Engineering:Bayraktar Kızılelma

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Short description: Turkish unmanned combat aerial vehicle
Bayraktar Kızılelma
Baykar Kızılelma
Bayraktar Kızılelma at Teknofest 2023 in Istanbul[1]
Role Multirole unmanned combat aerial vehicle
National origin Turkey
Manufacturer Baykar
First flight 14 December 2022[2][3]
Introduction 2024 (expected)
Status Flight tests in progress
Primary user Turkish Armed Forces
Number built 2 prototypes

The Bayraktar Kızılelma (English: Red Apple) is a single-engine, low-observable,[4] carrier-capable,[5][6][7] jet-powered unmanned combat aerial vehicle, currently in development by Turkish defense company Baykar.[8][5] The aircraft is being developed as part of Project MIUS (Turkish: Muharip İnsansız Uçak Sistemi; English: Combatant Unmanned Aircraft System). The initial Bayraktar Kızılelma (Kızılelma-A) is subsonic. Planned variants (Kızılelma-B and Kızılelma-C) are intended to be supersonic, the latter having a twin-engined configuration.[9] It is one of the two Turkish jet-powered stealth UCAV along with TAI Anka-3.

Baykar CTO Selçuk Bayraktar had initially announced that the Kızılelma was expected to make its maiden flight in 2023,[4] adding that a jet-powered UCAV was a "12-year-long dream".[10] The Kızılelma was able to complete its first flight ahead of the expected date, in December 2022.[2][3]

Development

The first conceptual studies for Bayraktar MIUS started in 2013. In July 2021, the first design images and information about the characteristics of the aircraft were shared with the public.

Engine selection

The AI-322 Turbofan Engine Supply Agreement and AI-25TLT Turbofan Engine Integration Agreement were signed between Baykar and Ukrainian Ivchenko-Progress at the SahaExpo event in November 2021. The first prototypes will go at subsonic speeds using AI-25TLT engines. The next prototypes are expected to be supersonic with AI-322F engines.

Disclosure of the project name

The project was initially known as MIUS (Turkish: Muharip İnsansız Uçak Sistemi English: Combatant Unmanned Aircraft System). Its official name, Kızılelma (Red Apple in Turkish, was made public in March 2022.

Prototypes

Andriy Yermak in front of the Kızılelma

On the same day of the name disclosure, Selçuk Bayraktar revealed that the first Kızılelma prototype has entered the assembly line.[11][12] The first ready-to-fly prototype was displayed to the public in Teknofest 2022.[13]

Beginning of the testing process

  • The first engine integration test was successfully conducted on September 19, 2022.[14]
  • On November 20, 2022, automatic taxiing and ground running tests were carried out.[15]
  • Take-off test flights began on December 3, 2022 and Kızılelma cut its wheels off the ground for the first time.[16]
  • The aircraft made its maiden flight on December 14, 2022.[2][3][17]
  • The drone successfully made its second flight in mid-January 2023.[18]
  • 15 April 2023, aircraft completed its fourth flight test.[11]
  • 18 April 2023, aircraft completed its flight test with landing gear folded inside the fuselage .[12]
  • 19 April 2023, aircraft completed its sixth and seventh flight tests with serial landing-take-off and high-speed flight trials.[19]
  • 20 April 2023, aircraft completed its eight flight test with high-speed flight and maneuver trials, as well as serial landing-take-off and passing trials.[20]
  • 30 April 2023, the Kızılelma UCAV flew in formation with a SoloTürk F-16C during TEKNOFEST 2023 in Istanbul.[1] The Kızılelma UCAV is designed to be used as a loyal wingman by the combat aircraft of the Turkish Air Force.[21][clarification needed]
  • 17 June 2023, Turkish UAV Bayraktar KIZILELMA reached an altitude of 9.5 km during the 12th test flight.[22]

Design

Airframe

TCG Anadolu (L-400) amphibious assault ship (LHD and V/STOL aircraft carrier) of the Turkish Naval Forces, anchored at the Golden Horn in Istanbul. Baykar Kızılelma, developed as part of Project MIUS for the Turkish Navy and Turkish Air Force, is a jet-engined UCAV designed to operate on TCG Anadolu. [23][7][6] Its maiden flight took place on December 14, 2022. [23][24][25] TCG Anadolu was commissioned on April 10, 2023. [26][27]
Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV on TCG Anadolu

The Kızılelma is an unmanned aircraft featuring a low-RCS supersonic airframe equipped with an AESA radar.[28] The aircraft is powered by a turbofan engine fed by two air inlets. Yaw control is achieved with two vertical stabilizers. The aircraft has coupled-canard controls for increased maneuverability or better controlling the main wing airflow. Internal compartments will allow the aircraft to operate in contested environments while sustaining low observability.[29][4]

The aerodynamic controls feature canards-delta configuration, previously seen on certain stealth aircraft such as the Chengdu J-20 and the AVIC Dark Sword, and non-stealth aircraft such as the Saab Viggen and Saab Gripen. The canards offer a trade-off between relatively less stealth but great maneuverability. Some control measures could be implemented to reduce its impact on radar signature.[30]

The Kızılelma has a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 6,000 kilograms (13,200 lb), with 1,500 kg of weight available for the payload. According to data shared by the company, the Kızılelma will have an operational altitude of 35,000 feet (10,670 m).

Carrier capability

The aircraft is designed in a way that makes it capable to takeoff and land on an amphibious assault ship, such as the TCG Anadolu, without any need for a catapult system.[23][31][7][6]

Variants

During Teknofest 2022, Baykar announced that there will be at least 3 variants of Kızılelma with different engine configurations. The engines are produced by the Turkish-Ukrainian joint venture Black Sea Shield.[32][33][34] Kızılelma-A will be capable of near-supersonic speeds, being powered by the AI-25TLT engine. Kızılelma-B will fly at supersonic speeds, powered by a single Ukrainian AI-322F engine.[35][36] The Kızılelma-C will incorporate two AI-322F engines.

While there are expectations to make use of Turkish-made Tusaş Engine Industries TF6000 turbofan engines in the future, nothing has been confirmed so far.

Features

Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV on TCG Anadolu
  • Fully-autonomous takeoff and landing
  • Low radar cross-section
  • High maneuverability
  • Line Of Sight (LOS) and Beyond LOS (BLOS) controlled
  • Takeoff and landing capability from short-runway aircraft carriers
  • High situational awareness with AESA radar
  • Internal weapons bays

Operators

Planned operators of Bayraktar Kızılelma

 Turkey [Unknown][37]

Specifications (Kızılelma-A)

Data from Baykar Technology

General characteristics

  • Capacity: 1,500 kg (3,300 lb)
  • Length: 14.7 m (48 ft 3 in)
  • Wingspan: 10 m (32 ft 10 in)
  • Height: 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
  • Max takeoff weight: 8,500 kg (18,739 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: unspecified Jet-A1 or JP-8 fuel capacity
  • Powerplant: 1 × Ivchenko-Progress AI-25TLT Turbofan engine, 16.9 kN (3,790 lbf) thrust - no afterburners (Kızılelma-A).
  • Powerplant: 1 × Ivchenko-Progress AI-322F Turbofan engine, 24.5 kN (5,510 lbf) thrust dry, and 9,900 lbf (44 kN) with afterburner (Kızılelma-B).

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 1,100 km/h (680 mph, 590 kn) 0.9 Mach
  • Cruise speed: 735 km/h (457 mph, 400 kn) 0.6 Mach
  • Combat range: 930 km (580 mi, 500 nmi) on internal fuel
  • Endurance: 5-6 hours
  • Service ceiling: 14,000 m (45,000 ft)
  • Operational altitude: 11,000 m (35,000 ft)

Armament

Avionics

  • National AESA Radar
  • Aselsan Common Aperture Targeting System
  • Electronic Warfare Pod
  • National SIGINT module

See also

Other UCAVs of Türkiye

China :

USA :

Australia :

  • Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat(2019)

India :

  • HAL Combat Air Teaming System(2017)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Flight of the Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV at TEKNOFEST 2023". Savunma Sanayii. 30 April 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vS5zTOAqZE. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Herk, Hans van (14 December 2022). "Kızılelma takes to the sky!" (in en-GB). https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/k-z-lelma-takes-to-the-sky. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Bayraktar Kızılelma: Maiden Flight". Baykar Technologies. 14 December 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwJ7fyvexGc. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Azman, Kaan (2021-08-04). "Selçuk Bayraktar'dan Muharip İnsansız Uçak Sistemi üzerine açıklamalar" (in tr). https://www.defenceturk.net/selcuk-bayraktardan-muharip-insansiz-ucak-sistemi-uzerine-aciklamalar. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ozberk, Tayfun (2021-07-22). "Turkey to deploy MIUS unmanned combat aircraft from LHD Anadolu" (in en-US). https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/07/turkey-to-deploy-mius-unmanned-combat-aircraft-from-lhd-anadolu/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Image of Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAVs deployed on TCG Anadolu (L-400)". 14 December 2022. https://imgs.stargazete.com/imgsdisk/2022/12/14/carpici-tcg-anadolu-acikl-819_2-41.jpg. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Tayfun Özberk (1 May 2022). "Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu". Naval News. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/05/here-is-how-uavs-will-be-recovered-aboard-tcg-anadolu/. 
  8. ↑ "Baykar eyes first flight for MIUS in 2023 - Shephard Media" (in en). https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/baykar-eyes-first-flight-mius-2023/. 
  9. ↑ "Ascendant and assertive Turkey creates tough choices for US" (in en-GB). https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Ascendant-and-assertive-Turkey-creates-tough-choices-for-US. 
  10. ↑ "Dünya Türkiye'nin MİUS ve GÖKSUNGUR'unu konuşacak! Selçuk Bayraktar: Konsept değişiyor" (in tr). https://www.sabah.com.tr/ekonomi/2021/07/22/dunya-turkiyenin-mius-ve-goksungurunu-konusacak-selcuk-bayraktar-konsept-degisiyor. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 @Selcuk. "Üretim hattına 3 buçuk yıl sonra daha büyük ve daha çevik bir balık girdi.". https://twitter.com/Selcuk/status/1502606947295674369.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Unmanned Fighter Jet Hits Production Line: Turkey's Baykar" (in English). https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31568/Unmanned_Fighter_Jet_Hits_Production_Line__Turkey___s_Baykar. 
  13. ↑ Yıldırım, Göksel (30 August 2022). "İlk uçuşuna hazırlanan Bayraktar Kızılelma, TEKNOFEST KARADENİZ'de vitrine çıktı" (in Turkish). https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/teknofest/ilk-ucusuna-hazirlanan-bayraktar-kizilelma-teknofest-karadenizde-vitrine-cikti/2672371. 
  14. ↑ Işık, Yusuf Emir (17 September 2022). "Bayraktar Kızılelma ilk motor entegrasyon testini başarıyla tamamladı" (in Turkish). https://www.defenceturk.net/bayraktar-kizilelma-ilk-motor-entegrasyon-testini-basariyla-tamamladi. 
  15. ↑ Garip, Ergin (20 November 2022). "Bayraktar Kızılelma'nın ilk Otomatik Taksi ve Koşu Testi başarıyla tamamlandı". https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/bayraktar-kizilelmanin-ilk-otomatik-taksi-ve-kosu-testi-basariyla-tamamlandi/2743415. 
  16. ↑ "Bayraktar Kızılelma: Take-off and low altitude flight tests". Baykar Technologies. 3 December 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtlzKi_qOv0. 
  17. ↑ "Kızılelma İnsansız Savaş Uçağı İlk Uçuşunu Gerçekleştirdi" (in Turkish). 14 December 2022. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/kizilelma-insansiz-savas-ucagi-ilk-ucusunu-gerceklestirdi/. 
  18. ↑ "Turkish unmanned fighter jet Kızılelma passes another test in 2nd flight| BAYRKAR Technology". https://www.baykartech.com/en/press/turkish-unmanned-fighter-jet-kzlelma-passes-another-test-in-2nd-flight/. 
  19. ↑ iha.com.tr. "KIZILELMA 6. ve 7. uçuş denemelerini gerçekleştirdi" (in tr). https://www.iha.com.tr/istanbul-haberleri/kizilelma-6-ve-7-ucus-denemelerini-gerceklestirdi-4291255/. 
  20. ↑ "Bayraktar KIZILELMA, 8. uçuş testini başarıyla tamamladı" (in tr). 2023-04-20. https://www.haber.aero/sivil-havacilik/bayraktar-kizilelma-8-ucus-testini-basariyla-tamamladi/. 
  21. ↑ "Bayraktar Kızılelma, havacılık tarihinde ilkleri başardı". Habertürk TV. 7 June 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTfj4aSlFBU. 
  22. ↑ @SpriterTeam. "Turkish UAV Bayraktar KIZILELMA reached an altitude of 9.5 km during the 12th test flight". https://twitter.com/SpriterTeam/status/1669809306680668160.  Missing or empty |date= (help) [better source needed]
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight". 15 December 2022. https://baykartech.com/en/press/baykars-unmanned-fighter-aircraft-completes-first-flight/. 
  24. ↑ "Bayraktar Kızılelma: Maiden Flight". Baykar Technologies. 14 December 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwJ7fyvexGc. 
  25. ↑ Herk, Hans van (14 December 2022). "Kızılelma takes to the sky!" (in en-GB). https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/k-z-lelma-takes-to-the-sky. 
  26. ↑ Emma Helfrich (11 April 2023). "Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service". https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/turkeys-drone-carrier-amphibious-assault-ship-enters-service. 
  27. ↑ "Turkish Navy Officially Welcomes Its New Flagship, TCG Anadolu". TRT World. 11 April 2023. https://www.trtworld.com/video/strait-talk/turkish-navy-officially-welcomes-its-new-flagship-tcg-anadolu/64356f5e9d32a80017b0933d. 
  28. ↑ Staff. (12 March 2022). "Baykar's unmanned combat aerial vehicle enters the production line." TRT World website Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  29. ↑ "Fighter UAV specifications". https://baykartech.com/en/fighter-uav/. 
  30. ↑ Newdick, Thomas (21 November 2022). "Turkey's Fighter-Like Drone Emerges For Taxi Tests". https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/turkeys-fighter-like-drone-emerges-for-taxi-tests. 
  31. ↑ "TCG ANADOLU'ya MİUS ve Bayraktar TB3 Entegrasyonu" (in tr). 2021-07-21. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/tcg-anadolu-mius-bayraktar-tb3/. 
  32. ↑ "MİUS'un Motorları İçin Ukrayna İle Yeni Anlaşma" (in Turkish). 2021-11-11. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/miusun-motorlari-icin-ukrayna-ile-yeni-anlasma/. 
  33. ↑ "MİUS'a Ukrayna motoru" (in tr). 2020-12-23. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/miusa-ukrayna-motoru/. 
  34. ↑ "Aerospace: Turkey and Ukraine team up for groundbreaking new defense sector drone joint venture". http://bunews.com.ua/interviews/item/aerospace-turkey-and-ukraine-team-up-for-groundbreaking-new-defense-sector-drone-joint-venture. 
  35. ↑ "MİUS (Muharip İnsansız Uçak Sistemi) Tasarımı Paylaşıldı" (in tr). 2021-07-20. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/mius-muharip-insansiz-ucak-sistemi-tasarimi/. 
  36. ↑ "In a presentation made by @Baykar_Savunma in Ukraine, it has been revealed that there will be 2 different turbofan engines which will power the MIUS UCAV". https://twitter.com/acejaceu/status/1426200196283879427. 
  37. ↑ Oryx. "An International Export Success: Global Demand For Bayraktar Drones Reaches All Time High". https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/09/an-international-export-success-global.html. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "IDEF 2021: 'Turkish DARPA' targets live tests for Kuzgun | Shephard". https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/idef-2021-turkish-darpa-targets-live-tests-kuzgun/. 
  39. ↑ "TÜBİTAK-SAGE'den Milli Penguin: KUZGUN-ER" (in tr). 20 March 2022. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/tubitak-sageden-milli-penguin-kuzgun-er/. 
  40. ↑ "KUZGUN'un Elektronik Harp Konfigürasyonu: KUZGUN-EW" (in tr). 20 March 2022. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/tubitak-sageden-milli-penguin-kuzgun-er/. 
  41. ↑ "Turkish Company Roketsan Develops Akbaba High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile". 11 July 2021. https://militaryleak.com/2021/07/11/turkish-company-roketsan-develops-akbaba-high-speed-anti-radiation-missile/. 
  42. ↑ "Turkish Roketsan Introduces New Antiship Missile Family "ÇAKIR"". 31 March 2022. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/03/turkish-roketsan-introduces-new-antiship-missile-family-cakir/. 
  43. ↑ "Türkiye'nin ilk havadan karaya süpersonik füzesi TRG-230-iHA hedefi tam isabetle vurdu". 16 December 2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/turkiyenin-ilk-havadan-karaya-supersonik-fuzesi-trg-230-iha-hedefi-tam-isabetle-vurdu/2765922#. 
  44. ↑ "TURKISH DEFENCE INDUSTRY PRODUCT CATALOGUE". https://www.ssb.gov.tr/urunkatalog/en/208/. 
  45. ↑ Mehmet, Fatih (2020-01-23). "Asisguard ve Tübitak Sage TOGAN'ı SONGAR'a entegre etti" (in tr). https://www.defenceturk.net/asisguard-ve-tubitak-sageden-toganli-songar. 
  46. ↑ miguyan2000🚀 [@miguyan2000] (28 February 2019). "TÜBİTAK SAGE Togan t.co/8rynjPtONO" (in en). https://twitter.com/miguyan2000/status/1101018466113515521. 
  47. ↑ "IDEF 2021: Tübitak Sage displays Togan air launched mortar munition | IDEF 2021 News Official Online Show Daily Media Partner | Defence security exhibitions 2021 show daily news category | Defense & Security Exhibitions Archives". https://www.armyrecognition.com/idef_2021_news_official_online_show_daily_media_partner/idef_2021_tubitak_sage_displays_togan_air_launched_mortar_munition.html. 
  48. ↑ "Defense World". https://www.defenseworld.net/?utm_source=404Redirect&utm_medium=404Redirect. 
  49. ↑ "Bayraktar AKINCI TİHA flew 1.360 hours and 13 minutes with a useful load of 24 kg". 11 July 2021. https://www.raillynews.com/2021/07/Bayraktar-Akinci-tiha-1-with-360-kg-useful-load-flew-in-13-hours-and-24-minutes/. 
  50. ↑ Bekdil, Burak Ege (8 August 2017). "Turkish Defense Industry Begins Mass Production of BOZOK Laser-Guided Munitions For Drones". https://www.overtdefense.com/2022/06/15/turkish-defense-industry-begins-mass-production-of-bozok-laser-guided-munitions-for-drones/. 



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