Engineering:BMW 5 Series (E39)

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BMW 5 Series (E39)
2000-2003 BMW 525i (E39) Executive sedan (2010-10-02) 01.jpg
Overview
ManufacturerBMW
ProductionMay 1995– May 2004
AssemblyGermany: Dingolfing
DesignerJoji Nagashima (1992)
Body and chassis
ClassExecutive car (E)[1]
Body style4-door sedan/saloon
5-door wagon/estate
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
  • Petrol:
  • 2.0-3.0 L M52/M54 I6
  • 3.5-4.9 L M62/S62 V8
  • Diesel (turbocharged) :
  • 2.0 L M47 I4
  • 2.5-2.9 L M51/M57 I6
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,830 mm (111.4 in)
Length4,775–4,805 mm (188.0–189.2 in)[2][3]
Width1,800 mm (70.9 in)
Height1,435–1,445 mm (56.5–56.9 in)[2][3]
|uk|Kerb|Curb}} weight1,685–1,845 kg (3,715–4,068 lb)[4][5]
Chronology
PredecessorBMW 5 Series (E34)
SuccessorBMW 5 Series (E60)

The BMW E39 is the fourth generation of BMW 5 Series, which was sold from 1995 to 2004. It was launched in the sedan body style, with the wagon/estate body style (marketed as "Touring") introduced in 1996. The E39 was replaced by the E60 5 Series in 2003, however E39 Touring models remained in production until May 2004.[6][7]

The proportion of chassis components using aluminium significantly increased for the E39, and it was the first 5 Series to use aluminium for all major components in the front suspension or any in the rear. It was also the first 5 Series where a four-cylinder diesel engine was available. Rack and pinion steering was used for the first time in a 5 Series (with the exception of the E34 525iX), being fitted to the four-cylinder and six-cylinder models. Unlike its E34 predecessor and E60 successor, the E39 was not available with all-wheel drive.

The high performance M5 sedan was introduced in 1998, powered by the 4.9-litre S62 V8 engine. It was the first M5 model to be powered by a V8 engine.

Development and launch

Development for the E34's successor began in 1989,[citation needed] and ended in 1995. The final design by Joji Nagashima was selected in June 1992[8][9] and later frozen for production under new design chief Chris Bangle. With design selection in 1992, the series development phase began and took 39 months till start of production. The domestic German design patent was filed on 20 April 1994, with an E39 prototype.[10]

In May 1995 BMW published the first official photos of the E39.[11] The E39 premiered in September 1995 at the Frankfurt Motor Show.[12][13] In December 1995 sales of sedan models began on the European mainland.[14] Production of wagon/estate models began in November 1996.[15](p7)

Body styles

  • E39 Touring- front

  • E39 Sedan- rear

  • E39 Touring- rear

Equipment

Interior: pre-facelift
Interior: post-facelift (with M-sport steering wheel)

A "latent heat accumulator" was available as an option up until September 1999.[16][17] The accumulator stores engine heat by converting a salt from solid to liquid form (phase transition).[18][19] The insulated tank can store heat for several days. The next time the vehicle is started, this heat is automatically used to reduce exhaust emissions (by heating the engine up to operating temperature quicker), for cabin heating and window defrosting.[20]

Separate to the latent heat accumulator is the Residual Heat function (activated by a button labelled "REST"), [21](p104) which allows the demister and cabin heater to use the heat of an engine that has recently been turned off (using an electric pump to push hot coolant through the heater core).

The E39 was one of the first vehicles (alongside the E38 7 Series) to have curtain airbags, which protect the occupants' heads in a side impact.[22]

Standard equipment on the launch models included dual front and side airbags, pretensioners and load limiters for the front seatbelts,[23] anti-lock brakes, traction control, power steering, and air conditioning.[24][25] Satellite navigation was also available, initially using maps on CD, then moving to DVD maps in 2002.

Engines

At launch, the petrol engines consisted of the M52 straight-six and M62 V8,[26] which were both new engines at the time. In late 1998, the "technical update" (TÜ) versions of these engines were introduced, which introduced single VANOS to increase torque at low rpm.[27] At the 2000 facelift (LCI), the M52 straight-six engine was replaced by its successor the M54, however the M62TÜ remained in use for the V8 models.[28] The M54B30 (used in the E46 330i and E39 530i) topped the Ward's 10 Best Engines list in 2002 and 2003.[29]

The initial diesel models used the M51 straight-six turbo-diesel engine. In 1998, its successor the M57 was introduced, however the M51 also remained in production for two more years. In 1999, the M47 four-cylinder turbo-diesel was introduced in the 520d model, which is the only E39 model to use a four-cylinder engine.[30]

Drivetrain

ZF 5HP-30 automatic transmission

Manual transmissions

  • 5-speed ZF S5-39DZ[31] (525d,530d)
  • 5-speed S5D 250G (523i,528i from 1996, 520i, 525i)
  • 5-speed S5D 260Z (525td)
  • 5 speed S5D 320Z (523i up to 1996, 530i, 535i)
  • 6-speed Getrag 420G[31] (540i, M5)

Automatic transmissions

Note that the 523i, 525i, 528i and 530i had several overlapping automatic transmission options for some years.

Steering

Unusually, two different steering systems were used for the E39, depending on the engine. Models with four-cylinder and six-cylinder models use rack and pinion steering,[34] the first time this system has been used in a 5 Series. This system steers from the front of the axle.[35] Models with V8 engines use recirculating ball steering, as per the previous generations of 5 Series.[35]

Chassis and body

Compared with its E34 predecessor, the E39 wheelbase grew by 68 mm (2.7 in) and overall length by 55 mm (2.2 in). Torsional rigidity was increased over the E34 by 40 percent, which reduces body flex and allows the suspension to operate more accurately, also improving ride quality.[35] Due to a stiffer body shell, the weight of the chassis increased by 10 kg (22 lb),[36] which is offset by the reduced weight of some aluminium suspension components.

Structural dynamics was also an objective of the body design, so the body's frequencies for torsional twisting and bending are in separate ranges and above natural frequency. These frequencies are out of the range of engine and driveline vibrations, to avoid vibrations being amplified.[35]

Suspension

The E39 was the first 5 Series to use aluminium for most components in the front suspension. The proportion of chassis components using aluminium significantly increased for the E39.[37]

The front suspension consists of a double-jointed version of the MacPherson strut,[38][39] with six-cylinder cars using an aluminium front subframe. Aluminium is used for the steering knuckles, outer strut tube and the spring pads, resulting in a weight saving of 21 kg (46 lb).[35] V8 models also use aluminium in the steering box and several suspension links,[35] to compensate for the heavier steel subframe.

The rear suspension consists of a four link design (called "Z-link"), which is similar to the system used by the E38 7 Series. The design minimises unintentional toe angle changes, which increases the stability of the handling.[35]

Engine data

Petrol engines

M54 straight-six engine in an E39 525i
M62TU V8 engine in an E39 540i
Model Years Engine Power Torque
520i 1995–1998 M52B20
inline-6		 110 kW (148 hp) at 5,900 rpm 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,200 rpm
1998–2000   M52TUB20   
inline-6		 110 kW (148 hp) at 5,900 rpm 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm
2000–2003 M54B22
inline-6		 125 kW (168 hp)
at 6,100 rpm		 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft)
at 3,500 rpm
523i 1995–1998 M52B25
inline-6		 125 kW (168 hp) at 5,500 rpm 245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft) at 3,950 rpm
1998–2000 M52TUB25
inline-6		 125 kW (168 hp) at 5,500 rpm 245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm
525i 2000–2003 M54B25
inline-6		 141 kW (189 hp) at 6,000 rpm 245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm
528i 1995–1998 M52B28
inline-6		 142 kW (190 hp) at 5,300 rpm 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 3,950 rpm
1998–2001 M52TUB28
inline-6		 142 kW (190 hp) at 5,500 rpm 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm
530i 2000–2003 M54B30
inline-6		 170 kW (228 hp) at 5,900 rpm 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm
535i 1996–1998 M62B35
V8		 173 kW (232 hp) at 5,700 rpm 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) at 3,300 rpm
1998–2003 M62TUB35
V8		 180 kW (241 hp) at 5,800 rpm 345 N⋅m (254 lb⋅ft) at 3,800 rpm
540i 1995–1998 M62B44
V8		 210 kW (282 hp) at 5,700 rpm 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 3,900 rpm
1998–2003 M62TUB44
V8		 210 kW (282 hp) at 5,400 rpm 440 N⋅m (325 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm
M5 1998–2003 S62B50
V8		 294 kW (394 hp) at 6,600 rpm 500 N⋅m (369 lb⋅ft) at 3,800 rpm

Figures shown are for European models.[40] (p18),[41](p40),[42]

Diesel engines

M51 straight-six turbo-diesel engine
Model Years Engine (turbocharged) Power Torque
520d 2000–2003 M47D20
inline-4		 100 kW (134 hp)
at 4,000 rpm		 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft)
at 1,750 rpm
525d 2000–2003 M57D25
inline-6		 120 kW (161 hp) at 4,000 rpm 350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm
525td 1996–2000 M51D25 UL
inline-6		 85 kW (114 hp) at 4,800 rpm 230 N⋅m (170 lb⋅ft) at 1,900 rpm
525tds 1996–2000 M51D25TU OL
inline-6		 105 kW (141 hp) at 4,600 rpm 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 2,200 rpm
530d 1998–2000 M57D30
inline-6		 135 kW (181 hp) at 4,000 rpm 390 N⋅m (288 lb⋅ft) at 1,750 rpm
2000–2003 M57D30
inline-6		 142 kW (190 hp) at 4,000 rpm 410 N⋅m (302 lb⋅ft) at 1,750 rpm

Figures shown are for European models.[40](p18),[41](p40),[42]

Models

North American model range

From 1997–1998, the E39 model range in North America consisted of the 528i and 540i, In 1999 the M5 was introduced. In 2001, the 528i was discontinued and replaced by the 525i and 530i.

In 2001, the American market 540i's power output was increased to 216 kW (290 hp),[43] unlike other markets where the 540i's power remained at 210 kW (282 hp).[44]

Sales in the United States for May 1999 to May 2000 were 19,294 vehicles.[45] The following year, sales for May 2000 to May 2001 were 15,233 vehicles.

Indonesian model range

In Indonesia, the initial model range in 1996 was the 523i and 528i,[46] with only the 523i available with a manual transmission. Following the September 2000 facelift, the line-up consisted of 520i, 525i and 530i. Indonesian models were assembled in Jakarta from complete knock-down kits.

M5 version

BMW M5 (post-facelift)

The M5 version of the E39 was Introduced in 1998 at the Geneva Motor Show and was produced from 1998 to 2003. It was powered by the S62 V8 engine. All E39 M5 cars were sold in the sedan body style with a 6-speed manual transmission.

Special models

Alpina B10 and D10

Alpina B10 V8

The petrol engine Alpina B10 3.2, 3.3, V8 and V8S models were built in sedans and wagon body styles based on the E39 from January 1997 to May 2004.[47]

In February 2000, Alpina introduced the Alpina D10 Biturbo, the first six-cylinder diesel model produced by Alpina. The engine, a 3.0 litre twin-turbocharged unit rated at 180 kW (241 hp) and 500 N⋅m (369 lb⋅ft) of torque, was based on the engine of the BMW 530d.[47]

Protection line

The 540i Protection light-armored vehicle was launched in Europe in September 1997 and in North America from January 1998.[48] These models included aramid fiber armor, bullet-resistant glass that is coated with polycarbonate to reduce spall. The 540i Protection is rated to withstand the impact of handgun fire up to and including .44 Magnum,[49] the glass is also protected from attack with blunt objects such as baseball bats and bricks.[50] The additional security measures brought an additional weight of 130 kg (287 lb) compared to the normal 540i sedan.[51] on request, an intercom system was available and from January 1998 run-flat tyres were available.[49]

Model year changes

Most changes occur in September each year, when the changes for the following model year go into production, as is typical BMW practice. Therefore, the changes for 1996 represent the 1997 model year, for example.

1996

  • Wagon/Estate body style (called Touring) introduced.
  • 525td model introduced.

1997

  • On-board computer upgraded.
  • Cornering Brake Control introduced.
  • Rear side airbags introduced.
  • Sport Package introduced.
  • Automatic transmission option introduced for 540i.
  • North American sales commence, starting with the 528i and 540i models.

1998

  • M5 model introduced.[52] Lower-body rear side airbags were standard on the M5, remaining optional for other models.
  • M52 straight-six engines updated to M52TU.[53]
  • M62 V8 engines updated to M62TU.[54]
  • 530d model introduced, using the new M57 straight-six turbo-diesel engine.
  • Xenon headlights introduced.
  • Parking sensors ("Park Distance Control") introduced.
  • Self-levelling rear suspension introduced for Estate models.
  • Stability control upgraded (from ASC+T to DSC).
  • Sport Package replaced by "M Sport" package.
  • Self-Adjusting Clutch (SAC) introduced on the straight-six petrol engines.
  • Satellite navigation upgraded from MKI (or Mark I) to MKII.[55][56] Like the MKI, the MKII uses a 4:3 screen and stores the maps on a CD.

1999

  • Rain-sensing windshield wipers introduced (June 1999)[57]
  • Front seat airbags upgraded to dual stage[58]:page 5
  • 520d introduced, powered by a four-cylinder diesel engine.[59]
  • 525d model (using M57 engine) replaces the 525td model (M51 engine).[59]

2000 facelift

The E39 facelift (also known as LCI) models were introduced in the 2001 model year (produced from September 2000).[60]

  • 520i, 525i and 530i models (using M54 engines) replace the 523i and 528i model (M52TU engines).[60]
  • 530d model receives power increase.[60]
  • Kidney grilles on all models are changed to those of the M5.[60]
  • Revised "angel eye" headlights.[60]
  • Revised tail lights with LED brake lights.[60]
  • Navigation screen updated from 4:3 to larger 16:9 widescreen.[61]

  • Pre-facelift front

  • Post-facelift front

  • Pre-facelift rear

  • Post-facelift rear

2001

  • Automatic transmission cars had the manual shift direction switched (to forwards for downshifts, backwards for upshifts).
  • Automatic headlights introduced.
  • 540i power increased from 210 kW (282 hp) to 216 kW (290 hp) in the American market.[58]:page 12
  • In-dash CD player becomes standard equipment on all models.[58]:page 12
  • Power passenger seat becomes standard on 6 cylinder models and automatic climate control becomes standard on 525i.[62]

2002

  • Navigation upgraded from CD-ROM format (8 CDs to cover the United States and Canada) to a single DVD-ROM.[63]

2003

  • 540i M-sport limited edition model produced.
  • Additional chrome trim added on the trunk (boot) and on the sides of the body.

Motorsport

The M5 was used by several teams in the Italian Superstars Series.[64]

Awards

Car and Driver featured the E39 in its "10Best list" six consecutive times, from 1997 to 2002.[65][66] In 2001, Consumer Reports gave the 530i its highest car rating ever, declaring it the best car they had ever reviewed.[67]

Other reviewers have also praised the E39 models.[68][69][70][71][72][73]

Safety

Euro NCAP scores (1998)[74]
Adult Occupant: 4/5 stars

The series tested for IIHS's "moderate overlap front" test and received 'Good' rating results, the highest available.[75]

Production

The first pilot production models were built in February 1995, with full-scale production starting later in the year.[76] Most cars were built at the Dingolfing factory,[37](p40,46–48) with complete knock-down assembly used in Mexico,[77][78] Indonesia and Russia.[79] CKD production amounted to 17,280, with total production numbering 1,488,038.[80]

References

  1. ↑ "1995 BMW 523i Steptronic specifications". http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1995/272900/bmw_523i_steptronic.html. Retrieved 7 December 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Specifications for BMW 523i E39 Sedan (1995-1998)". http://www.bmwheaven.com/database/show.php?id=185. Retrieved 26 May 2019. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Specifications for BMW 540i E39 LCI Touring (2000-2005)". http://www.bmwheaven.com/database/show.php?id=217. Retrieved 26 May 2019. 
  4. ↑ "2002 BMW 535i E39 car specifications, auto technical data - performance, fuel economy, emissions, dimensions 104071". https://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=104071. Retrieved 26 May 2019. 
  5. ↑ "2002 BMW 540i Touring Automatic E39 car specifications, auto technical data - performance, fuel economy, emissions, dimensions 96184". https://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=96184. Retrieved 26 May 2019. 
  6. ↑ "BMW 5 Series touring (E39)". BMW AG. https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3859104. Retrieved 21 August 2019. 
  7. ↑ Annual Report 2004. Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft. p. 13. https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/infanu/169241/iaBMWa2004ieng.pdf. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  8. ↑ "BMW E39: Joji Nagashima – die Übergangslösung". http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/news/die-designer-des-bmw-5er-e39-joji-nagashima-der-uebergang-1782328.html. Retrieved 7 March 2017. 
  9. ↑ "Bavarian Dreams: The 10 Best Designed BMWs of All Time". http://www.au.complex.com/sports/2010/12/bavarian-dreams-the-10-best-designed-bmws-of-all-time/e39-5-series. Retrieved 7 March 2017. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  10. ↑ "Registerauskunft zum Design Designnummer: M9403410-0001". https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?DNR=M9403410-0001. Retrieved 12 April 2017. 
  11. ↑ "Die neue BMW 5er-Reihe: vom Original zum Meisterstück in der oberen Mittelklasse". https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3403825. Retrieved 17 January 2017. 
  12. ↑ "BMW TAKES A LOOK BACK AT ALL PREVIOUS 5 SERIES GENERATIONS". http://www.motor1.com/news/101549/bmw-looks-back-5-series/. Retrieved 17 January 2017. 
  13. ↑ "1998 – 2003 BMW 5-Series". https://www.topspeed.com/cars/bmw/1998-2003-bmw-5-series-e39-ar1369.html. 
  14. ↑ Preise BMW 5er Limousine (Die neue BMW 5er Reihe). Bayerische Motoren Werke. http://bmw.bazzi.biz/kataloge/E39_Prices_1095.pdf. Retrieved 17 January 2017. 
  15. ↑ "Fast Facts April 2008" (pdf). Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120912023452/http://www.bmweducation.co.uk/downloads/online-resources/FastFacts_April08.pdf. 
  16. ↑ "5' E39 528i Latent heat accumulator". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/enUS/showparts?id=DD51-EUR-02_1995_E39_BMW_528i&diagId=64_0693#64128383258. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  17. ↑ Vasiliev, Leonard L. (2000). "Latent heat storage modules for preheating internal combustion engines: application to a bus petrol engine". Applied Thermal Engineering 20: 913–923. doi:10.1016/s1359-4311(99)00061-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222279211_Latent_heat_storage_modules_for_preheating_internal_combustion_engines_Application_to_a_bus_petrol_engine. Retrieved 3 March 2018. 
  18. ↑ BMW E39 Owner's Handbook for the vehicle. Germany: BMW. 1998. p. 159. 
  19. ↑ ""Latent heat store", explain please!!?". http://forum.bmw5.co.uk/topic/10825-latent-heat-store-explain-please/. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  20. ↑ "Neue 5er-Reihe; Z3" (in German) (PDF). Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft. 1995-06-09. https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3403879. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  21. ↑ (in German) User manuals for E39 5 Series. BMW AG.. July 1998. https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3588290. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  22. ↑ "5 Series Video Handbook". BMW North America. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAYr1-q5UM0#t=34m0s. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  23. ↑ "5er absolviert US-Crashtest als bestes Fahrzeug" (in German). https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3408107. Retrieved 23 February 2017. 
  24. ↑ "1996 BMW 528i". Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110821194454/http://www.redbook.com.au/used-cars/details.aspx?R=51749. 
  25. ↑ "1996 BMW 540i". Red Book. Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110821194546/http://www.redbook.com.au/used-cars/details.aspx?R=51751. 
  26. ↑ "1997 BMW 5 Series – European Car". http://www.motortrend.com/news/1997-bmw-5-series/. Retrieved 14 February 2017. 
  27. ↑ "VANOS". Archived from the original on 2014-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20140724010916/http://www.usautoparts.net/bmw/technology/vanos.htm. 
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  29. ↑ "10 Best Engines". 1 January 2003. http://wardsauto.com/news-amp-analysis/10-best-engines-2. Retrieved 17 July 2016. 
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  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Larimer, Fred (2002). BMW Buyer's Guide. MotorBooks International. pp. 154. ISBN 0-7603-1099-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=_AUwce3kANoC&printsec=frontcover. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 "Electronic Transmission Control". http://www.e38.org/electran1.pdf. Retrieved 2015-03-25. 
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  34. ↑ "Bent-Eight Beemer". Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070921194630/http://www.autospeed.com.au/cms/A_2408/article.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 Professional Development Department E39 Introduction. BMW of North America, Inc.. 1996. 
  36. ↑ "BMW E39 5-Series (1996-03)". Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071110200909/http://www.carpoint.com.au/car-review/2438799.aspx. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "BMW Geschäftsbericht 1995" (in German) (PDF). Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft. 14 February 2016. https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3194484. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  38. ↑ "BMW E39 M5 Performance Parts @ Custom Performance Innovations" (in en). http://www.custom-performance.net/productcart/pc/viewCategories.asp?idCategory=191. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  39. ↑ "DIY: Front Strut Replacement" (in en). http://www.bimmerforums.com/forum/showthread.php?1096399-DIY-Front-Strut-Replacement. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 (in en) BMW 5 Series saloon. Munich: BMW AG. 2003. https://archive.org/details/BMWE39Brochure2003Euro. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 (in de) Der BMW 5er Limousine. 1998. https://archive.org/details/BMWE39Brochure1998GER. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Autoweek Carbase for BMW 5-series" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070809024102/http://www.autoweek.nl/carbasemerkindex.php?merkID=8&serietotaalID=56&add=&merkID1=8&cache=no. 
  43. ↑ "540i 6-speed sedan Technical Data". Archived from the original on 18 December 2001. https://web.archive.org/web/20011218101928/http://www.bmwusa.com/site_layout/models/0153/0153_techdata.htm. 
  44. ↑ "2001 BMW 540 (for Europe) specs". http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2001/273650/bmw_540i.html. Retrieved 11 April 2017. 
  45. ↑ "BMW GROUP NA SALES MAY 2001: BMW SALES CONTINUE AT RECORD LEVELS; May Sales Soar 32 Percent and Year-to-Date Sales Jump 18 Percent". https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/usa/article/detail/T0022048EN_US/bmw-group-na-sales-may-2001:-bmw-sales-continue-at-record-levels;-may-sales-soar-32-percent-and-year-to-date-sales-jump-18-percent?language=en_US. 
  46. ↑ "5'E39 model selection: Sedan - 528 - IDN". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/enUS/select?product=P&archive=1&series=E39&body=Lim&model=528i&market=IDN. Retrieved 1 January 2019. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "ALPINA Automobiles based on BMW 5 Series E39". http://www.alpina-automobiles.com/en/product-world/model-history/bmw-5-series/bmw-5-series-e39/. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  48. ↑ "BMW introduces $88,000 bulletproof car". http://www.cnn.com/US/9804/20/wheels.bulletproof.car/. Retrieved 12 April 2017. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "BMW Ballistic Protection". Archived from the original on 13 February 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20030213202638/http://www.bmw-ids.com/protection.html. Retrieved 23 April 2017. 
  50. ↑ Popular Science. February 1998. p. 26. https://books.google.ca/books?id=ncXOdwRBJ2oC&lpg=PP1&lr&rview=1&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  51. ↑ BMW definiert neues Marktsegment. BMW AG.. 23 June 1997. https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3408179. Retrieved 12 April 2017. 
  52. ↑ "BMW M5 (E39)". https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3849817. Retrieved 13 July 2019. 
  53. ↑ "Information on M52 engines". http://www.bmwheaven.com/database/engine.php?type=M52#/75. Retrieved 21 February 2017. 
  54. ↑ "Information on M62 engines". http://www.bmwheaven.com/database/engine.php?type=M62#/79. Retrieved 21 February 2017. 
  55. ↑ "65908364421 RMFD NAVIGATION CD COMPUTER MK I". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/enUS/partxref?id=DD61-EUR-06-1995-E39-BMW-528i&mg=65&sg=50&diagId=65_0278&q=65908364421&series=E39. Retrieved 21 February 2017. 
  56. ↑ "65906908313 RMFD NAVIGATION CD COMPUTER MK II". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/enUS/partxref?id=DD62-EUR-04-1998-E39-BMW-528i&mg=65&sg=50&diagId=65_0278&q=65906908313&series=E39. Retrieved 21 February 2017. 
  57. ↑ "E39 FAQs/ Links/ Autoparts/ 528i links". https://www.bimmerforums.com/forum/showthread.php?540888-E39-FAQs-Links-Autoparts-528i-links&p=6672433#post6672433. Retrieved 25 February 2017. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 BMW E39 5 Series 1997–2002 Model Year Changes. https://archive.org/details/BMWE3919972002ModelYearChangesNickAD. Retrieved 19 February 2017. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "520d, 525d: Zwei neue Diesel im 5er". https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3415849. Retrieved 13 July 2019. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 "Drei neue Sechszylinder, 5er Facelift, mehr Power für den 530d, Allradoption auch für 325i und 330d.". https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/switzerland/article/detail/T0032537DE/drei-neue-sechszylinder-5er-facelift-mehr-power-f%E3%BCr-den-530d-allradoption-auch-f%E3%BCr-325i-und-330d?language=de. Retrieved 13 July 2019. 
  61. ↑ "65906908313 RMFD NAVIGATION CD COMPUTER MK II". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/enUS/partxref?id=DD62-EUR-04-1998-E39-BMW-528i&mg=65&sg=50&diagId=65_0278&q=65906908313&series=E39. Retrieved 19 February 2017. 
  62. ↑ "2002 BMW 5-Series Review". http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2002/. Retrieved 3 April 2011. 
  63. ↑ "MKIV". http://www.bimmernav.com/url/mkiv/. Retrieved 2010-10-03. 
  64. ↑ "Italian Superstars Championship 2007 – The grid: Photo 20 / 20". https://www.speedsport-magazine.com/motorsport/touringcars/superstars-series/2007/photo-santucci-motorsport-bmw-m5-e39--benedetti-28097_-_28097.html. ; "Italian Superstars Championship 2007 – The grid: Photo 9 / 20". https://www.speedsport-magazine.com/motorsport/touringcars/superstars-series/2007/photo-lanza-motorsport-bmw-m5-e39--simoncini-28103_-_28103.html. ; "#56 Todi Corse BMW M5(e39): Leonardo Baccarelli". https://ch-fr.motorsport.com/gt/photo/main-gallery/56-todi-corse-bmw-m5-e39-leonardo-baccarelli/. ; "#58 Todi Corse BMW M5 (e39): Marco Gregori". https://www.motorsport.com/gt/photo/main-gallery/58-todi-corse-bmw-m5-e39-marco/. 
  65. ↑ "The Best Around: Car and Driver’s 10Best Cars through the Decades". 29 November 2017. https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g15084294/the-best-around-car-and-drivers-10best-cars-through-the-decades/. Retrieved 21 November 2018. 
  66. ↑ "2011 BMW 5-series / 528i / 535i / 550i – Official Photos and Info". http://www.caranddriver.com/news/car/09q4/2011_bmw_5-series_528i_535i_550i-official_photos_and_info. Retrieved 12 September 2010. 
  67. ↑ "Consumer Reports Article – 530i Best Ever". Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. https://archive.is/20170306040219/http://forum.roadfly.com/threads/1128096-Consumer-Reports-Article-530i-Best-Ever. 
  68. ↑ "2002 BMW 5-Series Review". http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2002/. Retrieved 3 April 2011. 
  69. ↑ "Used BMW 5 Series review: 1996–2003". https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-reviews/used-car-review-bmw-5-series-e39-1996-2003-13372. 
  70. ↑ "Top Gear’s greatest ever car? A BMW banger that cost £1500". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/top-gear/why-top-gears-greatest-ever-car-was-a-1500-bmw-banger/. 
  71. ↑ "Is the E39 5 Series the best car ever made?". http://www.bmwblog.com/2016/04/26/best-top-gear-car-e39-bmw-5-series/. 
  72. ↑ "Future Classic Friday: BMW 5-Series E39". https://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/news/comment/2017-10/future-classic-friday-bmw-5-series-e39/. 
  73. ↑ "The Clarkson review: BMW 528i Touring SE (1999)". https://www.driving.co.uk/car-reviews/the-clarkson-review-bmw-528i-touring-se-1999/. 
  74. ↑ "BMW 5 Series (1998)". https://www.euroncap.com/en/results/bmw/5-series/15480. 
  75. ↑ "2003 BMW 5 series". http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/bmw/5-series-4-door-sedan/2003. 
  76. ↑ "BMW E39". http://www.bmwarchive.org/e-code/e39.html. 
  77. ↑ "SKD site Mexico". BMW AG. https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=4109676. Retrieved 21 August 2019. 
  78. ↑ Jacobs, A. J. (2015) (in en). The New Domestic Automakers in the United States and Canada: History, Impacts, and Prospects. Lexington Books. p. 259. ISBN 9780739188262. https://books.google.ca/books?id=1hTrCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA259. Retrieved 7 December 2017. 
  79. ↑ "Группа компаний Автотор :: Автомобили BMW". Archived from the original on 8 December 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20021208085247/http://www.avtotor.ru/BMW/. 
  80. ↑ "BMW 5 Series (E39)". BMW AG. https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3824057. Retrieved 21 August 2019. 




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