Engineering:Clapp oscillator
The Clapp oscillator or Gouriet oscillator is an LC electronic oscillator that uses a particular combination of an inductor and three capacitors to set the oscillator's frequency. LC oscillators use a transistor (or vacuum tube or other gain element) and a positive feedback network. The oscillator has good frequency stability.
History
The Clapp oscillator design was published by James Kilton Clapp in 1948 while he worked at General Radio.[1] According to Czech engineer Jiří Vackář, oscillators of this kind were independently developed by several inventors, and one developed by Gouriet had been in operation at the BBC since 1938.[2]
Circuit
The Clapp oscillator uses a single inductor and three capacitors to set its frequency. The Clapp oscillator is often drawn as a Colpitts oscillator that has an additional capacitor (C0) placed in series with the inductor.[3]
The oscillation frequency in Hertz (cycles per second) for the circuit in the figure, which uses a field-effect transistor (FET), is
- [math]\displaystyle{ f_0 = {1 \over 2\pi} \sqrt{ {1 \over L} \left( {1 \over C_0} + {1 \over C_1} + {1 \over C_2} \right)} \ . }[/math]
The capacitors C1 and C2 are usually much larger than C0, so the 1/C0 term dominates the other capacitances, and the frequency is near the series resonance of L and C0. Clapp's paper gives an example where C1 and C2 are 40 times larger than C0; the change makes the Clapp circuit about 400 times more stable than the Colpitts oscillator for capacitance changes of C2.[4]
Capacitors C0, C1 and C2 form a voltage divider that determines the amount of feedback voltage applied to the transistor input.
Although the Clapp circuit is used as a variable frequency oscillator (VFO) by making C0 a variable capacitor, Vackář states that the Clapp oscillator "can only be used for operation on fixed frequencies or at the most over narrow bands (max. about 1:1.2)."[5] The problem is that under typical conditions, the Clapp oscillator's loop gain varies as f −3, so wide ranges will overdrive the amplifier. For VFOs, Vackář recommends other circuits. See Vackář oscillator.
References
- ↑ Clapp, J. K. (March 1948). "An inductance-capacitance oscillator of unusual frequency stability". Proc. IRE 367 (3): 356–358. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1948.233920.
- ↑ Vackář, Jiri (December 1949). LC Oscillators and their Frequency Stability (Report). Prague, Czechoslovakia: Tesla National Corporation. Tesla Technical Report. http://n1ekv.org/Oscillators/Vackar_wholepaper.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ↑ Department of the Army (1963). Basic Theory and Application of Transistors. Dover. pp. 171–173. TM 11-690. "Modification of the Colpitts oscillator by including a capacitor in series with winding 1–2 of the transformer results in the Clapp oscillator."
- ↑ Clapp 1948, p. 357
- ↑ Vackář 1949, pp. 5–6
Further reading
- Ulrich L. Rohde, Ajay K. Poddar, Georg Böck "The Design of Modern Microwave Oscillators for Wireless Applications ", John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, May, 2005, ISBN:0-471-72342-8.
- George Vendelin, Anthony M. Pavio, Ulrich L. Rohde " Microwave Circuit Design Using Linear and Nonlinear Techniques ", John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, May, 2005, ISBN:0-471-41479-4.
- A. Grebennikov, RF and Microwave Transistor Oscillator Design. Wiley 2007. ISBN:978-0-470-02535-2.
External links
- EE 322/322L Wireless Communication Electronics —Lecture #24: Oscillators. Clapp oscillator. VFO startup
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