Engineering:Dooring

From HandWiki
Short description: Type of cycling accident
Cyclist riding in a bike lane situated in a door zone
Cyclist collides with door
A cyclist in a bike lane situated in a door zone (left) is struck when a car door is opened unexpectedly (right)

Dooring is the act of opening a motor vehicle door into the path of another road user.[1][2] Dooring can happen when a driver has parked or stopped to exit their vehicle, or when passengers egress from cars, taxis and rideshares into the path of a cyclist in an adjacent travel lane. The width of the door zone in which this can happen varies, depending upon the model of car one is passing. The zone can be almost zero for a vehicle with sliding or gull-wing doors or much larger for a truck. In many cities across the globe, doorings are among the most common and injurious bike-vehicle incidents.[3] Any passing vehicle may also strike and damage a negligently opened or left open door, or injure or kill the exiting motorist or passenger.

Doorings can be avoided if the driver checks their side mirror before opening the door, or performs a shoulder check. Use of the Dutch Reach (or "far hand method") for vehicle egress has been advised to prevent doorings, as it combines both measures. As bicyclists cannot rely on motor vehicle occupants to use required caution on exiting, bicyclists are advised to avoid the door zone of stopped or parked vehicles.[4]

The term is also applied when such sudden door opening causes the oncoming rider to swerve to avoid collision (with or without loss of control), resulting in a crash or secondary collision with another oncoming vehicle or another vehicle that is directly next to the cyclist. The term also applies when a door is negligently left open, unduly blocking a travel lane.[5]

Legal issues

Many countries are aligned with the Vienna convention which states: "It shall be prohibited to open the door of a vehicle, to leave it open, or to alight from the vehicle without having made sure that to do so cannot endanger other road-users." (Article 24 — Opening of doors).[6]

Most areas have laws that require car users to check for all oncoming traffic including cyclists before opening the door of their vehicle.[7][8] Some jurisdictions also consider it a traffic code violation if vehicle doors are unnecessarily left open and thus continue to obstruct an adjacent travel lane.[9]

Despite such laws, serious injuries and deaths continue to be caused by occupants opening doors or by bicycle riders riding in the door zone. A 2015 British survey found that 35% of drivers self-reported that they did not check for traffic before opening their vehicle's door to exit.[10]

The problem lies with avoiding this 1.5-metre (5 ft) zone, which should be part of the parking zone, when there is a bike lane or the perception by law enforcement or motorists that one should be riding their bike out of the travel lane to not impede faster motorized traffic. In most jurisdictions, a cyclist is considered a driver/operator of a vehicle afforded the same rights as the driver of a motor vehicle; however, in some jurisdictions cyclists are further restricted by laws such as "ride as far right [or left] as practicable". From a cyclist's point of view, "practicable" includes safety, and safety is noted in many of these laws through exceptions; however, many law enforcement, judges, motoring public and even cyclists stop reading at "as far right". Most motor travel lanes adjacent to a bike lane are only 3–3.5 m (10–11 ft) wide, so if a cyclist has to use that lane to avoid hazards in the bike lane, it is too narrow to safely share with passing traffic and he/she should ride in a "lane-control" method as is allowed by most of these ordinances.[11]

Avoidance and prevention

Dooring prevention has proven a difficult problem as incidents can occur wherever hinged vehicle doors are carelessly opened and suddenly obstruct travel lanes or sidewalks. Surveys of driver behavior upon egress, in the United Kingdom and the state of Florida, USA, found that ​1⁄3 and ​3⁄5 of drivers respectively did not check for oncoming road users before opening.[12][13]

Cyclists are advised to avoid door zones and exercise great caution if in range of open doors from either side when in traffic. Motorists and passengers are advised to exercise heightened caution and vigilance before and during entry or egress from their vehicle.[14] Passengers are advised to exit curb-side only, and never when vehicles are paused in a travel lane.

Street planners are encouraged to avoid placing bike lanes in door zones, and to implement instead buffered, separated and/or protected bike lanes and tracks, or shared lane markings.[15] Motor vehicle bureaus and departments of transportation are advised not to restrict vulnerable road users into door zone bike lanes by force of traffic code.

Motor vehicle engineers and manufacturers are deploying new technologies to warn or prevent vehicle occupants from exiting in the presence of oncoming traffic.[16] Auxiliary side view mirrors are now available which fit on the B-pillar to assist rear-seated passengers preparing to exit.[17]

Road safety advocates also call for greater enforcement, fines and penalties,[18] while insurance companies and personal injury attorneys apply sanctions after the fact in the form of increased premiums and liability lawsuits.

Improved training in road sharing by motorists with vulnerable road users is recommended for all road users, done by means of upgraded driver licensing and education standards, curriculum and testing, and public education and behavior change campaigns to improve road safety conduct.[19]

Education

Because it is rarely possible to see and react safely to a suddenly opening door, traffic cycling educational programs teach cyclists to ride in the safe zone[20] or travel lane well outside the door zone as measured from the tip of the handlebars.

As street planners often lay out painted bike lanes in the door zone, many bicycle safety advocates advise cyclists to maintain a safe distance from car doors nonetheless and disregard such markings to do so.[21] However riding on the margin of the bike lane places a cyclist in increased proximity to overtaking vehicles and also at risk of being squeezed closer into the doorzone. Other advocates therefore instruct bicyclists to take control of the full travel lane and adopt "vehicular cycling", to avoid dooring, considering this to be the safest position overall.[22]

Also to avoid doorings, bicyclists are advised to exercise vigilance, scan for the presence or likelihood of an occupied parked or stopped vehicle. Risk is increased especially in areas and at times of high parking turnover, on main arteries, during morning and evening commutes, and in retail, restaurant and entertainment districts with parallel parking. Bicyclists are also advised to assure their visibility to motorists and in mirrors both day and night by the use of bright and reflective clothing, vests, reflectors and front lights. Marked caution, slow speed and preparedness to brake when in the door zone are also counselled.[23]

Dutch Reach

The Dutch Reach – using the far hand to open a car door

Motorists and passengers – both front and rear – may be able to make dooring less likely by practising the "Dutch Reach" [24][25][26] – opening the car door by reaching across the body with the more distant hand[24][27] which promotes a shoulder check – out and back – to scan for cyclists and other oncoming traffic.

Reaching across turns one's upper body and head outward. It encourages drivers and front passengers to use the side wing mirror,[28] look out to the side and then over one's shoulder to scan for traffic before opening.[29] Once the door is partly opened, as one leans out one's over-the-shoulder view is now clear, no longer limited by side pillar or door frame.[30][31] Reaching across helps to curb wide, sudden opening as a further safeguard against dooring.[32]

Even as the maneuver is becoming known elsewhere as the "Dutch Reach", in the Netherlands driving instructors and driving school companies refer to it by description and not by a name.[33][34] The far hand move is not literally specified by Dutch traffic code to pass the safe parking section of the road test. Rather, Dutch regulations for licensing set two standards to ensure safe exiting of vehicles to protect vulnerable road users (VRUs), viz: Articles 4e and 6a.[35][36] As fewer than half of Dutch license applicants pass the examination on first attempt,[37] some but not all Dutch driving instructors and texts[38] for the theory examination teach the far hand maneuver as most assured to demonstrate safe exiting on both the written and road tests.[39][33][34]

The reach method is likely less practiced by Dutch motorists today than in the 1960s–1980s when Dutch road fatalities numbered in the thousands[40] and prompted the Stop de Kindermoord protest movement[41][42] to end the carnage. Anecdotal reports date the 'reach across' practice to that era. But public awareness of the method in the Netherlands extends at least back to 1961.[43][44][45] Since then bicycling in the Netherlands is much safer. Innovative and extensive infrastructure improvements, separate and protected cycle tracks,[46] strict driver education and testing, popular use of bicycles for daily transport and dedication to road safety,[47] all contributed to its dramatic decline in road injuries and fatalities. Yet dooring injuries and even fatalities in the Netherlands still occur,[48] and the far hand method is still taught, though public awareness of it and its practice in the Netherlands has waned.[49][50]

As noted above, the far hand technique does not have a Dutch name, but in 2016 an American physician in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, coined the term to promote[51] the Dutch method which was little known in the United States.[27][52][53] The "Dutch Reach" coinage reflects that the method was common to the Netherlands[54][55] before being 'imported' to the U.S. It was described as a Dutch road safety measure in the American mainstream press in 2011 by the New York Times[56] and the Boston Globe in 2013.[47]

The method can be traced beyond northern Europe starting in the 2010s. From 2011 to 2016 several bicycle advocacy organizations and road safety agencies in the United States, Canada and Australia added advisories or launched anti-dooring campaigns which included or featured the far hand countermeasure. In New Haven, Connecticut, it was variously called the "Amsterdam", "European cities'" or "reach-across" method (2013).[57] In Fort Collins, Colorado, it became the "Opposite Hand Trick" (2014).[58] However the tip remained nameless in San Francisco, California (2015);[59] Montreal (2014),[60] and Vancouver (2016),[61] Canada; New Zealand (2015);[62] and Victoria, Australia (2012).[63] In Australia two slogans have emerged to prompt the habit: "Lead with your left"[64] (origin uncertain); and "Always Cross Check",[65] devised by a road safety organization.

In early 2017 the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (UK) endorsed the Dutch Reach as the recommended road safety practice to avoid dooring collisions.[66] In 2019, the National Safety Council (U.S.) and American Automobile Association began including the far hand reach in their respective defensive driving and novice driver course materials [67][68] and road safety programs.[69][70][71] National, state and local bicycle and pedestrian advocacy organizations have played an important part in promoting the measure. These include: We Are Cycling UK;[72] the League of American Bicyclists;[73] the Bicycle Network (AUS);[74] the Cycling Action Network (New Zealand);[75] New York Bicycle Coalition;[76] Bicycle Friendly Driver Program of Fort Collins, Colorado;[77] MassBike and Somerville Bicycle Committee.[78]

Other governments are now adding the 'reach' to driver's manuals and education, taxi and for-hire ridesharing regulations, and road safety campaigns. Examples include: Great Britain,[79][80] Commonwealth of Massachusetts,[81] Illinois,[82] Washington (state) state,[83] Pennsylvania,[84] South Australia,[85] Washington D.C.,[86][87] City of London,[88] Berlin,[89] New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission,[90] Cambridge, Massachusetts,[91] and Burbank, California.[92] In 2018, Addison Lee launched its own anti-dooring far hand reach campaign branding it 'the Addison Lean'.[93] In April 2019 Lyft, a U.S. TNC[clarification needed] implemented automatic in-app push notifications to prompt its drivers and clients in 22 U.S. cities to use the Dutch Reach when exiting.[94][95] Uber followed one month later with a pilot Dutch Reach education program for its users & drivers in four North American cities.[96] Some police departments,Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag presented at the 7th International Cycling Safety Conference[97] in October 2018, found initial evidence for its safety advantage. In 2019 British automaker Aston Martin introduced a reversed door latch lever[98] in its Vantage sports car whose ergonomic design strongly favors far-hand use for opening while making the near hand habit awkward.

Automated systems

Several automakers and automotive technology companies have introduced or are now developing advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to help prevent doorings. Technologies include use of external onboard cameras and sensors, seat buckles, or GPS data, computer recognition software etc. linked to sound or light signals or door operation to alert or warn drivers and/or cyclists, or forestall door opening.[99][100][101]

At least one auto-parts supplier has developed an automatic detection system to prevent or warn the user before opening the car door if a bicycle is approaching.[102]

However, the introduction of automatically folding side view mirrors may increase the risk of dooring should the mirrors retract before the occupants exit the vehicle.[103]

Prevalence

Narrow bike lane concept intended to avoid door zone

It is difficult to find statistics on the incidence of door zone fatalities, serious injuries, and collisions as the type of accident is often not recorded consistently from city to city. However, an analysis of Chicago, USA bike crashes found that there were 344 reported dooring crashes reported in 2011, for a rate of 0.94 doorings per day. Doorings made up 19.7% of all reported bike crashes. The number of additional doorings that occurred without being reported is unknown.[104] In 2016, San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency in America reported that for the period 2012–2015, doorings of bicyclists constituted 16% of injurious or fatal bike-vehicle incidents in which the cyclist was likely not at fault.[105] A 2015 study for the City of Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada found that doorings accounted for 15.2% of all bike collisions[106] and was the foremost cause of bike-vehicle collision injuries which resulted in hospital emergency department treatment (22%) – not including additional injury incidents due to dooring avoidant swerve crashes requiring emergency treatment.[107]

Collisions

In Toronto, "motorist opens door in path of cyclist" collisions were 11.9% of all reported car/bike collisions in 2003;[108] however, it is difficult to determine exactly how many bicycle accidents and serious injuries are attributed to dooring because the Ontario Ministry of Transportation does not classify dooring as a collision, and therefore these numbers are not regularly reported alongside other types of bicycle accidents. There are reports that in Toronto alone, dooring incidents increased by 58% in the three-year period between 2014 and 2016.[109] Eight percent of serious injuries to cyclists in London in 2007 were caused by cyclists swerving to avoid opening car doors.[110] In the Australian state of Victoria between 2006 and 2010, car door openings caused eight percent of serious injuries to cyclists.[111]

Relative risk

Relative to other collisions such as getting rear ended, getting doored is less risky: "80.04% of those cyclists who were doored were injured, while 94.40% of those in non-dooring crashes were injured."[104] Also, getting doored itself usually is not fatal; rather, most serious door-zone-related injuries are sustained by getting hit by a motor vehicle after colliding with or swerving to avoid the obstructing door. Thus, most dooring deaths and serious injuries occur in the travel lane and not in the door zone.

Fatalities

As with other dooring statistics, even fatalities are often under-reported as, for example, secondary collisions after door avoidant swerves may not be recognized by authorities, the media, witnesses or perpetrators as due to a dooring incident. Also, in some jurisdictions, dooring is not officially considered a motor vehicle collision if the vehicle is parked.[112] Informal logs of dooring fatalities based on found media reports have been maintained on the internet. An annotated, international memorial spreadsheet with entries from 1987 to the present is currently maintained by an American cycling safety advocate.[113]

In New York City , 3% (7 out of 225) of bicyclist fatalities in the ten-year period between 1996 and 2005 were from striking an open door or swerving to avoid one.[114] In London, three people were killed in car door opening incidents between 2010 and 2012.[110] In two peer reviewed studies, 124 deaths in London during 1985–1992,[115] and 142 deaths in New Zealand during 1973–1978,[116] none of the fatalities occurred in door opening incidents. While there were 1112 collisions caused by opening doors in the Australian state of Victoria between 2000 and 2010, the first fatality occurred in March 2010.[117]

Bike lanes and door zone incidents

In a comparison of Santa Barbara (without bike lanes) to Davis, California (with bike lanes), 8% of the car-bike collisions in Santa Barbara involved an opening door, whereas Davis had none.[118]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Johnson, Marilyn (2013). "Cyclists and open vehicle doors: Crash characteristics and risk factors". Safety Science 59: 135–140. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2013.04.010. 
  2. ↑ Jänsch, M.; Otte, D.; Johannsen, H. (September 2015). "Investigation of bicycle accidents involving collisions with the opening door of parking vehicles and demands for a suitable driver assistance system". p. 20. http://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc15/pdf_files/11.pdf. "The accidents mainly happen because the vehicle occupants are not making sure that the road is clear before opening the door. Visibility problems due to visual obstruction i.e., from bodywork or pillars of the vehicle were not found to be a major factor in these accidents." 
  3. ↑ Urban Systems (January 22, 2015). "City of Vancouver Cycling Safety Study – Final Report". p. 64. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/cycling-safety-study-final-report.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Bob Mionske (Jul 25, 2016). "Don't Get Doored: How to Ride Safely Around Parked Cars". https://www.bicycling.com/rides/g20039791/dont-get-doored-how-to-ride-safely-around-parked-cars/. "One of the most common causes of bike crashing is a stopped motorist who suddenly opens a door into the path of an approaching rider.... The best way to prevent this is to avoid pedaling in the “door zone”—the three- to five-foot area next to a parked car." 
  5. ↑ Ken McLeod (January 13, 2015). "BIKE LAW UNIVERSITY: DOORING". https://www.bikeleague.org/content/bike-law-u-dooring. "A typical dooring law requires that a person opening a vehicle door ensure that it is reasonably safe to open the door, that opening the door will not interfere with moving traffic, and that the door is not open for any more time than necessary." 
  6. ↑ https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/crt1968e.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  7. ↑ "California Vehicle Code section 22517". http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=22517.. "No person shall open the door of a vehicle on the side available to moving traffic unless it is reasonably safe to do so and can be done without interfering with the movement of such traffic..."" 
  8. ↑ "Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, Article 24: Opening of doors". 8 November 1968. http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/Conv_road_traffic_EN.pdf. "Opening of doors: It shall be prohibited to open the door of a vehicle, it open, or to alight from the vehicle without having made to do so cannot endanger other road-users." 
  9. ↑ Ken McLeod (January 13, 2015). "BIKE LAW UNIVERSITY: DOORING". https://www.bikeleague.org/content/bike-law-u-dooring. "A typical dooring law requires that a person opening a vehicle door ensure that it is reasonably safe to open the door, that opening the door will not interfere with moving traffic, and that the door is not open for any more time than necessary." 
  10. ↑ "35% of drivers don't look before opening their car door, Survey highlights drivers' ignorance and bad habits". May 25, 2017. https://www.bikeradar.com/news/35-of-drivers-dont-look-before-opening-their-car-door/. "That alarming figure comes from a survey of 1,000 drivers from across the UK carried out by eBikes Direct, which has also exposed how ill-informed some drivers are when it comes to what cyclists can and can’t do on the road." 
  11. ↑ "Utah Code 41-6a-1105. Operation of bicycle or moped on and use of roadway – Duties, prohibitions". https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/utah/ut-code/utah_code_41-6a-1105. "(vii) A lane that is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side within the lane." 
  12. ↑ Paul Douglas (May 25, 2017). "35% of drivers don't look before opening their car door". https://www.bikeradar.com/us/commuting/news/article/opening-car-door-cyclists-50020/. "...over a third (35 percent) of British drivers don’t bother to check behind them before opening their car door on a road." 
  13. ↑ Online Staff (Feb 25, 2020). "Boca Raton Drivers/Cyclists Relationships Among the Best in Florida, Reveals Survey". https://www.bocaratontribune.com/bocaratonnews/2020/02/boca-raton-driverscyclists-relationships-among-best-florida-reveals-survey/. "the survey revealed that 59.5% of drivers never check behind them before opening their doors." 
  14. ↑ Marilyn Johnson (May 10, 2012). "Want safer cycling? Don't dismiss dooring". http://theconversation.com/want-safer-cycling-dont-dismiss-dooring-6918. "When you’re getting into or out of the car, you should:..." 
  15. ↑ Paul Schimek (August 29, 2018). "Where Bike Lane Design Collides with Savvy Cycling". https://cyclingsavvy.org/2018/08/bike-lanes-dooring/. 
  16. ↑ Joshua Dowling (March 6, 2016). "The new Audi A4 is the car that could save a cyclist's life". https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/motoring/the-new-audi-a4-is-the-car-that-could-save-a-cyclists-life/news-story/99ffc2a7c52edde8fe3062d4bb7bfa8a. 
  17. ↑ "An Inexpensive Solution to an Expensive and Dangerous Problem! Universal Rear View Mirrors for Cars and Taxis". http://www.cachimirror.com/. 
  18. ↑ Johnson, Marilyn (May 10, 2012). "Want safer cycling? Don't dismiss dooring". http://theconversation.com/want-safer-cycling-dont-dismiss-dooring-6918. "If the existing laws regarding driver behaviour are not currently effective or not actively enforced, it is essential that these laws are reviewed to ensure that cyclists are judicially protected." 
  19. ↑ Johnson, Marilyn (May 10, 2012). "Want safer cycling? Don't dismiss dooring". http://theconversation.com/want-safer-cycling-dont-dismiss-dooring-6918. "Driver behaviour is a significant factor in cyclist-opened vehicle door crashes ... To change the habits of many drivers will require extensive investment in behaviour change and driver education campaigns." 
  20. ↑ How To Avoid Getting Doored on YouTube
  21. ↑ Schimek, Paul (August 29, 2018). "Where Bike Lane Design Collides with Savvy Cycling". https://cyclingsavvy.org/2018/08/bike-lanes-dooring/. 
  22. ↑ "FAQ: Why do you ride like that? Biking in the middle of the lane sure looks dangerous". https://cyclingsavvy.org/road-cycling/. 
  23. ↑ "How to avoid getting doored". http://www.betterbybicycle.com/2014/04/how-to-avoid-getting-doored.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "The Dutch Reach". February 3, 2017. https://www.rospa.com/road-safety/advice/cyclists-and-motorcyclists/dutch-reach. 
  25. ↑ "Chapter 4, Rules of the Road: Laws for Bicyclists and Motorists in the Presence of Bicyclists". Commonwealth of Massachusetts Revised 2020 Driver's Manual. December 2020. pp. 111–112. https://www.mass.gov/doc/drivers-manual/download. Retrieved April 18, 2021. 
  26. ↑ National Safety Council (USA) (June 6, 2019). "Bicycle Safety and the Far Hand Reach (video)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcFIg1uf1Cs&t=34s. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Annear, Steve (September 8, 2016). "To avoid 'doorings', cyclist wants drivers to do the 'Dutch Reach'". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/09/08/this-cyclist-wants-drivers-dutch-reach/V2Ei5bEiOCfU6ubxX1r8VN/story.html. 
  28. ↑ "Addison Lee And Laura Kenny Launch 'Addison Lean' Initiative To Protect Cyclists From 'Car Dooring'". Addison Lee. June 20, 2018. https://www.addisonlee.com/addlib/addisonlean/#. "manoeuvre involves drivers opening the door with the hand furthest away from the car door, forcing them to lean across and look into their wing mirror" 
  29. ↑ "This easy maneuver, borrowed from the Dutch, could be life-saving for cyclists". PRI's The World. September 27, 2016. https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-27/easy-maneuver-borrowed-dutch-could-be-life-saving-cyclists. 
  30. ↑ MassDOT Dutch Reach – Scan the street for wheels and feet. on YouTube
  31. ↑ Cambridge Street Code – Rules & Etiquette for Getting There Together (Report). Massachusetts, USA: City of Cambridge. December 2016. p. 9. "Note: Dutch Reach diagram in Step 3 shows partially opened car door with clear field of vision rearward between door frame and car pillar." 
  32. ↑ Siegel, Robert (June 5, 2017). "Massachusetts Goes Dutch To Protect Cyclists From Injury". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2017/06/05/531629183/massachusetts-goes-dutch-to-protect-cyclists-from-injury. "When you use your far hand, you can't fling the door open." 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Uitstappen uit de auto, Lesonderdeel Urrstappen". https://www.rijleshulp.nl/in-en-uitstappen/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "How to do the 'Dutch reach' And how it could save someone's life.". https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-41201002/how-to-do-the-dutch-reach. 
  35. ↑ "Regeling eisen praktijkexamens rijbewijscategorieën B en E bij B, Artikel 4" (in nl). Overheid NL. December 30, 2013. http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0015600/2013-12-31. "Artikel 4e. het permanent rekening te houden met (mogelijke) andere weggebruikers, in het bijzonder kwetsbare weggebruikers als voetgangers, fietsers e.d;" 
  36. ↑ "Regeling eisen praktijkexamens rijbewijscategorieën B en E bij B, Artikel 6" (in nl). Overheid NL. December 30, 2013. http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0015600/2013-12-31. "Artikel 6a. het op juiste en veilige wijze in- of uitstappen;" 
  37. ↑ "Rijschoolgegevens: Amsterdam, Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheid" (in nl). Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheid. March 31, 2018. http://www.rijschoolgegevens.nl/index.asp?pageid=2&examenplaats=30&automaat=0. "AMSTERDAM Aantal 1e examens: 11.750; Gemiddeld slagingspercentage (1e examen): 41 – 45 %" 
  38. ↑ van Leeuwen, Geert (2006) (in nl). ANWB Theorieboek Rijbewijs. B (2nd ed.). De Koninklijke Nederlandse Toeristenbond ANWB. p. 42. ISBN 9789018020989. https://books.google.com/books?id=gvt-C1gPtigC&q=theorieboek+rijbewijs+portier&pg=PA42. Retrieved August 23, 2019. "Uitstappen: Uitstappen moet uiteraard ook veilig gebeuren: kijk..." 
  39. ↑ "Rijles Rijprocedure B, Instappen – Uitstappen In De Lesauto". Autorij-instructie NL. February 21, 2010. http://www.autorij-instructie.nl/2010/02/handelen-de-lesauto-instappen-en-uitstappen/. "Handelen bij uitstappen en weglopen van de auto ..." 
  40. ↑ "Factsheet: Verkeersdoden in Nederland: Hoe heeft het aantal verkeersdoden in Nederland zich sinds 1950 ontwikkeld?". 2018. Figures 6 & 7. https://www.swov.nl/feiten-cijfers/factsheet/verkeersdoden-nederland. 
  41. ↑ Shahan, Zachary (March 19, 2014). "How did bicycling take over the Netherlands?". https://www.treehugger.com/bikes/how-did-bicycling-take-over-netherlands.html. "In late 1972, a strong 'Stop de Kindermoord' (stop the child murder) campaign was started in the Netherlands, aimed at urban planning and legal fixes to transportation design and transportation laws that resulted in many kids being killed by cars (over 400 kids were reportedly killed in one year from automobiles)." 
  42. ↑ "Holland in the 1970s: Dutch campaigners explain why the Netherlands is now so cycle-friendly". 2011. https://lcc.org.uk//pages/holland-in-the-1970s. 
  43. ↑ Wegwijzer (August 19, 1961). "Hoe stapt u uit een auto? – wegwijzer naar 'een veilig land om in te wonen'" (in nl). De Telegraaf: p. 7. https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&query=%28portier+openen%29&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_gte_+%2201-01-1960%22%29&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_lte_+%2201-01-1965%22%29&redirect=true&page=22&sortfield=datedesc&identifier=ddd:011140294:mpeg21:a0288&resultsidentifier=ddd:011140294:mpeg21:a0288%20https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%28portier+openen%29&page=7&sortfield=date&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_gte_+%2201-01-1965%22%29&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_lte_+%2201-01-1975%22%29&coll=ddd&redirect=true&identifier=ddd:110588940:mpeg21:p035&resultsidentifier=ddd:110588940:mpeg21:a0632. "EEN roede tip: open het LINKERportier steeds met uw RECHTERhand en het RECHTERportier met uw LINKERhand. Dan moet u zich wel omdraaien. Zullen wij ons dat aanwennen? Een kleine moeite, en u zult zien dat het aantal ongevallen door plotseling opengeworpen portieren snel afneemt." 
  44. ↑ Zylstra, J. Adama (February 26, 1966). "Met Het Oog Op De Weg, De Telegraaf" (in nl). De Telegraaf. https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%28portier+openen%29&page=7&sortfield=date&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_gte_+%2201-01-1965%22%29&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_lte_+%2201-01-1975%22%29&coll=ddd&redirect=true&identifier=ddd:110588940:mpeg21:p035&resultsidentifier=ddd:110588940:mpeg21:a0632. "De heer S. V. te Rotterdam geeft een goede „tip" betreffende het openen van het linkerportier ..." 
  45. ↑ "Openen van portieren – Reformatorisch Dagblad" (in nl). July 24, 1971. p. 12. https://www.digibron.nl/search/detail/f44bc8dfdbd7c25443de8dad15ad8e7f/openen-van-portieren. "Om voor het uitstappen ..." 
  46. ↑ "Holland in the 1970s: Dutch campaigners explain why the Netherlands is now so cycle-friendly". 2011. https://lcc.org.uk//pages/holland-in-the-1970s. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Powers, Martine (September 22, 2013). "A cyclist's mecca, with lessons for Boston". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/09/21/bicycling-dutch-way/kFRT0ABSPtUnXMIUj5zONM/story.html. 
  48. ↑ How to do the 'Dutch reach'. The Netherlands: Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. September 13, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2019. Every year about 75,000 cyclists are injured on Dutch Roads. At least 200 of those involve car doors.
  49. ↑ Quell, Molly (July 25, 2019). "Yet another Dutch lifestyle craze? Nix it, stop reaching and drop it". https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/07/yet-another-dutch-lifestyle-craze-nix-it-stop-reaching-and-drop-it/. "I called eight driving schools across the country. Two had heard of the manoeuver in which a driver opens the door with their right hand, to force them to look behind themselves to check for cyclists. Six had not." 
  50. ↑ Frisse, Juliane (April 5, 2019). "Der holländische Trick, der Leben rettet" (in de). Die Zeit. https://www.zeit.de/die-antwort/2019-03/radfahren-holland-dutch-reach-gefahren-verkehrskultur-unfaelle. "Wir schätzen, dass etwa die Hälfte aller Fahrlehrer in den Niederlanden diese Methode unterrichten, sagt Martijn van Es...." 
  51. ↑ "This easy maneuver, borrowed from the Dutch, could be life-saving for cyclists". Public Radio International. September 27, 2016. https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-27/easy-maneuver-borrowed-dutch-could-be-life-saving-cyclists. 
  52. ↑ Massachusetts Goes Dutch To Protect Cyclists From Injury (Radio). All Things Considered. National Public Radio. June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Herein reported as first inclusion of 'Dutch Reach' method in a USA state's driver's manual, and introduces it as novel to NPR national audience.
  53. ↑ Bruce, Elyse (January 10, 2017). "Historically Speaking – Dutch Reach". https://idiomation.wordpress.com/2017/01/10/dutch-reach. 
  54. ↑ Mohn, Tanya (2018-10-05). "The Dutch Reach: A No-Tech Way to Save Bicyclists' Lives". The New York Times (USA). https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/smarter-living/the-dutch-reach-save-bicyclists-lives-bicycle-safety-drivers.html. "'It's just what Dutch people do,' said Fred Wegman ..." 
  55. ↑ Johnson, Marilyn (2013). "Cyclists and open vehicle doors: Crash characteristics and risk factors". Safety Science 59: 139. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2013.04.010. "... practices from countries with high cycling participation rate such as Denmark and the Netherlands could be adopted (e.g., van Leeuwen, 2006). Such examples may include when parallel parked: opening door with 'other' hand (left in Australia) to encourage drivers to twist in their seat and head check before opening the door;". 
  56. ↑ Shorto, Russell (July 30, 2011). "The Dutch Way: Bicycles and Fresh Bread". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/opinion/sunday/the-dutch-way-bicycles-and-fresh-bread.html. 
  57. ↑ Macmillan, Thomas (August 5, 2013). "Danger: Drivers Dooring Cyclists". New Haven, CT: New Haven Independent. https://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/dooring/. 
  58. ↑ "Bicycle Friendly Driver Program". 2016. https://www.fcgov.com/bicycling/bike-friendly-driver-program.php. 
  59. ↑ Large Vehicle Urban Driving Safety on YouTube
  60. ↑ "Cyclists launch campaign to prevent 'dooring'". Global News (Montreal, Canada). April 5, 2014. https://globalnews.ca/news/1252825/cyclists-launch-campaign-to-prevent-dooring/. 
  61. ↑ "Safety campaign aims to help drivers avoid 'dooring' people on bikes". March 17, 2016. https://bikehub.ca/about-us/news/safety-campaign-aims-to-help-drivers-avoid-dooring-people-on-bikes. "always open your door with your right hand, so you automatically look over your shoulder ..." 
  62. ↑ "About other road users, Sharing the road with cyclists, Common causes of cycle collisions, Opening a vehicle door". NZ Transport Agency, Waka Kotami. May 2015. https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-other-road-users/sharing-road-with-cyclists/. "Always check carefully for cyclists before you open your door.Using your left hand to open the door will turn your shoulders ..." 
  63. ↑ "Car doors & bike riders, Advice for drivers". Victoria, Australia: Victoria State Government. 2012. https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/safety-and-road-rules/cyclist-safety/car-doors-and-bike-riders. 
  64. ↑ ABC Radio Melbourne (March 1, 2015). "Brunswick cyclist's car-dooring death a 'wicked waste' and easily avoidable, safety campaigner says". ABC. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-02/car-dooring-death-easily-avoidable-safety-campaigner-says/6273352. "'It's called "lead with your left", which makes you turn just enough to see what's coming behind you,' she told 774 ABC Melbourne." 
  65. ↑ "NRSPP Brochure And Poster – BANG! Car Dooring Of Cyclists". NRSPP Australia. https://www.nrspp.org.au/resources/bang-car-dooring-of-cyclists-brochure-and-poster/. "Always Cross Check!" 
  66. ↑ "Road Safety: Dutch Reach – What is the Dutch Reach?". https://www.rospa.com/road-safety/advice/pedal-cyclists/sharing-the-road-together-drivers-cyclists/dutch-reach/. 
  67. ↑ "NEW Defensive Driving Course". United States. January 2019. https://www.nsc.org/safety-training/defensive-driving/courses/classroom/ddc-10th-edition. 
  68. ↑ Van Tassel, William E.; Chidester, Richard; Ferris, Edwin W. 'Ned' III; Saint, Nina (2020). How to Drive – Making Driver Education Fun and Easy! (15th ed.). United States: American Automobile Association. pp. 83–84, 231. ISBN 978-1-59508-617-4. https://drivertraining.aaa.biz/product-category/how-to-drive-15/. 
  69. ↑ "Protect Bicyclists with the Far Hand Reach Technique". June 11, 2019. https://www.nsc.org/home-safety/tools-resources/seasonal-safety/summer/bicycles/far-hand-reach. 
  70. ↑ Mohn, Tanya (2018-10-05). "The Dutch Reach: A No-Tech Way to Save Bicyclists' Lives". The New York Times (USA). https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/smarter-living/the-dutch-reach-save-bicyclists-lives-bicycle-safety-drivers.html. "AAA and the National Safety Council will teach the Dutch Reach technique in safety classes starting in January." 
  71. ↑ Kramer, Josh (2018-12-11). "Next month, U.S. driving schools will teach a Dutch technique that makes biking easier". Mobility Lab (Washington, D.C.). https://mobilitylab.org/2018/12/11/next-month-u-s-driving-schools-will-teach-a-dutch-technique-that-makes-biking-easier/. 
  72. ↑ Jones, Sam (February 10, 2017). "Do you do the Dutch Reach?". https://www.cyclinguk.org/blog/samjones/dutch-reach. 
  73. ↑ McLeod, Ken (June 6, 2017). "Does Your State Do the 'Dutch Reach?'". https://bikeleague.org/content/does-your-state-do-dutch-reach. 
  74. ↑ "How the Dutch Reach could have stopped a dooring". February 14, 2019. https://www.bicyclenetwork.com.au/newsroom/2019/02/14/the-dutch-reach-could-have-stopped-a-dooring/. 
  75. ↑ "Cycling advocate calls for motorists to use 'Dutch Reach' technique to avoid hitting cyclists with car doors". TVNZ (Auckland, New Zealand). January 17, 2018. https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/cycling-advocate-calls-motorists-use-dutch-reach-technique-avoid-hitting-cyclists-car-doors. 
  76. ↑ Cycling Guide – Dutch Reach – NYBC, NHTSA, & GTSC on Vimeo
  77. ↑ "Bicycle Friendly Driver Program". 2016. https://www.fcgov.com/bicycling/bike-friendly-driver-program.php. "Developed by FC Bikes in collaboration with Bike Fort Collins" 
  78. ↑ Annear, Steve (March 1, 2019). "'Fed up' cyclists send letter to Uber, Lyft asking drivers to stop obstructing bike lanes". https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/01/fed-cyclists-send-letter-uber-lyft-asking-drivers-stop-obstructing-bike-lanes/5zrtT5ADqoxYWttIeATb6O/story.html. 
  79. ↑ Baroness Vere of Norbiton (January 29, 2022). "Highway Code changes set to take effect this weekend". GOV.UK. Department for Transport and Active Travel England. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/highway-code-changes-set-to-take-effect-this-weekend. 
  80. ↑ "Rule 239". The Highway Code. Department for Transport. 27 July 2022. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-highway-code/waiting-and-parking-238-to-252. 
  81. ↑ Annear, Steve (2017-05-30). "MassDOT adds 'Dutch Reach' to driver's manual". Massachusetts, United States. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/05/30/massdot-adds-dutch-reach-driver-manual-reduce-dooring-incidents-with-cyclists/SURG0ifaRrpATvMgzHeJJI/story.html. 
  82. ↑ Illinois Rules of the Road 2018. Department of Transportation. March 2018. p. 43. https://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/publications/pdf_publications/dsd_a112.pdf. 
  83. ↑ Washington Driver Guide. Washington State Dept. of Transportation. February 2019. p. 27. https://www.dol.wa.gov/driverslicense/docs/driverguide-en.pdf. 
  84. ↑ Pennsylvania Driver's Manual 2019. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. June 2019. p. 93. https://www.dot.state.pa.us/Public/DVSPubsForms/BDL/BDL%20Manuals/Manuals/PA%20Drivers%20Manual%20By%20Chapter/English/PUB%2095.pdf. 
  85. ↑ "The Driving Companion Observation (How to use your eyes more effectively)". Government of South Australia, Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. October 2017. http://www.mylicence.sa.gov.au/the-driving-companion/observation. 
  86. ↑ "DDOT Launches #DCReach". District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia. October 27, 2017. https://ddot.dc.gov/release/ddot-launches-dcreach. 
  87. ↑ "DC DMV Automobile Driver Manual". Department of Motor Vehicles, Government of the District of Columbia. July 30, 2019. https://dmv.dc.gov/publication/dc-dmv-automobile-driver-manual. 
  88. ↑ Road Danger Reduction & Vision Zero. Road Danger Reduction and Active Travel Plan, 2018–2023, Theme Two. Steps 5 – 8, Safer Cars (Report). City of London Corporation. p. 47. https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/transport-and-streets/road-safety/Documents/road-danger-reduction-and-active-travel-plan.pdf. Retrieved June 23, 2018. 
  89. ↑ FahrradPortal (June 12, 2018). "Holländischer Griff rettet Leben – Berliner Kampagne zur Vermeidung von Türöffner-Unfällen" (in de). Bundesministerium fur Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages. https://nationaler-radverkehrsplan.de/de/aktuell/nachrichten/berliner-kampagne-zur-vermeidung-von-tueroeffner. 
  90. ↑ Safety First: Vision Zero Training for Professional Drivers (All Fleets). New York City: NYC TLC Channel. March 27, 2018.
  91. ↑ "Doors Are Dangerous". Street Code: Rules and Etiquette for Getting There Together. Cambridge, Massachusetts: City of Cambridge. December 2016. p. 9. https://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/~/media/9EC803500FCE4B2CACFCCA0FC4E93E4C.ashx. 
  92. ↑ Burbank Police Department (May 2018). "Keeping Bicyclists Safe with the Dutch Reach". City of Burbank, California. https://www.burbankpd.org/assets/1/16/Burbank_PD_Dutch_Reach_Infographic_PSA.pdf. 
  93. ↑ "4X Olympic Gold Medallist, Laura Kenny Helps Launch 'Addison Lean' Initiative to Protect Cyclists from 'Car Dooring'". June 2018. https://www.addisonlee.com/addisonlean/#. 
  94. ↑ Kuntzman, Gersh (April 22, 2019). "Lyft Decides to Do Something About Its Cab Customers Who Door Its Bike Customers". StreetsBlog NYC. https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2019/04/22/lyft-decides-to-do-something-about-its-cab-customers-who-door-its-bike-customers/. 
  95. ↑ "Lyft's Commitment to Sharing the Road". April 17, 2019. https://blog.lyft.com/posts/2019/4/17/lyfts-commitment-to-sharing-the-road. 
  96. ↑ Said, Carolyn (May 16, 2019). "Uber, Lyft act to reduce 'dooring' injuries to bicyclists". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Uber-Lyft-act-to-reduce-dooring-injuries-13850542.php?psid=4Uueo. 
  97. ↑ "7th International Cycling Safety Conference 2018". International Cycling Safety Community. October 10, 2018. https://icsc2018barcelona.congressus.es/. 
  98. ↑ Video on YouTube
  99. ↑ "Audi reveals cyclist-friendly techNew Audi A8 locks doors if it detects a cyclist". 2018. https://www.drive.com.au/motor-news/audi-reveals-cyclist-friendly-tech-115989.html. 
  100. ↑ "Zweimal kurz 'Ok': Tesla-Chef nimmt Twitter-Vorschläge für neue Funktionen an" (in de). January 7, 2020. https://teslamag.de/news/tesla-chef-nimmt-twitter-vorschlaege-fuer-neue-funktionen-an-26417. 
  101. ↑ Glass, Aoife (November 26, 2015). "This invention promises to stop car doors taking out cyclists". Australia: Immediate Media Company Limited. https://www.bikeradar.com/news/this-invention-promises-to-stop-car-doors-taking-out-cyclists/. "There are two products planned, based around a similar system, triggered by the unbuckling of a seatbelt. This starts a 'lighting sequence' in the lights placed around the rear window and side mirrors." 
  102. ↑ "Bosch launches AEB with cyclist detection". 29 August 2017. https://practicalmotoring.com.au/car-news/bosch-launches-aeb-cyclist-detection/. 
  103. ↑ Schönert, Thomas (June 14, 2021). "Der holländische Griff – eine einfache Hilfe" (in de). https://www.recklinghaeuser-zeitung.de/kreis-re/der-hollaendische-griff-eine-einfache-hilfe-w1643187-6000017399/. "Zudem weist Lesch darauf hin, dass Autofahrer vor dem Aussteigen natürlich auch in den Seitenspiegel schauen müssen. „Bei manchen Fahrzeug-Modellen gibt es allerdings das Problem, dass sich der anklappbare Seitenspiegel bereits vor dem Aussteigen einfährt“, warnt der Sprecher." 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 "Doorings in Chicago and NYC are still a sorry state but one of them is doing something about it". September 28, 2012. http://gridchicago.com/2012/doorings-in-chicago-and-nyc-are-still-a-sorry-state-but-one-of-them-is-doing-something-about-it/. 
  105. ↑ San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (November 3, 2016). "San Francisco 2012–2015 Collisions Report". p. 36. https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports/2016/San%20Francisco%20Collisions%20Report%202012%202015.pdf. 
  106. ↑ Urban Systems (January 22, 2015). "City of Vancouver Cycling Safety Study – Final Report". p. 67. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/cycling-safety-study-final-report.pdf. 
  107. ↑ Urban Systems (January 22, 2015). "City of Vancouver Cycling Safety Study – Final Report". p. 64. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/cycling-safety-study-final-report.pdf. 
  108. ↑ "City of Toronto: Transportation Services". http://www.toronto.ca/transportation/publications/bicycle_motor-vehicle/index.htm. 
  109. ↑ "Dooring collisions on the rise, yet not addressed in City's Road Safety Plan". https://www.cycleto.ca/news/dooring-collisions-rise-yet-not-addressed-city’s-road-safety-plan. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Laker, Laura (July 24, 2012). "Cyclists must steer clear of the threat of parked cars". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2012/jul/24/cyclists-threat-parked-cars. 
  111. ↑ "Heavy toll of car dooring incidents points to need for bigger fines". August 31, 2012. https://www.slatergordon.com.au/media-centre/media-releases/heavy-toll-car-dooring-incidents-points-need-bigger-fines. 
  112. ↑ Flack, Derek (August 9, 2013). "New website tracks who gets doored in Toronto". https://www.blogto.com/city/2013/08/new_website_tracks_cyclists_who_get_doored_in_toronto/. 
  113. ↑ "Door Zone Bike Lane Removed After Cyclist Killed". November 26, 2014. https://azbikelaw.org/door-zone-bike-lane-removed-after-cyclist-killed/. "Cycling Savvy Instructor John Brooking has compiled a list of 43 dooring fatalities, with names, dates and a narrative describing each crash." 
  114. ↑ "Bicyclist Fatalities and Serious Injuries in New York City 1996–2005". http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bicyclefatalities.pdf. 
  115. ↑ McCarthy, M.; Gilbert, K. (1996). "Cyclist road deaths in London 1985–1992: drivers, vehicles, manoeuvres and injuries". Accident Analysis and Prevention 28 (2): 275–279. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(95)00061-5. PMID 8703286. 
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  117. ↑ Power, Liza (November 26, 2011). "Reflecting on a tragedy". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/national/reflecting-on-a-tragedy-20111125-1nzd7.html. 
  118. ↑ Lott, D. F.; Lott, D. L. (1976). "Effect of Bike Lanes on Ten Classes of Bicycle-Automobile Accidents in Davis, California". Journal of Safety Research 8 (4): 171–179. 

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