Engineering:Dongfeng EQ2050

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Short description: Chinese military light utility vehicle based on Humvee
Dongfeng EQ2050
Bangladesh Army DongFeng EQ2050 (23373519529).jpg
A Bangladeshi army EQ2050 in 2015
Type
Place of originChina
Service history
In service2007–present
Used bySee Users
Production history
DesignerAM General[lower-alpha 1]
Designed2004
ManufacturerDongfeng Motor Group
Produced2007 – Present
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass3,250 kg (7,170 lb) (Curb Weight)
Length4,970 mm (196 in)
Width2,134 mm (84.0 in)
Height1,960 mm (77 in)
Crew1 (Driver)
Passengers3 (Passengers)
Main
armament
Various
Secondary
armament
Various
Engine
  • GM 6.5 litre V8 turbo-charged diesel (EQ2050)
  • EQB150-20 110kW/2,700R turbo-charged diesel (EQ2058)
Transmission
  • 4-speed gearbox (Automatic) (EQ2050)
  • 5-speed gearbox (Manual) (EQ2058)
Operational
range
130 km/h (Maximum Road Speed)
References[2][3][4]

The Dongfeng EQ2050[lower-alpha 2] is a Chinese-made armored vehicle based on the Humvee, manufactured for government use by the Dongfeng Motor Group. It is known to be sold by the company for 700,000 Yuan ($93,000).[5] The vehicle was created after People's Liberation Army (PLA) officials saw the Humvee deployed in the Gulf War. While it is used in the PLA, it has also been exported to friendly countries for military use.

The EQ2050 is largely being replaced in its role by the newer Dongfeng Mengshi class of vehicles.

History

AM General presented a Humvee to the PLA for a demonstration in 1988 at the Beijing Defence Exhibition.[2] The PLA were not interested in the vehicle, due to concerns of high maintenance costs and the vehicle's bulky size.[2][6] The Humvee was seen in action worldwide via television during Operation Desert Storm, which gave the PLA second thoughts about having a similar vehicle for military use.[7]

The Chinese petroleum industry purchased civilian Hummers in the 1990s.[2] This gave Chinese automakers the ability to inspect the vehicle for reverse engineering.[7] In 2003, the EQ2050 debuted at a car show after a prototype was made in 2002.[2] Dongfeng Motor Group and Shenyang Aircraft Corporation were involved in producing prototypes similar to the Humvee for the PLA, with the former being selected.[8]

The vehicle became the PLA's preferred candidate in 2004, with 57 vehicles sent to the organization for trials from 2004 to 2006.[2] They were driven in the Tibetan Plateau, Gobi desert, and the northeastern parts of Heilongjiang province to simulate driving the EQ2050 in winter conditions.[2]

The first 100 EQ2050s were manufactured with US-made parts.[7] They passed design trials in 2006.[2] EQ2050s were then delivered to PLA special forces unit in the Guangzhou Military Region.[9]

While the EQ2050 was adopted by the PLA, it has also been adopted by People's Armed Police firefighter brigades[10] and by Chinese Public Security Police forces.[7][8] A civilian concept known as the Brave Soldier was put on display at the 2011 Shanghai Auto Show.[11] The CS/VA1 Light Strike Vehicle was first seen on public display at the 2012 Africa Aerospace & Defence Exhibition in Pretoria, South Africa.[12][13]

In October 2016, the EQ2050 was reported to be deployed by the PLA near the Afghan-Chinese border.[14][15] During the 2020 Belarusian protests, various news agencies reported the deployment of Belarusian EQ2050s throughout Minsk.[16]

On January 4, 2024, the PLA's Hong Kong Garrison officially reported the acquisition of the PCP001.[17]

Development

Interior of the EQ2050 at the 2016 Moscow International Automobile Salon convention.

When the vehicle was first built, the EQ2050 included the Hummer H1 chassis.[3] It was powered by a Dongfeng-built Cummins EQB150-20 110 kW/2,700R turbo-charged diesel engine, but it came with the option of using a U.S.-made V8 diesel engine instead.[3][7] The licensing rights for the Cummins engine were purchased so that Beijing could avoid any potential sanctions.[6]

Since 2008, almost all parts for the EQ2050 are made in China.[3] Both the EQ2050 and EQ2058 vehicles have a 5-speed gear box and a 2-speed transfer box.[18]

The EQ2050 is a four-wheel drive vehicle with an independent suspension system and central inflating system.[3] The EQ2050 has redesigned lights and radiators.[2] Dongfeng worked with AM General Motors to acquire American parts for the first EQ2050s made in production[9] before the company was able to produce the necessary parts in China.[2] The vehicle can be configured to be armed with machine guns, automatic grenade launcher, or anti-tank missiles mounted on top.[4] Body styles include soft, hard, truck, and van versions.[2][3]

It was previously licensed to DRB-HICOM in Malaysia to be marketed to countries that needed a right-hand drive vehicle, as the HICOM High Mobility Utility Vehicle (HMUV).[19]

Variants

EQ2050
Original model. Consists of the following models:
  • Softtop model (2 door)[20][21]
  • Four door softop model (EQ2050A)[22][23]
  • Four door hardtop model (EQ2050B)[24][25]
  • Two door off road pickup truck model (EQ2050C)[26]
  • Pickup truck model (EQ2050D)[27]
  • Four door nontop model (EQ2050E)[28][29]
  • Four door hardtop fastback model (EQ2050F)[30]
  • Off-road civilian versions (EQ2050M5 and EQ2052M)[31][32]
EQ2050M
Updated civilian model sold under the Guowo Dongfeng name (国务东风).[33]
EQ2050M3D
RHD model for export.[34]
EQ2058
A version of the EQ2050 made for military purposes, which has an armored body outfitted via armored plating.[2] Bonnet/door are made of non-composite materials to reduce detection through infrared radiation.[2] Equipped with EMP shielding from EMP disruptions.[2]
CS/VA1 Light Strike Vehicle
A fast attack vehicle that can be equipped with either a machine gun or automatic grenade launcher.[12] It is marketed by Norinco.[35]
CTJ-002 Assault Vehicle
EQ2050 variant with machine gun mounted on top.[36]
CSK-002 Airborne Assault Vehicle
Airborne assault vehicle equipped with smoke grenade dischargers, a machine gun on top and an AGL on the front passenger seat.[37][38]
PCP-001
82 mm self-propelled rapid-deployment automatic mortar system.[39] The mortar system is fed with an magazine. In service with PLA Airborne Corps[40] and Ground Force combined arms battalions.[41]
DongFeng CS/SS4
Self-propelled mortar system with the Type 81 mortar attached on the vehicle's body.[42]
Dongfeng EQ2050 with mounted mobile laser system[43]
Brave Soldier
A civilian version of the EQ2050 which will use petrol engines instead of diesel engines as a concept.[44] Sometimes known as EQ2040H Brave Soldier.[45] Working models were shown in Chinese auto shows.[45]
Warrior M50
Production version of the EQ2050 made only for the civilian market.[46]

Users

Map of HMMWV (Humvee) operators worldwide. Dark blue shows HMMWV operators, light blue shows PRC HMMWV operators
  •  Bangladesh: Bangladesh Army infantry uses Dongfeng EQ2050s.[47]
  •  Belarus: 22 Dongfeng EQ2058s donated for use by Belarusian Special Forces units.[48][49] Delivered under an act of gratuitous transfer of military assistance signed by Belarus and China on June 19, 2012, and have made public appearances on its independence day parade.[50] In Belarusian service, it is known as the Bogatyr.[51] They're equipped with either a PK machine gun, 9M113 Konkurs, AGS-17 or the ADUNOK remote control weapons system on top.[52][53][6] The hardtop version is only used.[54]
  •  Burkina Faso: In January 2024, photographs of Burkinabè armed forces with Dongfeng CS/SS4 self-propelled mortars, unveiled in a ceremony attended by Captain Ibrahim Traoré.[55][56]
  •  Cambodia: Several supplied to Cambodian Army.[57]
  •  Central African Republic: Dongfeng EQ2050s donated in August 2018.[58]
  •  China: Dongfeng EQ2050s in service with the People's Liberation Army.[59] Also in use by People's Armed Police Fire Fighting brigades[10] and by Public Security Police forces.[7][8]
  •  Gabon: Seen with the Gabonese Republican Guard from a 2019 military parade.[60]
  •  Kyrgyzstan: Used by the Kyrgyz Army.[61]
  •  Laos: Dongfeng CS/SS4 seen in military parade held to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Lao People's Armed Forces on January 20, 2019.[62]
  •  Mali: Reported to be using the EQ2050 since January 2020.[63] EQ2050s shown on display in December 2021.[64]
  •  Tajikistan: Reported to have purchased the EQ2050F and the CS/SS4 as of February 21, 2020 when they were put on a parade.[65][66] The EQ2050Fs were reported to be used by the 7th Airborne Assault Brigade.[66]
  •  Trinidad and Tobago: Six EQ2050s delivered in 2015 to the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force.[67]
  •  Turkmenistan[47]
  •  Venezuela[47]
  •  Vietnam: EQ2050s used by Vietnamese troops in UN-backed peacekeeping missions, painted in white with UN markings.[68]
  •  Zimbabwe: Dongfeng EQ2050s used by the Zimbabwe Defence Forces with 100 EQ2050s bought in 2004 with more bought in 2007.[69] 300 EQ2050s in service with the ZDF.[70]

Potential operators

  •  Namibia: In 2013, the Namibia Defence Force was evaluating CS/VA1 Light Strike Vehicles for possible purchase.[71] Namibia ended up choosing the Agrale Marruá.[72]

Non-State Actors

  • United Wa State Army[73]

Notes

  1. ↑ The design was based on AM General's Humvee[1]
  2. ↑ It is also known as Dongfeng Mengshi (东风猛士)[3]

References

  1. ↑ "How the Hummer H1 Went to China (Without a License)". May 14, 2011. https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/05/how-the-hummer-h1-went-to-china-without-a-license/. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 "EQ2050 1.5t High Mobility Utility Vehicle". Sino Defence. March 22, 2007. http://www.sinodefence.com/army/transport/eq2050.asp. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Hummer-Inspired Chinese Trucks (1): Dongfeng "Hanma" (EQ-2050, 2058)". China Auto Web. http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/11/hummer-inspired-chinese-trucks-1-dongfeng-hanma-eq2050-2058/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Dongfeng EQ2050 Light Utility Vehicle | Military-Today.com". http://www.military-today.com/trucks/dongfeng_eq2050.htm. 
  5. ↑ "Chinese". http://autonews.gasgoo.com/Detail2020.aspx?ClassId=2&ArticleId=3133. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Пять видов американского супероружия, которое скопировал Китай | 42.TUT.BY". https://42.tut.by/538150. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Tycho de Feyter (May 13, 2011). "A black Dongfeng 'Hummer' police car in China". http://www.carnewschina.com/2011/05/13/a-black-dongfeng-hummer-police-car-in-china/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Tycho de Feijter (April 17, 2011). "Dongfeng 'Hummer' police version for Shanghai". http://www.carnewschina.com/2011/04/17/dongfeng-hummer-police-version-for-shanghai/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tycho de Feyter (July 10, 2010). "Meet the Monster: Xiaolong XL2060L". Car News China. http://www.carnewschina.com/2010/07/27/meet-the-monster-xiaolong-xl2060/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Tycho de Feyter (August 19, 2011). "Dongfeng 'Hummer' Fire Bigade edition from China". Car News China. http://www.carnewschina.com/2011/08/19/dongfeng-hummer-fire-bigade-edition-from-china/. 
  11. ↑ ""悍马"大变身 东风猛士应急通信指挥车_谍照曝光-网上车市". http://news.cheshi.com/gcxc/201104/321069.shtml. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Chinese Company Norinco exhibits for first time in Africa the CS/VA1 Light Strike Vehicle 2509124 | AAD 2012 show daily news pictures video UK | Defence and security military exhibition 2013". September 25, 2012. https://www.armyrecognition.com/aad_2012_show_daily_news_pictures_video_uk/chinese_company_norinco_exhibits_for_first_time_in_africa_the_cs/va1_light_strike_vehicle_2509124.html. 
  13. ↑ "AAD 2012: NORINCO Light Strike Vehicle makes international debut – Land Warfare – Shephard Media". https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/norinco-light-strike-vehicle-makes-international-d/. 
  14. ↑ "Exclusive: Chinese security forces caught patrolling deep inside eastern Afghanistan". https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/exclusive-chinese-security-forces-caught-patrolling-deep-inside-eastern-afghanistan-8008. 
  15. ↑ "Mystery deepens over Chinese forces in Afghanistan". Financial Times. February 26, 2017. https://www.ft.com/content/0c8a5a2a-f9b7-11e6-9516-2d969e0d3b65. 
  16. ↑ "Belarus Presidential Election: As President Touts Security, Hopes For Change Continue". August 9, 2020. https://en.currenttime.tv/a/30774512.html. 
  17. ↑ "PLA Hong Kong Garrison receives new armoured vehicles". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pla-hong-kong-garrison-receives-new-armoured-vehicles. 
  18. ↑ "Dongfeng EQ-2050, 2058 Features". China Auto Web. http://chinaautoweb.com/car-models/eq-20502058-from-dongfeng-motors/. 
  19. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.deftech.com.my/product4.html. 
  20. ↑ "EQ2050长头单排软顶 东风"猛士"越野车". http://www.fanya158.com/news/wiki/2020-08-03/243.html. 
  21. ↑ "东风猛士越野车EQ2050 长头单排软顶车型/猛士越野车低价促销 - 东风猛士 - 【东风猛士越野车网】东风猛士厂家、东风4X4四驱越野车、东风6X6六驱越野车.森林防火运兵越野客车厂家". http://www.dfyyc.net/html/mengshijixingche1.html. 
  22. ↑ "EQ2050A长头双排溜背软顶 东风"猛士"越野车". http://www.fanya158.com/news/wiki/2020-08-03/244.html. 
  23. ↑ "猛士越野车EQ2050A 长头溜背软顶车型/正宗东风猛士最新报价 - 东风猛士 - 【东风猛士越野车网】东风猛士厂家、东风4X4四驱越野车、东风6X6六驱越野车.森林防火运兵越野客车厂家". http://www.dfyyc.net/html/mengshijixingche2.html. 
  24. ↑ "EQ2050B长头双排厢式硬顶 东风"猛士"越野车". http://www.fanya158.com/news/wiki/2020-08-04/245.html. 
  25. ↑ "东风猛士军用版EQ2050B 长头厢式硬顶车型/中国猛士悍马铁甲 - 东风猛士 - 【东风猛士越野车网】东风猛士厂家、东风4X4四驱越野车、东风6X6六驱越野车.森林防火运兵越野客车厂家". http://www.dfyyc.net/html/mengshijixingche3.html. 
  26. ↑ "EQ2050C短头厢式软顶 东风"猛士"越野车". http://www.fanya158.com/news/wiki/2020-08-04/246.html. 
  27. ↑ "EQ2050D长头单排硬顶 东风"猛士"越野车". http://www.fanya158.com/news/wiki/2020-08-04/247.html. 
  28. ↑ "东风猛士最新款EQ2050E 长头双排硬顶车型/上蓝牌东风猛士国 - 东风猛士 - 【东风猛士越野车网】东风猛士厂家、东风4X4四驱越野车、东风6X6六驱越野车.森林防火运兵越野客车厂家". http://www.dfyyc.net/html/mengshijixingche5.html. 
  29. ↑ "EQ2050E长头双排硬顶 东风"猛士"越野车". http://www.fanya158.com/news/wiki/2020-08-05/248.html. 
  30. ↑ "EQ2050F长头双排溜背硬顶 东风"猛士"越野车". http://www.fanya158.com/news/wiki/2020-08-05/249.html. 
  31. ↑ "东风猛士 东风猛士民用越野车 东风长头越野载货汽车 EQ2050M5 - 东风猛士 - 【东风猛士越野车网】东风猛士厂家、东风4X4四驱越野车、东风6X6六驱越野车.森林防火运兵越野客车厂家". http://www.dfyyc.net/html/mengshijixingche35.html. 
  32. ↑ "东风猛士越野车_东风猛士高性能越野车 - 东风猛士 - 【东风猛士越野车网】东风猛士厂家、东风4X4四驱越野车、东风6X6六驱越野车.森林防火运兵越野客车厂家". http://www.dfyyc.net/html/mengshijixingche87.html. 
  33. ↑ "国五东风EQ2050M中国汗马 民用型猛士/蓝牌猛士越野车唯一王 - 东风猛士 - 【东风猛士越野车网】东风猛士厂家、东风4X4四驱越野车、东风6X6六驱越野车.森林防火运兵越野客车厂家". http://www.dfyyc.net/html/mengshijixingche8.html. 
  34. ↑ "东风长头越野汽车 Eq2050M3D东风猛士军用版右舵越野车出口 - 东风猛士 - 【东风猛士越野车网】东风猛士厂家、东风4X4四驱越野车、东风6X6六驱越野车.森林防火运兵越野客车厂家". http://www.dfyyc.net/html/mengshijixingche34.html. 
  35. ↑ "China North Industries Corporation". January 18, 2019. https://ipisresearch.be/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/201703_publicatie-Norinco.pdf. 
  36. ↑ "东风猛士CTJ02 型火力突击车.猛士.东风猛士.猛士越野车. - 东风猛士 - 【东风猛士越野车网】东风猛士厂家、东风4X4四驱越野车、东风6X6六驱越野车.森林防火运兵越野客车厂家". http://www.dfyyc.net/html/mengshijixingche7.html. 
  37. ↑ Tutu, Andrei (November 20, 2014). "Chinese Humvee Clone Assault Vehicles Leave Soldiers Unprotected". https://www.autoevolution.com/news/chinese-humvee-clone-assault-vehicles-leave-soldiers-unprotected-photo-gallery-89139.html. 
  38. ↑ "Zhuhai Airshow 2014: the CSK002 Airborne Assault Vehicle – CarNewsChina.com". November 13, 2014. https://www.carnewschina.com/2014/11/13/zhuhai-airshow-2014-the-csk002-airborne-assault-vehicle/. 
  39. ↑ "Artillerymen send 82 mm mortars out of self-propelled mortar systems". 30 August 2017. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2017-08/30/content_7737173_3.htm. 
  40. ↑ "The Elite PLA Airborne Have Serious Firepower". July 18, 2018. https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2018/07/18/the-elite-pla-airborne-have-serious-firepower/. 
  41. ↑ "PCP001 fire-support vehicle in service with combined arms battalion in Xinjiang". 18 May 2021. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pcp001-fire-support-vehicle-in-service-with-combined-arms-battalion-in-xinjiang. 
  42. ↑ "AirShow China 2018: Dongfeng CS/SS4 82mm self-propelled mortar system | AirShow China 2018 Zhuhai News Show Daily Coverage | Defence security military exhibition 2018 daily news category". https://www.armyrecognition.com/airshow_china_2018_zhuhai_news_show_daily_coverage/airshow_china_2018_dongfeng_cs/ss4_82mm_self-propelled_mortar_system.html. 
  43. ↑ "China has developed mobile laser weapon based on Dongfeng EQ2050 4x4 tactical vehicle | weapons defence industry military technology UK | analysis focus army defence military industry army". https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/china_has_developed_mobile_laser_weapon_based_dongfeng_eq2050_4x4_tactical_vehicle.html. 
  44. ↑ Tycho de Feyter (June 2, 2011). "Dongfeng working on a Hummer for the People". Car News China. http://www.carnewschina.com/2011/06/02/dongfeng-working-on-a-hummer-for-the-people/. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Dongfeng EQ2040H Brave Soldier Concept debuts on the Beijing Auto Show – CarNewsChina.com". April 24, 2014. https://www.carnewschina.com/2014/04/24/dongfeng-eq2040h-brave-soldier-concept-debuts-on-the-beijing-auto-show/. 
  46. ↑ "Dongfeng Warrior M50 Launched on the Chinese Car Market". July 9, 2021. https://carnewschina.com/2021/07/10/dongfeng-warrior-m50-launched-on-the-chinese-car-market/#more-92324. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "A Dozen Armored Cars Better Than The Humvee". April 14, 2016. https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2016/04/14/a-dozen-armored-cars-better-than-the-humvee/#more-205396. 
  48. ↑ James Dunnigan (July 12, 2012). "The Great Chinese Hummer Give-Away". http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/The-Great-Chinese-Hummer-Give-Away-7-22-2012.asp. 
  49. ↑ "China donates 22 off-roaders to Belarusian Army". Belarusian Telegraph Agency. June 20, 2012. http://news.belta.by/en/news/society?id=685173. 
  50. ↑ "China to provide the Defense Ministry of Belarus 22 armored vehicles". The China Times. http://www.thechinatimes.com/online/2012/06/4042.html. 
  51. ↑ Parameswaran, Prashanth. "China Gives Belarus New Armored Vehicles". https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/china-gives-belarus-new-armored-vehicles/. 
  52. ↑ "Bogatyr – "chiński Humvee" w służbie Białorusi – Defence24". August 10, 2020. https://www.defence24.pl/bogatyr-chinski-humvee-w-sluzbie-bialorusi. 
  53. ↑ "Военные парады в Минске. Современная армейская техника. Антология 2010–2016". June 3, 2017. https://mpark.pro/specialization/248-modern-army-vehicles-at-a-2010-2016-military-parades-in-minsk.html. 
  54. ↑ "Брутальные авто белорусской армии — от внедорожников до лимузина за миллион долларов | AUTO.TUT.BY". https://auto.tut.by/news/exclusive/532657.html. 
  55. ↑ https://pravda-fr.com/world/2024/01/13/51741.html
  56. ↑ https://www.military.africa/2024/01/burkina-faso-boosts-its-military-arsenal-with-chinese-armoured-vehicles/
  57. ↑ "Cambodian army takes delivery of 100 Chinese made military vehicles | Defense News October 2022 Global Security army industry | Defense Security global news industry army year 2022 | Archive News year". https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_october_2022_global_security_army_industry/cambodian_army_takes_delivery_of_100_chinese_made_military_vehicles.html. 
  58. ↑ de Cherisey, Erwan (August 17, 2018). "Central African military receives new equipment". Paris. https://www.janes.com/article/82440/central-african-military-receives-new-equipment. 
  59. ↑ "EQ2050 Light Utility Vehicle". Sino Defence. February 13, 2009. http://www.sinodefence.com/army/logistics/eq2050.asp. 
  60. ↑ "Gabon parades VN1 armoured vehicles". December 11, 2020. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/gabon-parades-vn1-armoured-vehicles. 
  61. ↑ "Киргизстан провів навчання за участі 2 тисяч військових". https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/kyrgyzstan-proviv-navchannya-za-uchasti-2-tysyach-vijskovyh/. 
  62. ↑ "Kinh ngạc dàn vũ khí Lục quân Lào sẽ duyệt binh ở Viêng Chăn". January 19, 2019. https://kienthuc.net.vn/quan-su/kinh-ngac-dan-vu-khi-luc-quan-lao-se-duyet-binh-o-vieng-chan-1174530.html#p-6. 
  63. ↑ "Mali's armed forces receiving 53 vehicles from Algeria – defenceWeb". June 7, 2020. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/malis-armed-forces-receiving-53-vehicles-from-algeria/. 
  64. ↑ "Army of Mali has received tactical and armored vehicles to equip 16 companies | Defense News December 2021 Global Security army industry | Defense Security global news industry army year 2021 | Archive News year". https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_december_2021_global_security_army_industry/army_of_mali_has_received_tactical_and_armored_vehicles_to_equip_16_companies.html. 
  65. ↑ "Tajikistan has purchased Dongfeng CS/SS4 82mm self-propelled mortar system – Polygon Military Magazine". https://polygonjournal.com/2020/02/27/tajikistan-has-purchased-dongfeng-cs-ss4-82mm-self-propelled-mortar-system/. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Tajikistan parades newly acquired Chinese-made equipment". November 24, 2020. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/tajikistan-parades-newly-acquired-chinese-made-equipment. 
  67. ↑ "China Delivers 20 MengShi 4×4 army light utility vehicle to Trinidad and Tobago 32506152 | June 2015 Global Defense Security news UK | Defense Security global news industry army 2015 | Archive News year". http://armyrecognition.com/june_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/china_delivers_20_mengshi_4%C3%974_army_light_utility_vehicle_to_trinidad_and_tobago_32506152.html. 
  68. ↑ "Quân đội Việt Nam đã nhập khẩu và nhận chuyển giao xe bọc thép "Humvee Trung Quốc"?". https://autopro.com.vn/quan-doi-viet-nam-da-nhap-khau-va-nhan-chuyen-giao-xe-boc-thep-humvee-trung-quoc-20211026170435282.chn. 
  69. ↑ "EQ2050". http://zimbabwedefence.com/EQ2050.html. 
  70. ↑ "Mengshi EQ2050" (in en, fr). Maquetland. http://www.maquetland.com/v2/index.php?page=vision&id=1056&type=photos. 
  71. ↑ Oscar Nkala (November 29, 2012). "Namibia evaluating Chinese Humvee clone – reports". Defence Web. http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28713&Itemid=105. 
  72. ↑ Martin, Guy. "Namibia Defence Force orders Marrua vehicles – defenceWeb". http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37339:namibia-defence-force-orders-marrua-vehicles&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105. 
  73. ↑ https://www.sohu.com/a/695550409_120702110



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