Engineering:Foxing
Foxing is an age-related process of deterioration that causes spots and browning on old paper documents such as books, postage stamps, old paper money and certificates. The name may derive from the fox-like reddish-brown color of the stains,[1] or the rust chemical ferric oxide which may be involved. Paper so affected is said to be "foxed".
Foxing is rarely found in incunabula, or books printed before 1501.[2] Decrease in rag fibre quality may be a culprit; as demand for paper rose in later centuries, papermakers used less water and spent less time cleansing the rag fibres used to make paper.[3]
Although unsightly and a negative factor in the value of the paper item for collectors, foxing does not affect the actual integrity of the paper.
Foxing also occurs in biological study skins or specimens, as an effect of chemical reactions or mold on melanin.
Foxing can also be intentionally added to clothing to give it an aged appearance.
Aside from foxing, other types of age-related paper deterioration[4] include destruction of the lignin by sunlight and absorbed atmospheric pollution, typically causing the paper to become brown and crumble at the edges, and acid-related damage to cheap paper such as newsprint, which is manufactured without neutralizing acidic contaminants.
Causes of foxing
The causes of foxing are not well understood. One theory is that foxing is caused by a fungal growth[5] on the paper. Another theory is that foxing is caused by the effect on certain papers of the oxidation of iron, copper, or other substances in the pulp or rag from which the paper was made. It is possible that multiple factors are involved. High humidity may contribute to foxing.
Repairing foxed documents
Foxed documents can be repaired, with greater or lesser success, using sodium borohydride,[6] proprietary bleaches, dilute hydrogen peroxide or lasers. Each method risks side effects or damage to the paper or ink.
Another method is to scan the image and process that image using a high-level image processing program. This can usually remove the effects of foxing while leaving text and images intact.
In biological specimens
It is generally not advisable to repair study specimens, except perhaps for mechanical damage. Type specimens should – if at all possible – not be altered in any way. If foxing affects the study value of a specimen (e.g. in bird or mammal skins or in insects, where it might affect diagnostic coloration), this might rather be remarked on the specimen label. Color standards[7] can provide a means of documenting coloration before or in the early stages of foxing.
Foxed clothing
Foxing may also be applied to clothing through intentional scuffing of shirt collars, cuffs and shoes, to make items of clothing appear older, used and well-worn.
It also has an older meaning of older, worn, comfortable and prized clothing that is worn despite frays, wear etc.
See also
- List of used book conditions
- Distressing
References
- ↑ "Foxing (PCC) - Wiki". http://www.conservation-wiki.com/w/index.php?title=Foxing_(PCC).
- ↑ Iiams, Thomas M.; Beckwith, T. D. (October 1935). "Notes on the Causes and Prevention of Foxing in Books". The Library Quarterly 5 (4): 407–418. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4302211.
- ↑ Dard, Hunter (1978) (in en). Papermaking : the history and technique of an ancient craft. New York: Dover. pp. 154. ISBN 0-486-23619-6.
- ↑ "The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Essential Facts - Collections Care - Resources (Preservation, Library of Congress)". https://www.loc.gov/preservation/care/deterioratebrochure.html.
- ↑ Arai, Hideo (October 2000). "Foxing caused by Fungi: twenty-five years of study". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248436693.
- ↑ Masters, Kristin. "How to Prevent and Reverse Foxing in Rare Books". https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/bid/230209/how-to-prevent-and-reverse-foxing-in-rare-books.
- ↑ Smithe 1974.
Cited Sources
- Smithe, Frank B. (1974). Naturalist's Color Guide. American Museum of Natural History. ISBN 978-0-913424-04-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=o6gXAQAAIAAJ.
Related Works
- Smithe, Frank B (1974): Naturalists' Color Guide Supplement. American Museum of Natural History, NYC. ISBN:0-913424-04-8.
- Smithe, Frank B (1975-): Naturalist's Color Guide. American Museum of Natural History, NYC. ISBN:0-913424-03-X.
- Smithe, Frank B (1981): Naturalist's Color Guide Part III. American Museum of Natural History, NYC. ISBN:0-913424-05-6.
- Roberts, Matt; Etherington, Don (1981). Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. Washington DC: Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0844403663. https://books.google.com/books?id=iTU4rgEACAAJ.
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