role Military transport aircraft
National origin Soviet Union/Ukraine
Manufacturer Aviant
Design group Antonov
First flight 9 July 1976[1]
Status Operational
Primary users Indian Air Force
National Air Force of Angola
Sri Lanka Air Force
Ukrainian Air Force
Bangladesh Air Force
Produced 1982–present
Number built 373[2]
Developed from Antonov An-26
Developed into Antonov/Taqnia An-132

The Antonov An-32 (NATO reporting name: Cline) is a turboprop twin-engined military transport aircraft. Its first flight was in July 1976 and displayed at the 1977 Paris Air Show. It is oriented towards flying in adverse weather conditions, and entered production starting in the 1980 and concluding in 2012 but remains in limited use into the 21st century. It is a development of the An-24 and the An-26 is related.

Design and development

The An-32 is essentially a re-engined An-26. It is designed to withstand adverse weather conditions better than the standard An-26. Announced at the May 1977 Paris Air Show, the An-32 is distinguished from its predecessor by engines raised 1.5 m above the wing in order to avoid foreign object damage on rough, unprepared air strips.

The type features high-lift wings with automatic leading-edge slats, large triple-slotted trailing edge flaps and an enlarged tailplane and a very large increase in power, giving improved take-off performance and service ceiling. The high placement of the engine nacelles above the wing allowed for larger diameter propellers, which are driven by 5,100 hp rated Ivchenko AI-20 turboprop engines, providing almost twice the power of the An-26's AI-24 powerplants.[3][4]

Production from the Government Aircraft Factory in Kyiv, has included 123 aircraft for the Indian Air Force , which ordered the aircraft under strong foreign relations between then USSR leader Leonid Brezhnev and then India leader Indira Gandhi.[3][4]

The majority of production has been for the Russian and Ukrainian Air Forces, with around 40 per year being built during the late 1980s to early 1990s.[3] The estimated price for a modernised An-32 version is 15 million US dollars.[4]

The last An-32 was produced in 2012.[5]

Production data

Production[2]
Total 1976 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2005 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012
373 1 1 5 29 31 26 54 28 48 11 49 47 10 4 8 5 2 1 4 1 3 5

Operational history

The An-32 has outstanding takeoff characteristics in hot and high conditions, up to 55 °C (131 °F; 328 K) and 4,500 m (14,800 ft) elevation, and is suitable for use as a medium tactical military transport roles as well as commercial roles. Operating as a cargo transport over the short and medium range air routes, the An-32 is suitable for air-dropping cargo, passenger carrying, medevac, firefighting, skydiving or paratrooping roles.

The An-32 entered service in the 1980s and served with the air forces of Ukraine, Russia, Bangladesh Air Force, the Iraqi Air Force, the Mexican Air Force and the Sudanese Air Force.[5]

Variants

A State Emergency Service of Ukraine An-32 firefighting aircraft dumps water on a forest fire.
  • An-32 : Twin-engined transport aircraft
  • An-32A : The first civil variant, the majority of the 36 aircraft built were delivered to various government factory enterprises, for use in transporting assemblies between plants.
  • An-32B : Improved version
  • An-32B-100 : Modernised version of the An-32B. Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) increased to 28.5 tons, payload increased to 7.5 tons.[6]
  • An-32B-110 : New avionics allowing aircraft to be operated by two crew members. Metric (Russian) avionics variant.[7]
  • An-32B-120 : Imperial (non-Russian) avionics variant of An-32B-110.[7]
  • An-32B-300 : Version fitted with Rolls-Royce AE 2100 turboprop engines, providing 4,600 hp each.[8]
  • An-32LL (Letayushchaya Laboratoriya flying laboratory): The An-32 first prototype was equipped with a large SV-36P eight-bladed propeller and D-236 engine on the port side for testing, in place of the standard engine and propeller. The increased noise produced by the experimental installation (115-120 dB) outweighed the modest gains in performance.[9]
  • An-32MP : Marine Patrol version.[10]
  • An-32P Firekiller : Aerial firefighting version. Special category type certificate granted on 10 March 1995. A total of eight tons of liquid can be discharged from the two external tanks simultaneously or one after the other. Drops are conducted at 40–50 m above ground level and 240 to 260 km/h. Can be used as a cargo aircraft when not fighting fires.[10]
  • An-32V-200 : A tactical transport/cargo aircraft outgrowth from the An-32B-100, with more modern avionics allowing two crew operation. Intended for export; despite reasonable interest few have been sold.
  • An-32 RE : Modernised version of the An-32B. MTOW increased to 28.5 tons, payload increased to 7.5 tons.[6] New avionics.

Operators

Bangladesh Air Force Antonov An-32 landing
Antonov An-32B of the Indian Air Force at Leh Airbase.
Sri Lanka Air Force Antonov An-32B.
Sun Air Charter An-32 at Lokichogio Airport.
Antonov An-32B of the Croatian Air Force .
Mexican Navy Antonov An-32B taking off at Kyiv International Airport.

Military operators

Besides aircraft in service in the Ukrainian and Russian Air Forces, more than 240 An-32 aircraft are being operated in various countries around the world.

 Angola

  • People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola[11] Operates seven An-32.

 Bangladesh

  • Bangladesh Air Force : Three aircraft received and currently in service with the 3 Squadron 'Unicorns'.[12] Two An-32B & one An-32C.[13] Overhauled and upgraded with life extension by SE PLANT 410 CA of Ukraine.[14]

 Colombia

  • Colombian National Army Aviation: Two An-32[15]

 Republic of the Congo

 Ethiopia

 India

  • Indian Air Force : Bought 125 aircraft, 105 are still in service. Entire fleet is undergoing modernization; 35 upgraded An-32s have been delivered by Ukrspetsexport.[18] The upgrades include modern avionics equipment, new oxygen systems and improved crew seats. The remaining aircraft are being upgraded in India. The Indian Air Force plans to replace the An-32s with the Airbus C295Ws.[19]

 Iraq

  • Iraqi Air Force : Six An-32B delivered from Ukraine between November 2011 and October 2012, initially used by the 23rd Squadron alongside C-130s. In May 2013, the 33rd Squadron was created to operate Iraq's An-32 fleet.[20]

 Mexico

 Peru

 Sri Lanka

 Sudan

  • Sudanese Air Force[23] Six An-32

Former military operators

An Antonov An-32 of the Afghan Air Force

 Afghanistan

 Armenia

 Croatia

  • Croatian Air Force : Operated two An-32B's.[15] Modernized in 2004 and subsequently retired and put up for sale in 2014 after being declared redundant. All two transferred to Ukraine in 2023/24.

 Ivory Coast

  • Military of Ivory Coast one An-32

 Equatorial Guinea

  • Air Force of Equatorial Guinea[26] One An-32 lost in crash in 2008.[27]

 Jordan

 Libya

 Rwanda

  • Military of Rwanda

 Tanzania

Civil operators

In July 2016, a total of 25 Antonov An-32 aircraft remained in airline service. The largest operator was Aero Transporte S.A (ATSA) of Peru with four aircraft. Some 16 other airlines operated smaller numbers of the type.[28][29]

Accidents and incidents

  • On 25 March 1986, an Indian Air Force An-32 disappeared over the Arabian Sea on a delivery flight from the Soviet Union (via Muscat, Oman.) No trace was ever found of the aircraft or its three crew and four passengers.[30]
  • On 15 July 1990, an Indian Air Force An-32 crashed in the Ponmudi Mountain Range while en route from Tambaram Air Force Station to Thiruvananthapuram in India.[31]
  • On 22 November 1995, a Sri Lankan Air Force An-32B which chartered from the Kazakh was shot down during a landing in Jaffna, and all 63 troops aboard killed.[citation needed]
  • On 8 January 1996, an An-32 freighter crashed into a crowded marketplace in Kinshasa, Zaire, resulting in the deaths of approximately 237 people on the ground. The crew attempted to abort the takeoff at Kinshasa-N'Dolo Airport after the aircraft failed to gain height. Four of the six crew members survived. Overloading was cited as a possible cause.[32]
  • On 28 March 1998, a Peruvian Air Force An-32 carrying the dual civil/military registration OB-1389/FAP-388 and inbound from Tumbes evacuating 50 people stranded by El Niño-driven floods had an engine failure while approaching Piura. As the aircraft was overloaded, the pilot could not maintain height and the An-32 struck three houses of a nearby shantytown and crashed into a canal. While the crew of five survived, 21 passengers died plus one person on the ground.[33]
  • On 26 August 2007, a Great Lakes Business Company An-32B carrying nine tons of minerals, 12 passengers, and a crew of three experienced engine trouble after takeoff from Kongolo Airport, Kongolo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and crashed short of the runway while attempting to return to the airport, killing 14 of the 15 people on board.[34]
  • On 10 June 2009, an Indian Air Force An-32 carrying 13 people crashed shortly after it took off from Mechuka in Arunachal Pradesh, a state bordering China.[35] All 13 people on board were reported to have been killed. Soon after the crash, India agreed a $US400 million deal with Ukraine for an An-32 fleet upgrade. This upgrade as reported will extend the life of these transport aircraft by nearly 15 years.[36]
  • On 12 December 2014, a Sri Lanka Air Force An-32 carrying five people crashed on approach to land at Rathmalana Airport after taking off from Katunayaka Bandaranayake International Airport. The pilot, co-pilot and two of the aircrew were killed in the crash and the fifth crew member suffered critical injuries and died after six days from the accident due to his injuries.[37][38]
  • On 22 July 2016, an Indian Air Force An-32 (Registration - K2743) travelling from Chennai to Port Blair went missing above the Bay of Bengal with 29 people on board. It left the Tambaram Air Base near Chennai at 8.30 am and disappeared from radar tracking at 9.12 am, 280 km east of Chennai.[39] On 12 January 2024, the Ministry of Defence (India) announced that the wreckage of the missing aircraft had been found in a recent search operation in collaboration with the National Institute of Ocean Technology. The wreckage was found at a depth of 3,400 metres (11,200 ft) and at a distance of 140 nautical miles (310 km) from the coast of Chennai.[40]
  • On 3 October 2018 a Sudan Air Force An-32 collided with an Antonov An-30 (also of the Sudan Air Force) at Khartoum International Airport.[41]
  • On 3 June 2019, an Indian Air Force An-32 went missing near Arunachal Pradesh shortly after taking off from Jorhat Air Base in Assam in northeastern India. The wreckage of the aircraft was found in Arunachal Pradesh eight days later with 13 found dead on board.[42][43]

Specifications (An-32)

Orthographic projection of the Antonov An-32.

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89[44]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 4
  • Capacity: 42 paratroopers/50 passengers/24 Casualties on stretcher with three medical personnel / 6,700 kg (14,771 lb) max payload
  • Length: 23.78 m (78 ft 0 in)
  • Wingspan: 29.2 m (95 ft 10 in)
  • Height: 8.75 m (28 ft 8 in)
  • Wing area: 75 m2 (810 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 16,800 kg (37,038 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 27,000 kg (59,525 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × ZMKB Progress AI-20DM turboprop engines, 3,812 kW (5,112 hp) each
  • Propellers: 4-bladed constant speed propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 530 km/h (330 mph, 290 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 470 km/h (290 mph, 250 kn)
  • Range: 2,500 km (1,600 mi, 1,300 nmi) with 3,700 kg (8,160 lb) payload, no reserves
  • Service ceiling: 9,500 m (31,200 ft)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

  • List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

References

  1. ↑ Karnozov, Vovick. "Renewed AN-32 in Flight Tests." AeroWorldNet, 16 October 2000.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "реестр самолётов типа Антонов Ан-32". russianplanes.net. http://russianplanes.net/planelist/Antonov/An-32. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Allport, Dave (April 1996). "Military Transport Aircraft Directory (Part 2)". Air International 50 (4): 239. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Antonov An-32. "Ан нет, Ан есть. Украина «нашла» потерянные индийские Ан-32." [1] 20 April 2015.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wong, Daniel (2022-07-12). "Built For Adverse Weather: The Story Of The Antonov An-32" (in en). https://simpleflying.com/antonov-an-32-story/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "An-32." Antonov.com. Retrieved: 12 November 2011.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Kyiv Aviation Plant: 'Aviant' Аn-32B–110/120." aviant.ua. Retrieved: 12 November 2011.
  8. ↑ "Kyiv Aviation Plant: 'Aviant' – An-32B-300." aviant.ua. Retrieved: 12 November 2011.
  9. ↑ "AKL-201603 AviaKollektsia 3 2016: Antonov An-32 Cline Twin-Engined Turboprop Military Transport Aircraft" (in en). http://modelgrad.com/akl-201603-aviakollektsia-3-2016-antonov-an-32-cline-twin-engined-turboprop-military-transport-aircraft.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "An-32P." Antonov.com. Retrieved: 12 November 2011.
  11. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 8–14 December 2015, p. 32.
  12. ↑ "Flying high in Bangladesh". https://www.airinternational.com/article/flying-high-bangladesh. 
  13. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 46.
  14. ↑ "SE PLANT 410 CA HANDS OVER THIRD OVERHAULED AND UPGRADED AN-32 AIRCRAFT OF BANGLADESH AIR FORCE". http://arp410.kiev.ua/en/novyny-2/7180/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 49.
  16. ↑ "World Air Forces 2022". Flightglobal. 2022. https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-directory-2022/146695.article. Retrieved 18 July 2022. 
  17. ↑ "World Air Forces 2021". FlightGlobal. 4 December 2020. https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345. 
  18. ↑ "IAF awaits 'safe' return of last batch of AN-32 fleet". Deccan Herald. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/420519/iaf-awaits-039safe039-return-last.html. 
  19. ↑ "IAF plans to stop flying AN-32 over mountains and seas after Arunachal crash". 15 June 2019. https://theprint.in/defence/iaf-plans-to-stop-flying-an-32-over-mountains-and-seas-after-arunachal-crash/250321/. 
  20. ↑ Delalande 2016, p. 30
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 55.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 57.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 60.
  24. ↑ "Aerospace Source Book 2007," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 15 January 2007.
  25. ↑ Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment, 2001
  26. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 50.
  27. ↑ "Accident of an Antonov 32 operated by Equatorial Guinea National Guard - Annobón, Equatorial Guinea". https://www.1001crash.com/index-page-description-accident-AN32_egng-lg-2-crash-218.html. 
  28. ↑ Thisdell and Farfard Flight International 9–15 August 2016, pp. 28–29.
  29. ↑ "Antonov An-32 Light Multipurpose Transport Aircraft". https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/an32-transport/. 
  30. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident: Antonov 32 K2729 Jamnagar, India." Aviation Safety Network, 2004. Retrieved: 27 June 2011.
  31. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident: Antonov 32 K2705 Ponmudi, India." Aviation Safety Network, Retrieved: 23 July 2016.
  32. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident: Antonov 32B." Aviation Safety Network, 2004. Retrieved: 27 June 2011.
  33. ↑ Glave, Fernando Braschi. "Photo of Antonov 32 OB-1389." Aviation Safety Network, 2004. Retrieved: 17 November 2012.
  34. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Antonov 32B 9Q-CAC Kongolo Airport (KOO)". aviation-safety.net. 26 August 2007. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20070826-0. 
  35. ↑ "IAF plane crash over Arunachal Pradesh." telegraphindia.com. Retrieved: 29 June 2011.
  36. ↑ "India inks AN-32 upgrade deal with Ukraine." Times of India. Retrieved: 29 June 2011.
  37. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Antonov 32B SCM-864 Hokandara". aviation-safety.net. 12 December 2014. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20141212-0. 
  38. ↑ "Plane crash in Athurugiriya". Daily Mirror. 12 December 2014. http://www.dailymirror.lk/58779/plane-crash-in-athurugiriya. 
  39. ↑ "Fears Grow As Indian Air Force AN-32 Remains Untraceable". https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fears-grow-as-indian-air-force-an-32-remains-untraceable-1435311. 
  40. ↑ "Wreckage of IAF's AN-32 aircraft traced seven-and-a-half years after it went missing". The Times of India. 2024-01-12. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wreckage-of-iafs-an-32-aircraft-traced-seven-and-a-half-years-after-it-went-missing/articleshow/106768753.cms?from=mdr. 
  41. ↑ "BREAKING Two Antonov aircraft have collided on the ground at Khartoum Airport, Sudan" (in en). Airlive Contributors. https://www.airlive.net/breaking-two-antonov-aircraft-have-collided-on-the-ground-at-khartoum-airport-sudan/. 
  42. ↑ "All 13 bodies, black box of AN-32 aircraft retrieved - Times of India" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/all-13-bodies-black-box-of-an-32-aircraft-retrieved/articleshow/69773733.cms. 
  43. ↑ "Missing An-32 Jet Found in Arunachal Pradesh, 13 personnel of IAF feared killed". https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/missing-an-32-jet-found-in-arunachal-pradesh-1546574-2019-06-11. 
  44. ↑ Taylor 1988, pp. 222–225.

Bibliography

  • Delalande, Arnaud (2016). Iraqi Air Power Reborn, The Iraqi air arms since 2004. Houston: Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9854554-7-7. 
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, Vol. 182 No. 5370. 11–17 December 2012. pp. 40–64. ISSN 0015-3710.
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, Vol. 184 No. 5419. 10–16 December 2013. pp. 24–51. ISSN 0015-3710.
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, Vol. 188 No. 5517. 8–14 December 2015. pp. 26–53. ISSN 0015-3710.
  • Taylor, John, W.R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. London: Jane's Information Group, 1988. ISBN:0-7106-0867-5.
  • Thisdell, Dan and Fafard, Antoine. "World Airliner Census". Flight International, Volume 190, No. 5550, 9–15 August 2016. pp. 20–43. ISSN 0015-3710

External links



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