Company:Antonov

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Short description: Aircraft manufacturer in Ukraine


Antonov State Enterprise
Native name
Державне підприємство «Антонов»
TypeState-owned company
IndustryAerospace and defence
Founded31 May 1946; 78 years ago (1946-05-31)
FounderOleg Antonov
Headquarters
Kyiv
,
Ukraine
Key people
Oleksandr Donets (president of the enterprise)[1]
Products
  • Aircraft for various applications
  • Aircraft maintenance
  • Cargo air transport
Total assetsIncrease ₴13.8 bn (2020)
Total equityIncrease ₴9.0 bn (2020)
Number of employees
13,700 (2014)
ParentUkroboronprom
Divisions
  • Antonov Serial Production Plant
  • Antonov Airlines
  • Hostomel Airport
Websitewww.antonov.com

Antonov Company (Ukrainian: Державне підприємство «Антонов»), formerly the Aeronautical Scientific-Technical Complex named after Antonov (Antonov ASTC) (Ukrainian: Авіаційний науково-технічний комплекс імені Антонова, [АНТК ім. Антонова]), and earlier the Antonov Design Bureau, for its chief designer, Oleg Antonov, is a Ukraine aircraft manufacturing and services company. Antonov's particular expertise is in the fields of very large aeroplanes and aeroplanes using unprepared runways. Antonov (model prefix "An-") has built a total of approximately 22,000 aircraft, and thousands of its planes are operating in the former Soviet Union and in developing countries.[2]

Antonov Company is a state-owned commercial company originally established in Novosibirsk, Russia. In 1952, the company relocated to Kyiv, Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union.[3] On 12 May 2015, it was transferred from the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade to the Ukroboronprom (Ukrainian Defense Industry).[4]

In June 2016, Ukraine's major state-owned arms manufacturer Ukroboronprom announced the creation of the Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation within its structure, to combine all aircraft manufacturing enterprises in Ukraine.

History

Soviet era

Antonov An-2, mass-produced Soviet utility aeroplane.

Foundation and relocation

The company was established in 1946 at the Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association as the top-secret Soviet Research and Design Bureau No. 153 (OKB-153). It was headed by Oleg Antonov and specialised in turboprop military transport aircraft. The task was to create an agricultural aircraft CX-1 (An-2), the first flight of which occurred on 31 August 1947. The An-2 biplane was a major achievement of this period, with hundreds of these aircraft still operating as of 2013.[5] In addition to this biplane and its modifications, a small series of gliders A-9 and A-10 were created and built in the pilot production in Novosibirsk. In 1952, the Bureau was relocated to Kyiv, a city with a rich aviation history and an aircraft-manufacturing infrastructure restored after the destruction caused by World War II.

First serial aircraft and expansion

An-12, Cold War-era tactical transport, in flight
47-year-old An-12 still in operational condition in 2011

The 1957 introduction of the An-10/An-12 family of mid-range turboprop aeroplanes began the successful production of thousands of these aircraft. Their use for both heavy combat and civilian purposes around the globe continues to the present; the An-10/An-12 were used most notably in the Vietnam War, the Soviet–Afghan War and the Chernobyl disaster relief megaoperation.

In 1959, the bureau began construction of the separate Flight Testing and Improvement Base in suburban Hostomel (now the Antonov Airport).

In 1965, the Antonov An-22 heavy military transport entered serial production to supplement the An-12 in major military and humanitarian airlifts by the Soviet Union. The model became the first Soviet wide-body aircraft, and it remains the world's largest turboprop-powered aircraft. Antonov designed and presented a nuclear-powered version of the An-22. It was never flight tested.

In 1966, after the major expansion in the Sviatoshyn neighbourhood of the city, the company was renamed to another disguise name: "Kyiv Mechanical Plant". Two independent aircraft production and repair facilities, under engineering supervision of the Antonov Bureau, also appeared in Kyiv during this period.

Prominence and Antonov's retirement

Antonov An-24, the Soviet Union's most common regional airliner

In the 1970s and early 1980s, the company established itself as the Soviet Union's main designer of military transport aircraft with dozens of new modifications in development and production. After Oleg Antonov's death in 1984, the company was officially renamed as the Research and Design Bureau named after O.K. Antonov (Russian: Опытно-конструкторское бюро имени О.К. Антонова) while continuing the use of "Kyiv Mechanical Plant" alias for some purposes.

Late Soviet-era: superlarge projects and first commercialisation

An-225 was the largest operative aircraft in the world.

In the late 1980s, the Antonov Bureau achieved global prominence after the introduction of its extra large aeroplanes. The An-124 "Ruslan" (1982) became the Soviet Union's mass-produced strategic airlifter under the leadership of Chief Designer Viktor Tolmachev.[citation needed] The Bureau enlarged the "Ruslan" design even more for the Soviet spaceplane programme logistics, creating the An-225 "Mriya" in 1985. "Mriya" was the world's largest and heaviest aeroplane.[6]

The end of the Cold War and perestroika allowed the Antonov company's first step to commercialisation and foreign expansion. In 1989, the Antonov Airlines subsidiary was created for its own aircraft maintenance and cargo projects.

Independent Ukraine

Antonov Design Bureau remained a state-owned company after Ukraine achieved its independence in 1991 and is since regarded as a strategic national asset.

Expansion to free market

Rollout of the first serially-produced An-148 at Antonov's hangar in Kyiv, 2009. An An-124 under maintenance seen in the far corner of the hangar.

Since independence, Antonov has certified and marketed both Soviet-era and newly developed models for sale in new markets outside of the former soviet-sphere of influence. New models introduced to serial production and delivered to customers include the Antonov An-140, Antonov An-148 and Antonov An-158 regional airliners.

Among several modernisation projects, Antonov received orders for upgrading "hundreds" of its legendary An-2 utility planes still in operation in Azerbaijan, Cuba and Russia to the An-2-100 upgrade version.[5]

In 2014, following the annexation of the Crimea by Russia, Ukraine cancelled contracts with Russia, leading to a significant income reduction in Ukraine's defense and aviation industries.[7] However Ukraine has been slowly recovering the deficit from breaking ties with Russia by entering new markets such as the Persian Gulf region[8][9] and expanding its presence in old ones such as India.[10][11][12][13][14]

In July 2018, Antonov was able to secure a deal with Boeing in order to procure airplane parts which were no longer available due to breakdown of relations with Russia.[15]

Production facilities' consolidation

During the Soviet period, not all Antonov-designed aircraft were manufactured by the company itself. This was a result of Soviet industrial strategy that split military production between different regions of the Soviet Union to minimise potential war loss risks. As a result, Antonov aeroplanes were often assembled by the specialist contract manufacturers.

In 2009, the once-independent "Aviant" aeroplane-assembling plant in Kyiv became part of Antonov, facilitating a full serial manufacturing cycle of the company. However, the old tradition of co-manufacturing with contractors is continued, both with Soviet-time partners and with new licensees like Iran's Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company.[16]

In 2014, the Antonov produced and delivered only two An-158 airplanes.[17] This trend continued onto 2015, producing one An-148 and one An-158.[18] Since 2016, no aircraft have been produced or delivered to clients.[19]

Antonov/Taqnia An-132 roll out ceremony in Kyiv, 20 December 2016

In June 2016, Ukraine's major state-owned arms manufacturer Ukroboronprom announced the creation of the Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation within its structure, thereby combining all aircraft manufacturing enterprises, including the assets of Antonov into a single cluster, according to Ukroboronprom's press service.[20]

On 19 July 2017, the Ukrainian government approved the liquidation of Antonov's assets.[21][22] The State Concern "Antonov" (a business group, created in 2005 from the merger of several legally independent companies into a single economic entity under unified management) will be liquidated as a residual corporate entity. Antonov State Company, Kharkiv State Aviation Manufacturing Enterprise and Plant No.410 of Civil Aviation were transferred under the management of another state-owned concern Ukroboronprom in 2015. Antonov State Company continues to function as an enterprise.[23]

On 31 March 2017, the first prototype of a new multifunctional cargo plane An-132 – a demonstration plane An-132D – took to the air from the runway of Sviatoshyn airfield. The An-132 development program had been implemented in the framework of a contract with a customer from Saudi Arabia.

On 24 February 2022, at the beginning of Russia's full-scale invasion in Ukraine, the first attacks were launched at Kyiv-Antonov-2 airfield, the site of Antonov's test flights and home base of the planes of Antonov Airlines. The planes An-26, An-74 and administrative premises were destroyed. The planes Аn-225 Mriya, Аn-12, Аn-22, Аn-28, Аn-132D and Аn-124-100-150, the hangars and other infrastructure were severely damaged.

The Security Service of Ukraine established that the former director general of Antonov Company Serhiy Bychkov had not provided access to the site for the National Guard in January and February 2022 and thus obstructed preparations for defence.[24]

The investigators consider that Bychkov's negligence is the direct cause of the loss of Mriya, because the plane could have been sent to Germany long before February 24. In March 2023, Serhiy Bychkov was arrested, in April he faced formal suspicion in connection with the loss of An-225 Mriya and damages to Antonov amounting to ₴8.4 million.[25][26][27]

Composition

  • Antonov Serial Production Plant (formerly Kyiv Aviation Factory "Aviant") – Kyiv
  • Kharkiv Aviation Factory – Kharkiv
  • Antonov – Kyiv
  • Civil Aviation Factory 441 – Kyiv

Airfields

  • Sviatoshyn Airfield, Aviant factory in Kyiv
  • Hostomel Airport, freight airport in Hostomel

Products and activities

LT-10 tram
Kyiv-12 trolley bus

Fields of commercial activity of Antonov ASTC include:

  • Aircraft design and manufacturing
  • Cargo air transport (Antonov Airlines)
  • Aircraft maintenance, testing, certification and upgrading
  • Aerospace-related research and engineering
  • Operation of the Hostomel airport (Antonov Airport)
  • Medium-capacity rail transport system RADAN
  • Construction of LT-10A trams (with aluminium body)
  • Construction and manufacturing of Kiev-12 trolley buses (a spin-off, using existing technical expertise).[29]

Major contractors and partners

Contract and licensee manufacturers

  • Tashkent Aviation Production Association (formerly Tashkent State Aviation Plant) – Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  • Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company (HESA) – Shahin Shahr, Iran[16]
  • Voronezh Aircraft Production Association (VASO) – Voronezh, Russia

Chief designers

  • Oleg Antonov: 1946–1984
  • Petro Balabuiev: 1984–2005
  • Dmytro Kiva: since 2005

Aircraft

Antonov's primary activity has generally been in developing large military transport aircraft, including the world's largest airplanes, chiefly for the Russian Federation and its predecessor nations.[30][31]

Additionally, Antonov has produced airliners. It has also produced numerous variants of both transports and airliners, for operations ranging from air freight hauling to military reconnaissance, command and control operations.[30]

It has also developed various general aviation light aircraft, having originated as a producer of gliders.[30]

Transports, airliners and derivatives

Antonov's aeroplanes (design office prefix An) range from the rugged An-2 biplane through the An-28 reconnaissance aircraft to the massive An-124 Ruslan and An-225 Mriya strategic airlifters (the latter being the world's heaviest aircraft and was the only one in service).[30]

Sometimes defunct and sometimes normal, the An-24, An-26, An-30 and An-32 family of twin turboprop, high-winged, passenger-cargo-troop transport aircraft are important for domestic/short-haul air services particularly in parts of the world once led by communist governments. The An-72/An-74 series of small jetliners is slowly replacing that fleet, and a larger An-70 freighter is under certification.

The Antonov An-148 is a new regional airliner of twin-turbofan configuration. Over 150 aircraft have been ordered since 2007. A stretched version is in development, the An-158 (from 60–70 to 90–100 passengers).

Aircraft Name Maiden flight Remarks
An-2 Kukuruznik 31 August 1947 multi-purpose, biplane, single-engine utility transport.
An-2-100 Kukuruznik 10 July 2013 An-2 upgrade version refitted with Motor Sich kerosene-fueled engine (instead of original avgas).[5]
An-3 13 May 1980 turboprop conversion of An-2
An-4 31 July 1951 float-equipped An-2
An-6 Meteo 21 March 1948 weather reconnaissance aircraft based on An-2
An-8 11 February 1956 medium military transport
An-10 Ukraina 7 March 1957 medium turboprop-powered airliner
An-11 Motorised variant of the A-11 glider
An-12 16 December 1957 military turboprop-powered transport, developed from An-10
An-13 1962 Light aircraft developed from the A-13M motor glider
An-14 Pchelka 14 March 1958 light twin-engine transport
An-16 Cancelled projected stretched variant of An-10
An-20 Cancelled projected large turboprop transport; cancelled in favor of An-22
An-20 Cancelled trainer; competitor to the Yak-30 and L-29
An-22 Antei 27 February 1965 extremely large turboprop transport
An-24 20 October 1959 twin-turboprop airliner
An-26 21 May 1969 twin-turboprop transport, derived from An-24
An-28 1 September 1974 twin-turboprop light transport, developed from An-14
An-30 Cancelled Development of An-14A
An-30 21 August 1967 An-24 adapted for aerial photography and mapping
An-32 9 July 1976 twin-turboprop hot-and-high transport, up-engine An-26 airframe
An-34 4 September 1961 initial designation of An-24T
An-38 23 June 1994 twin-turboprop light transport, stretched An-28
An-40 Cancelled military transport developed from An-12
An-42 Cancelled version of An-40 with boundary layer control
An-44 Cancelled cargo aircraft project developed from An-24
An-50 Cancelled airliner project, developed from An-24V
An-51 Cancelled civil piston utility aircraft
An-52 Cancelled light twin-piston aircraft
Antonov An-60 (uk) postponed projected STOL military transport, utilizing the Coandă effect; later became the An-72/An-74
An-70 16 December 1994 large military transport, powered by four propfan engines, to replace An-12
An-71 12 July 1985 prototype naval AWACS development of An-72
An-72 Cheburashka 31 August 1977 STOL transport, utilizing the Coandă effect
An-74 Cheburashka 29 November 1983 civil version of An-72; version with engines below wings is called An-74TK-300[32]
An-77 Modernized version of An-70 with Western avionics and engines
Antonov An-80 (uk) Cancelled Projected airliner version of An-72/An-74
An-91 Cancelled Twin-engine cabin monoplane development of Cessna 310
An-102 light agricultural aircraft
An-122 Cancelled further development of An-22
An-124 Ruslan 26 December 1982 strategic airlifter; largest aircraft ever mass-produced
An-126 Cancelled heavy transport aircraft project
An-132 31 March 2017 transport aircraft based on An-32; cancelled in 2019
An-140 17 September 1997 short-range turboprop airliner, to replace An-24
An-148 17 December 2004 regional jet for 68–85 passengers
An-158 28 April 2010 stretched version of An-148 for 99 passengers
An-168 business variant of An-148; now called An-148-300
An-170 stretched An-70
An-171 maritime patrol version of An-170
An-174 Cancelled enlarged An-74 with engines below wings
An-178 7 May 2015 military transport based on the An-158
An-180 Cancelled medium propfan airliner, around 175 passengers
An-181 Handiwork experimental aircraft
An-188 transport aircraft project based on An-70
An-218 Cancelled propfan- or turbofan-powered widebody airliner
An-225 Mriya 21 December 1988 An-124 derived strategic airlifter; largest aircraft ever built; only one put into service. Destroyed in the Battle of Antonov Airport in February 2022.[33] A second aircraft remains 60-70% complete, but is intended to be finished as a replacement for the first aircraft and as a tribute to all Ukrainian pilots lost in the war. In November 2022, Antonov confirmed plans that the aircraft would be rebuilt.
Antonov An-248 (uk) Projected airliner version of An-225, to compete with the Airbus A380
Antonov An-318 (uk) Cancelled A planned trijet to compete with the DC-10 and L-1011 TriStar[34]
An-325 Cancelled Planned enlarged, eight-engine version of An-225, intended for launching rockets
Antonov An-418 (uk) Cancelled A planned airliner version of the An-124 that could compete with the Airbus A380[35]
An-714 20 October 1970 modification of An-14 with air cushion landing gear
Antonov An-Be-20 (uk) Cancelled Projected small trijet airliner to replace the Li-2, Il-12 and Il-14, developed in cooperation with Beriev. Cancelled in favor of the Yakovlev Yak-40, which was also in development at the time.
Antonov An-BK-1 (uk) Gorlitsa 8 November 2017 planned multipurpose UAV
DT-5/8 Cancelled projected large twin-engine transport
E-153 flying testbed for aircraft 'M'
GPS small twin-engine utility transport
OKA-38 Aist Copy of Fieseler Fi 156
Li-2V high-altitude research aircraft, converted from a Lisunov Li-2
M Masha Cancelled projected jet fighter
N Cancelled projected twin turboprop airliner based on the An-8
P Cancelled projected twin jet engine transport based on the An-8
R Cancelled projected twin turboprop airliner based on the An-8
SKV Partizanskii Basis for An-14
T-2M Maverick ultralight trike for recreational club use and special forces requirements
VP Utka experimental air trailer (tow glider)
Yu Cancelled projected large turboprop transport

Gliders

Antonov A-15 in Czech markings
Aircraft Name Maiden flight Remarks
A-1 1930 single-seat training glider
A-2 1936 two-seat training glider derived from the A-1
A-3 Molodv
A-6
A-7 1942 military glider
A-9 1948 single-seat sailplane developed from the RF-7
A-10 1952 two-seat sailplane developed from the A-9
A-11 1958
A-13 1958
A-15 1960
BS-3 1934 training glider
BS-4 1935 training glider
BS-5 (OKA-31) 1936 training glider
DIP (OKA-14) Dognat i peregna 1932 record glider developed from OKA-6
IP
LEM-2 (OKA-37) 1937 motor glider
M-1 1933
M-2
M-3 (OKA-24) 1934
M-4 (OKA-29)
M-5 (OKA-30) 1936
OKA-1 Golub 1924
OKA-2 1925
OKA-3 1928
OKA-5 Standard-2 1930
OKA-6 Gorod Lenina 1930
OKA-7 Bubik 1930
OKA-13 Chest Uslovii Stalina 1932
OKA-21 1933 training glider based on DIP
PS-1 (OKA-11) training glider
PS-2 (OKA-12) training glider
RF-1 (OKA-17) 1933
RF-2 (OKA-18) 1933
RF-3 (OKA-19) 1933
RF-4 (OKA-20) 1933
RF-5 (OKA-23) 1934
RF-6 (OKA-28)
RF-7 1937 sports glider
RF-8 1941 troop glider, enlarged RF-7; redesignated A-7
US-1 1931 training glider
US-2 1931 training glider
US-3 1932 training glider, first mass-produced Soviet glider
US-4 training glider, redesignated A-1
US-5 (OKA-32) 1936 training glider
US-6 training glider, redesignated A-2

See also

  • List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

References

  1. ↑ Ukraine's Antonov to build up to 10 aircraft in five years , UNIAN (4 July 2018)
  2. ↑ "Information About the Company". https://antonov.com/en/activity. 
  3. ↑ "Contacts". Retrieved on 5 February 2011.
  4. ↑ Cabinet of Ukraine gave Antonov to Ukroboronprom . Ukrinform. 12 May 2015
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 (in ru)Korrespondent. 11 July 2013. http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1579862-rossiya-zakazala-u-antonova-usovershenstvovannye-kukuruzniki. 
  6. ↑ "Ukraine detains officials over destruction of famous plane at start of war" (in en). Reuters. 2023-03-10. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-detains-officials-over-destruction-famous-plane-start-war-2023-03-10/. 
  7. ↑ Nicolai Petro (9 March 2016). "Why Ukraine needs Russia more than ever". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/ukraine-needs-russia-nicolai-petro. 
  8. ↑ "Arabian Aerospace - New Saudi-Ukrainian aircraft programme launched". https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/new-saudi-ukrainian-aircraft-programme-launched.html. 
  9. ↑ "Ukraine Discusses Cooperation With UAE in Guided Weapons, UAVs". https://www.defenseworld.net/news/20458/Ukraine_Discusses_Cooperation_With_UAE_in_Guided_Weapons__UAVs. 
  10. ↑ "Ukraine, U.S. winning Indian defense market over Russia - official". https://www.unian.info/economics/10084925-ukraine-u-s-winning-indian-defense-market-over-russia-official.html. 
  11. ↑ "Janes | Latest defence and security news". https://www.janes.com/defence-news. 
  12. ↑ "Ukraine to Pitch for Repair, Components Supply of USSR Origin Aircraft in India". https://www.defenseworld.net/interview/106/Ukraine_to_Pitch_for_Repair__Components_Supply_of_USSR_Origin_Aircraft_in_India. 
  13. ↑ "Ukraine preparing for boosting defense cooperation with Africa in aircraft repair area | KyivPost - Ukraine's Global Voice". 25 September 2018. https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukraine-preparing-for-boosting-defense-cooperation-with-africa-in-aircraft-repair-area.html. 
  14. ↑ Bekdil, Burak Ege (27 July 2018). "Turkey, Ukraine advance An-188 co-production talks". https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/27/turkey-ukraine-advance-an-188-co-production-talks/. 
  15. ↑ Polityuk, Pavel (27 July 2018). "Ukraine plane maker turns West with Boeing tie-up". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-boeing-antonov-idUSKBN1KH0OM. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "ANTONOV history". http://www.antonov.com/about/antonov-history?lang=en. 
  17. ↑ "ГП "Антонов" подвел итоги 2014 года: Только два новых самолета". http://www.aex.ru/news/2015/1/26/129591/. 
  18. ↑ "Андрей Хаустов: "Появился шанс, что вторая "Мрия" обретет свою жизнь в небе"". http://radio.vesti-ukr.com/interview/32217-andrej-haustov-poyavilsya-shans-chto-vtoraya-mriya-obretet-svoyu-zhizn-v-nebe-.html. 
  19. ↑ Зеленский хочет создать госавиакомпанию, летающую на украинских самолетах — Центр транспортных стратегий
  20. ↑ "UNIAN News. Latest news of Ukraine and world". http://uatoday.tv/society/ukrainian-aircraft-corporation-set-up-on-the-basis-of-antonov-670283.html. 
  21. ↑ "Cabinet of Ministers liquidates Concern Antonov - 25.07.2017 17:39 — Ukrinform News" (in en). https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/2273062-cabinet-of-ministers-liquidates-concern-antonov.html. 
  22. ↑ "The Cabinet of Ministers has decided to liquidate State Aircraft Manufacturing Concern Antonov". Ukrinform. 26 July 2017. https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/2273062-cabinet-of-ministers-liquidates-concern-antonov.html. 
  23. ↑ "Following the recent announcement from the Government of Ukraine". Antonov State Company. http://www.antonov.com/news/520. 
  24. ↑ "Служба безпеки України". https://t.me/SBUkr/7424. 
  25. ↑ "Офіс Генерального прокурора". https://t.me/pgo_gov_ua/10254. 
  26. ↑ "СБУ повідомила про підозру екскерівникам ДП "Антонов", чиї дії призвели до знищення "Мрії" (відео)" (in uk). https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-povidomyla-pro-pidozru-ekskerivnykam-dp-antonov-chyi-dii-pryzvely-do-znyshchennia-mrii-video. 
  27. ↑ "Destruction of Mriya aircraft: Ukraine's Security Service arrests ex-CEO of Antonov State Enterprise and serves him with notice of suspicion" (in en). https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/10/7392793/. 
  28. ↑ (in ru)Interfax. 23 April 2013. http://www.interfax.ru/russia/txt.asp?id=303221. 
  29. ↑ "Antonov Ground Transport". http://www.antonov.com/products/groundtransport/index.xml. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Guttman, Robert: "Antonov’s Heavy Hauler for Hire," July 27, 2018, HistoryNet, retrieved February 24, 2022
  31. ↑ Borys, Christian: "The world’s biggest plane may have a new mission," May 4, 2017, BBC Future, retrieved February 24, 2022
  32. ↑ "Aviation Photo Search". http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?q=An-74TK-300. 
  33. ↑ Thomas, Geoffrey (2022-02-28). "AN-225 destroyed by Russian forces at Gostomel" (in en-AU). https://www.airlineratings.com/news/225-destroyed-russian-forces-gostomel/. 
  34. ↑ "Antonov An-318". https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an-318.htm. 
  35. ↑ "Antonov An-418". https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an-418.htm. 

Further reading

External links



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