Engineering:Detroit Diesel Series 71
| Series 71 | |
|---|---|
_(11177940814).jpg) Detroit Diesel 6V71 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Detroit Diesel |
| Production | 1938–1995 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Multi-cylinder, inline and V-type |
| Displacement | 71 cu in (1.2 L) (per cylinder) |
| Cylinder bore | 4 1⁄4 in (108 mm) |
| Piston stroke | 5 in (127 mm) |
| Block material | Cast iron[1] |
| Valvetrain | Pushrod-operated 2 or 4 valves per cyl. |
| Compression ratio | 18.7:1 (N/A) 17.0:1 (Turbo) |
| Combustion | |
| Turbocharger | On some versions |
| Fuel system | Unit fuel injection |
| Fuel type | Diesel |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 10–1,600 hp (7–1,193 kW) |
| Torque output | 299–2,150 lb⋅ft (405–2,915 N⋅m) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 36–79 in (910–2,010 mm) |
| Width | 29–47 in (740–1,190 mm) |
| Height | 39–59 in (990–1,500 mm) |
| Dry weight | 1,525–4,820 lb (692–2,186 kg) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Series 92 Series 60 |
The Detroit Diesel Series 71 is a two-stroke diesel engine series, available in both inline and V configurations, manufactured by Detroit Diesel. The number 71 refers to the nominal displacement per cylinder in cubic inches, a rounding off of 70.93 cu in (1.2 L).
Inline models included one, two, three, four and six cylinders, and the V-types six, eight, 12, 16, and 24 cylinders.
The two largest V units used multiple cylinder heads per bank to keep the head size and weight to manageable proportions, the V-16 using four heads from the four-cylinder inline model, and the V-24 using four heads from the inline six-cylinder model. This feature also assisted in reducing the overall cost of these large engines by maintaining parts commonality with the smaller models.
History
The inline six-cylinder 71 series engine was introduced as the initial flagship product of the Detroit Diesel Engine Division of General Motors in 1938.
This engine was in high demand during WWII, necessitating a dramatic increase in output: about 57,000 6-71s were used on American landing craft, including 19,000 on LCVPs, about 8,000 on LCM Mk 3, and about 9,000 in quads on LCIs; and 39,000 were used in armor, including 4,000 on Valentine tanks, 22,000 in double packs on M4A2s, and 11,000 on M10 tank destroyers.[2]
The V-type first appeared in 1957.
Sales of the Series 71 ceased in the summer of 1995, with the four-stroke Detroit Diesel engine introduced as a replacement.
Design
_(41450603320).jpg)
Bore and stroke are the same across all units, at 4 1⁄4 in × 5 in (108 mm × 127 mm). Inline models were famously "symmetrical," meaning that the blower, exhaust, water manifold, starter, and other components could be mounted on either side of the basic block to fit a particular application. A number of models could also run with the crankshaft turning either clockwise or counter-clockwise, called "Right Hand" or "Left Hand" rotation engines (as viewed from the front of the engine). The less-common Left Hand engines were typically used in buses, because the rotation matched rear-engined transverse installations. Boats equipped with two engines would typically use one Left Hand and one Right Hand, so that the torque from the propellers would cancel each other out, without the need for a complex reversing gear on one side.
As a two-stroke diesel engine that does not use crankcase aspiration cannot naturally draw in combustion air, the blower is inherently necessary to charge the cylinders with air for combustion. The blower also assists in scavenging spent combustion gasses at the end of the power stroke. All Series 71 engines use uniflow scavenging, in which a gear-driven Roots blower mounted to the exterior of the engine provides intake air through cored passages in the engine block and ports in the cylinder walls at slightly greater than atmospheric pressure. The engine exhausts through pushrod-operated poppet valves in the cylinder head(s), with either two or four valves per cylinder. Unit fuel injection is employed, one injector per cylinder, with no high fuel pressure outside of the injector body. The injectors are cycled from the same camshaft responsible for opening the exhaust valves.
Nomenclature
The first number refers to the number of cylinders in the engine, followed by a hyphen or "V", indicating inline or vee, respectively, then 71 for the Series designation, referring the nominal displacement per cylinder in cubic inches (rounding up 70.93 cu in (1.2 L)).
Like most Detroit Diesel two-cycle engines, the 71 Series are equipped with a blower yet still referred to as "naturally aspirated" (SAE designation). These do not have a model suffix identifier: 6-71 is an inline 6. When the model number includes a suffix, it denotes additional features. Engines equipped with needle unit[clarification needed] fuel injectors and commonly four exhaust valves per cylinder are indicated by the suffix "N", so for the V8, 8V-71N. Later versions were available with turbochargers, which discharged directly into the Roots blower intake; these have a "T" suffix, and with aftercooling, a "TA,, so 8V-71T or 8V-71TA. "TT" indicates Tailored Torque and "TTA" Tailored Torque Aftercooled. These models are designated for economy (Fuel Squeezer) and constant horsepower ratings.
Applications
The most popular incarnations of the series 71 engine as used for highway vehicle applications included the inline 6-71, the V-block 6V-71 (both widely used in transit buses) and the 8V-71 V-8. In addition to motorcoach propulsion, both inline and V types have found extensive usage in school buses, trucks, fire apparatus, motor homes, construction[3] and industrial machinery, a few farm tractors, commercial fishing vessels, and military vehicles and equipment.
The 71 series is very popular in marine applications, not only as a propulsion engine in small craft (Gray Marine 6-71) but as auxiliary power to drive generators, winches and other heavy shipboard machinery. The Detroit inline 6-71 engine, in all of its variations, was also available as a "pancake engine" (here variably called either 6L-71 or 6N-71) for horizontal (underfloor) mount applications, such as on larger Crown and Gillig school buses and articulated puller transit buses (such as the Crown-Ikarus 286). Many 4-71 engines were used in various types of construction equipment, such as Galion highway graders.
The six-cylinder version was also used in the Victorian Railways DERM railmotor.
Variants
| Detroit Diesel (2 cycle) common model and suffix codes | |
|---|---|
| Model codes | Description |
| L | Low profile |
| V | V-block |
| N | Needle Unit Injectors, four exhaust valves (per cylinder) |
| T | Turbocharged |
| TA | Turbocharged Aftercooled (JWAC Jacket Water Aftercooled) |
| TAC | Turbocharged Aftercooled California Certification (JWAC Jacket Water Aftercooled) |
| TT | Tailored Torque (Fuel Squeezer) |
| TTA | Tailored Torque Aftercooled (Fuel Squeezer Plus) (JWAC Jacket Water Aftercooled) |
| TI | Turbocharged Intercooled |
| TIB | Turbocharged Intercooled Bypass Blower |
| Model | Displacement | Engine configuration | Power |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1-71 | 1.2 L (71 cu in) | Single-cylinder | 34 hp (25 kW) |
| 2-71 | 2.3 L (142 cu in) | I-2 | 68 hp (51 kW) |
| 3-71 | 3.5 L (213 cu in) | I-3 | 113 hp (84 kW) |
| 4-71 | 4.7 L (284 cu in) | I-4 | 160 hp (119 kW) |
| 6-71 | 7.0 L (426 cu in) | I-6 | 170 hp (127 kW) |
| 6V-71 | 7.0 L (426 cu in) | V-6 | 238 hp (177 kW) |
| 8V-71 | 9.3 L (568 cu in) | V-8 | 318 hp (237 kW)[4] |
| 12V-71 | 14.0 L (852 cu in) | V-12 | 450 hp (336 kW) |
| 16V-71 | 18.6 L (1,136 cu in) | V-16 | 635 hp (474 kW) |
| Family | Model | Torque | Power | Length × Width × Height | Weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-71 | 3-71[5] | 299 lb⋅ft (405 N⋅m) @ 1400 rpm |
109 hp (81 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
36 in × 29 in × 41 in (0.91 m × 0.74 m × 1.04 m) |
1,525 lb (692 kg) |
| 4-71 | 4-71[5][6] | 385–400 lb⋅ft (522–542 N⋅m) @ 1600 rpm |
140–152 hp (104–113 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
42 in × 29 in × 42 in (1.07 m × 0.74 m × 1.07 m) |
1,780 lb (807 kg) |
| 4-71T[7] | 525 lb⋅ft (712 N⋅m) @ 1400 rpm |
190 hp (142 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
44 in × 31 in × 44 in (1.12 m × 0.79 m × 1.12 m) |
1,830 lb (830 kg) | |
| 6-71 | 6-71[5][8] | 600–612 lb⋅ft (813–830 N⋅m) @ 1600 rpm |
170–228 hp (127–170 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
54 in × 29 in × 39 in (1.37 m × 0.74 m × 0.99 m) |
2,230 lb (1,012 kg) |
| 6-71T[7][9] | 762–801 lb⋅ft (1,033–1,086 N⋅m) @ 1400 rpm |
275–285 hp (205–213 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
56 in × 32 in × 50 in (1.42 m × 0.81 m × 1.27 m) |
2,195–2,240 lb (996–1,016 kg) | |
| 6-71TT[10] | 853 lb⋅ft (1,157 N⋅m) @ 1200 rpm |
230 hp (172 kW) @ 1950 rpm |
56 in × 32 in × 52 in (1.42 m × 0.81 m × 1.32 m) |
2,195 lb (996 kg) | |
| 6V-71 | 6V-71[11][12] | 600 lb⋅ft (813 N⋅m) @ 1600 rpm |
228 hp (170 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
41 in × 39 in × 48 in (1.04 m × 0.99 m × 1.22 m) |
2,380 lb (1,080 kg) |
| 6V-71T[12] | 725 lb⋅ft (983 N⋅m) @ 1600 rpm |
262 hp (195 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
41 in × 40 in × 53 in (1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.3 m) |
2,380 lb (1,080 kg) | |
| 8V-71 | 8V-71[11][13] | 800 lb⋅ft (1,085 N⋅m) @ 1600 rpm |
304 hp (227 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
47 in × 39 in × 51 in (1.19 m × 0.99 m × 1.30 m) |
2,310 lb (1,048 kg) |
| 8V-71T[13] | 965 lb⋅ft (1,308 N⋅m) @ 1600 rpm |
350 hp (261 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
50 in × 40 in × 53 in (1.3 m × 1.0 m × 1.3 m) |
2,495 lb (1,132 kg) | |
| 8V-71TA[14] | 1,064 lb⋅ft (1,443 N⋅m) @ 1200 rpm |
370 hp (276 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
43 in × 38 in × 49 in (1.09 m × 0.97 m × 1.24 m) |
2,415 lb (1,095 kg) | |
| 8V-71TTA[14] | 1,064 lb⋅ft (1,443 N⋅m) @ 1200 rpm |
305 hp (227 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
43 in × 38 in × 49 in (1.09 m × 0.97 m × 1.24 m) |
2,415 lb (1,095 kg) | |
| 12V-71 | 12V-71[11][15] | 1,200 lb⋅ft (1,627 N⋅m) @ 1600 rpm |
456 hp (340 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
60 in × 46 in × 58 in (1.5 m × 1.2 m × 1.5 m) |
3,210 lb (1,456 kg) |
| 12V-71T[15] | 1,450 lb⋅ft (1,966 N⋅m) @ 1600 rpm |
525 hp (391 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
70 in × 46 in × 55 in (1.8 m × 1.2 m × 1.4 m) |
3,550 lb (1,610 kg) | |
| 16V-71
(two joined 8V71 engine blocks) |
16V-71TI[16] | 2,150 lb⋅ft (2,915 N⋅m) @ 1600 rpm |
800 hp (597 kW) @ 2100 rpm |
79 in × 47 in × 59 in (2.0 m × 1.2 m × 1.5 m) |
4,820 lb (2,186 kg) |
Model numbers
| Engine | Model numbers |
Injectors | Rated gross power | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kW | BHP | |||
| 25993 | 1033–5000 | 81 | ||
| 1033–7000 | 81 | |||
| 26024 | 1043–5000 | N60 | 104 | 140 |
| 26024 | 1043–5000 | N65 | 113 | 152 |
| 4-71 + Torque Converter | 1043–5001 | N65 | 113 | 152 |
| 26024 | 1043–7000 | N60 | 104 | 140 |
| 26024 | 1043–7000 | N65 | 113 | 152 |
| 4-71T | 1043–8300 | N75 | 142 | 190 |
| 26085 | 1063–5000 | N65 | 170 | 228 |
| 26085 | 1063–5000 | N65 | 228 | |
| 6-71 + Torque Converter | 1063–5001 | N65 | 170 | 228 |
| 26085 | 1063–5100 | N65 | 218 | |
| 1063–7000 | 228 | |||
| 26085 | 1063–7000 | N65 | 170 | 228 |
| 26085 | 1063–7100 | N65 | 218 | |
| 6-71T | 1063–8300 | N75 | 213 | 285 |
| 6-71T | 1063–8340 | 7C75 | 205 | 275 |
| 6-71TT | 1063–8740 | 7E+75 | 172 | 230 |
| 6V71 | 7063–7000 | N65 | 170 | 228 |
| 6V71 + Torque Converter | 7063–7001 | N65 | 170 | 228 |
| 6V71T | 7063–7300 | N75 | 195 | 262 |
| 8V71 | 7083–7000 | N65 | 227 | 304 |
| 8V71 + Torque Converter | 7083–7001 | N65 | 227 | 304 |
| 8V71 | 7087–7040 | 7E+65 | 227 | 304 |
| 8V71T | 7083–7300 | N75 | 261 | 350 |
| 8V71T | 7087–7340 | N75 | 350 | |
| 7087–7344 | N65 | 308 | ||
| 7087–7344 | N70 | 335 | ||
| 8V71TA | 7087–7640 | 7C75 | 276 | 370 |
| 8V71TT | 7087–7340 | N75 | 228 | 305 |
| 8V71TTA | 7087–7940 | 7C75 | 228 | 305 |
| 12V71 +Torque Converter | 7123–7001 | 340 | ||
Further developments
WWII General Motors 6004/6046 engine
The inline 6-71 was adapted to British requirements as the power plant for Canadian (and later British) built Valentine tanks where it was known as the GMC 6004, orders being placed in late September 1940.[17]
The 6046 Diesel was a twin engine setup used by US and British tanks and tank destroyers.
- The M3A3 (Lee IV/Lee V) and M3A5 (Grant II) variants of the M3 tank
- M4A2 variant of the M4 Sherman tank
- M10 tank destroyer and the re-gunned British variant, the 17pdr SP Achilles
- M36B2 variant of the M36 tank destroyer
Detroit Diesel 6051 quad-71
The Detroit Diesel 6051 quad-71 was a Detroit Diesel Series 6-71 side by side tandem engine setup of two banks of four engines each driving two propeller shafts in Landing Craft Infantry LCI(L). The eight engines produced a total of 1,600 bhp (1,193 kW).[18]
Soviet/Russian copies
In the Soviet Union / Russia, various versions of this engine-type were produced at the YaAZ automobile factory in Yaroslavl.[19] Throughout World War II, the 4-71 engine both in locally assembled form (built by Lend-Lease provided American industrial equipment) and from US-supplied kits had been used for Ya-12 light artillery tractors.[20] After 1945, the 4-71 engine entered production in a slightly modified configuration (deuniversalization, conversion to metric units, a more powerful preheater[21]) to suit the conditions of the Soviet Union–branded "YaAZ-204".[19] After 1947, the factory used a copy of the 6-71 engine branded "YaAZ-206" in the YaAZ-210 and YaAZ-214 heavy trucks built from 1951 to 1959. The vehicle production was transferred to KrAZ in Kremenchuk, Ukraine , in 1959, where trucks with newer versions of the YaAZ-206 stood in production until the appearance of the four-stroke V8-engined KrAZ-255 in 1967.[22][23][24][25][26]
See also
References
- ↑ "71 Series Liner and Cylinder Block Bore Measurements". https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/71_liner_chart.htm.
- ↑ "Detroit Diesel Division of GM in World War Two". https://usautoindustryworldwartwo.com/General%20Motors/detroit-diesel.htm. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ↑ "Allis-Chalmers TS-460 motor scraper". 26 April 2017. https://contractormag.co.nz/classic-machines/allis-chalmers-ts-460/.
- ↑ Barrington, Steve. "Detroit Diesel 8v-71 manuals and specifications". https://www.barringtondieselclub.co.za/detroit/8v71-detroit-diesel.html.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "fan-to-flywheel models: 3-71, 4-71, & 6-71". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/3_4_671na_ind.pdf.
- ↑ "fan-to-flywheel models: 4-71". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/471na_ind.pdf.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "fan-to-flywheel models: 4-71T & 6-71T". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/4_671t_ind.pdf.
- ↑ "fan-to-flywheel models: 6-71". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/671na_ind.pdf.
- ↑ "truck models: 6-71T". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/671t_automotive.pdf.
- ↑ "truck models: 6-71TT". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/671tt_automotive.pdf.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "fan-to-flywheel models: 6V-71, 8V-71, & 12V-71". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/6v_8V_12v71na_ind_convtr.pdf.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "fan-to-flywheel models: 6V-71 & 6V-71T". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/6v71na-t_ind.pdf.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "fan-to-flywheel models: 8V-71 & 8V-71T". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/8v71na-t_ind.pdf.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "8V-71TA & 8V-71TTA". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/8v71ta-tta_automotive.pdf.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "fan-to-flywheel models: 12V-71 & 12V-71T". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/12v71na-t_ind.pdf.
- ↑ "fan-to-flywheel models: 16V-71TI". Detroit Diesel Engines. https://www.powerlinecomponents.com/literature/detroit_diesel/brochures/16v71ti_ind.pdf.
- ↑ Engines used by British vehicles
- ↑ Allied landing craft and ships ibiblio.org
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 "YaAZ-204 Diesel engine" (in ru). русская-сила.рф. http://xn----7sbb5ahj4aiadq2m.xn--p1ai/guide/army/tr/yaaz204.shtml.
- ↑ "Engines of the Red Army in WW2 - Artillery Tractor Ya-12". Engines of the Red Army in WW2. 2007-03-12. http://www.o5m6.de/ya_12.html.
- ↑ "Дизельный первенец ярославцев". http://www.gruzovikpress.ru/article/3169-dizelniy-pervenets-yaroslavtsev.
- ↑ Andrei Bogomolov. "Oldtimer picture gallery. Trucks. YaAZ.". http://www.autogallery.org.ru/yaaz.htm.
- ↑ Andrei Bogomolov. "Oldtimer gallery. Trucks. YaAZ-210.". http://www.autogallery.org.ru/yaaz210.htm.
- ↑ "KrAZ-219". OldRussianCars.com. 2013-07-21. http://www.oldrussiancars.com/category/trucks/kraz-219/.
- ↑ "YaAZ-218". OldRussianCars.com. http://www.oldrussiancars.com/yaaz-218/.
- ↑ "KrAZ-222". OldRussianCars.com. http://www.oldrussiancars.com/kraz-222/.
Sources
- Shelton, Chris. "Then, Now, and Forever" in Hot Rod, March 2017, pp.16-29.
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