Engineering:Grumman E-2 Hawkeye

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Short description: Airborne early warning and control aircraft

E-2 Hawkeye
An E-2D Advanced Hawkeye conducts a flight test
General information
TypeAirborne early warning and control
National originUnited States
ManufacturerGrumman
Northrop Grumman
Management and usageUnited States Navy
Number built313 (total); 88 (E-2D)[1]
History
Manufactured1960–present
Introduction dateJanuary 1964
First flight21 October 1960
Developed intoGrumman C-2 Greyhound

The Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye is an American all-weather, carrier-capable, tactical airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft. This twin-turboprop aircraft was designed and developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s by the Grumman Aircraft Company for the United States Navy as a replacement for the earlier, piston-engined E-1 Tracer, which was rapidly becoming obsolete. The aircraft's performance has been upgraded with the E-2B and E-2C versions, where most of the changes were made to the radar and radio communications due to advances in electronic integrated circuits and other electronics. The fourth major version of the Hawkeye is the E-2D, which first flew in 2007. The E-2 was the first aircraft designed specifically for AEW, as opposed to a modification of an existing airframe, such as the Boeing E-3 Sentry. Variants of the Hawkeye have been in continuous production since 1960, giving it the longest production run of any carrier-based aircraft.

The E-2 also received the nickname "Super Fudd"[2] because it replaced the WF (later E-1) "Willy Fudd". In recent decades, the E-2 has been commonly referred to as the "Hummer" because of the distinctive sounds of its turboprop engines, quite unlike that of turbojet and turbofan jet engines. In addition to U.S. Navy service, smaller numbers of E-2s have been sold to the armed forces of Egypt, France, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Singapore, and Taiwan. Grumman also used the basic layout of the E-2 to produce the Grumman C-2 Greyhound cargo aircraft.

Development

Background

Continual improvements in airborne radars through 1956 led to the construction of AEW airplanes by several different countries and several different armed forces. The functions of command and control and sea and air surveillance were also added. The first carrier-based aircraft to perform these missions for the U.S. Navy and its allies was the Douglas AD Skyraider, which was replaced in US Navy service by the Grumman E-1 Tracer, which was a modified version of the S-2 Tracker twin-engined, antisubmarine warfare aircraft, where the radar was carried in an aerofoil-shaped radome carried above the aircraft's fuselage.[3]

E-2A and E-2B Hawkeye

In 1956, the U.S. Navy developed a requirement for an AEW aircraft where its data could be integrated into the Naval Tactical Data System aboard the Navy's ships, with a design from Grumman being selected to meet this requirement in March 1957.[4] Its design, initially designated W2F-1, but later redesignated the E-2A Hawkeye, was the first carrier plane that had been designed from its wheels up as an AEW and command-and-control airplane. The design engineers at Grumman faced immense challenges, including the requirement that the aircraft be able to operate from the older modified Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist.s. These vessels were built during World War II and were smaller than modern carriers, being later modified to allow them to operate jet aircraft. Consequently, various height, weight, and length restrictions had to be factored into the E-2A design, resulting in some handling characteristics that were less than ideal. However, the E-2A never operated from the modified Essex-class carriers.

A Grumman E-2A Hawkeye in flight in the early 1960s

After Navy officials had been forced to explain to Congress why four production contracts had been signed before avionics testing had been completed, action was taken; Grumman and the US Navy scrambled to improve the design. The unreliable rotary drum computer was replaced by a Litton L-304 digital computer[5][6] and various avionics systems were replaced – the upgraded aircraft were designated E-2Bs. In total, 49 of the 59 E-2As were upgraded to E-2B standards. These aircraft replaced the E-1B Tracers in the various US Navy AEW squadrons.[citation needed]

E-2C Hawkeye and upgrades

An E-2C Hawkeye assigned to VAW-120 flies over Jacksonville, Florida
Radar operations inside an E-2C of VAW-115
An E-2C Hawkeye takes off from the missing name in 2019



By 1997, the US Navy intended that all front-line squadrons would be equipped, for a total of 75 Group II aircraft. Grumman merged with Northrop in 1994 and plans began on the Group II Plus, also known as the Group II/NAV upgrade. This kept the same computer and radar as the Group II while upgrading the pilot avionics, such as replacing the mechanical inertial navigation system (INS) with a more reliable and accurate laser Ring Gyroscope-driven INS, installing dual multifunction control display units (vs. one in the Group II) and integrating GPS into the weapons system. A variant of the Group II with upgrades to the mission computer and combat information center (CIC) workstations is referred to as the MCU/ACIS; these were produced in small numbers due to production of the Hawkeye 2000 soon after its introduction. All Group II aircraft had their 1960s-vintage computer processors replaced by a mission computer with the same functionality via modern computer technology, referred to as the GrIIM RePr (Group II Mission Computer Replacement Program, pronounced "grim reaper").[7]

Another upgrade to the Group II was the Hawkeye 2000, which featured the same APS-145 radar, but incorporated an upgraded mission computer and CIC workstations (Advanced Control Indicator Set or ACIS and carries the U.S. Navy's new CEC (cooperative engagement capability) data-link system. It is also fitted with larger-capacity, vapor-cycle, avionics cooling system. Starting in 2007, a hardware and software upgrade package began to be added to existing Hawkeye 2000 aircraft. This upgrade allowed faster processing, double-current trackfile capacity, and access to satellite information networks. Hawkeye 2000 cockpits being upgraded included solid-state glass displays and a GPS-approach capability.[8] The remaining Hawkeye Group II NAV Upgrade aircraft received GPS approach capability, but did not get the solid-state glass displays. In 2004, the E-2C's propeller system was changed; a new eight-bladed propeller system named NP2000 was developed by the Hamilton-Sundstrand company to replace the old four-bladed design. Improvements included reduced vibrations and better maintainability as a result of the ability to remove prop blades individually instead of having to remove the entire prop and hub assembly.[9] The propeller blades are of carbon fiber construction with steel leading-edge inserts and deicing boots at the root of the blade.[10]

E-2D Advanced Hawkeye

E-2D of VAW-125 over NS Norfolk

The E-2 was once considered for replacement by the "Common Support Aircraft", but this concept was abandoned. The latest E-2 version is the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye, which features an entirely new avionics suite, including the new AN/APY-9 radar, radio suite, mission computer, integrated satellite communications, flight management system, improved T56-A-427A engines, a glass cockpit, and aerial refueling.[11][12] The APY-9 radar features an active electronically scanned array (AESA),[13] which adds electronic scanning to the mechanical rotation of the radar in its radome. The E-2D includes provisions for the copilot to act as a "tactical 4th operator" (T4O), able to reconfigure the main cockpit display to show radar, IFF, and Link 16 (JTIDS) or CEC and to access all acquired data. The E-2D's first flight occurred on 3 August 2007.[14] On 8 May 2009, an E-2D used its Cooperative Engagement Capability system to engage an overland cruise missile with a Standard Missile SM-6 fired from another platform in an integrated fire-control system test.[citation needed] These two systems will form the basis of the Naval Integrated Fire Control – Counter Air (NIFC-CA) when fielded in 2015; the USN is investigating adding other systems to the NIFC-CA network in the future.[15]

The APY-9 radar has been suspected of being capable of detecting fighter-sized stealth aircraft, which are typically optimized against high frequencies such as Ka, Ku, X, C, and parts of the S-bands. Small aircraft lack the size or weight allowances for all-spectrum, low-observable features, leaving a vulnerability to detection by the UHF-band APY-9 radar, potentially detecting fifth-generation fighters including the Russian Sukhoi Su-57 and the Chinese Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang J-31. Historically, UHF radars had resolution and detection issues that made them ineffective for accurate targeting and fire control; Northrop Grumman and Lockheed claim that the APY-9 has solved these shortcomings by using advanced electronic scanning and high digital computing power via space/time adaptive processing. According to the Navy's NIFC-CA concept, the E-2D could guide fleet weapons, such as AIM-120 AMRAAM and SM-6 missiles, onto targets beyond a launch platform's detection range or capabilities.[16]

The first E-2D with aerial refueling capability was delivered in September 2019.

Deliveries of initial-production E-2Ds began in 2010.[17] On 4 February 2010, the first production E-2D Advanced, dubbed "Delta One", conducted the D model's first carrier landing aboard USS Harry S. Truman as a part of carrier suitability testing.[18] On 27 September 2011, an E-2D was successfully launched by the prototype Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) at Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst.[19][20] On 12 February 2013, the Office of the Secretary of Defense approved the E-2D to enter full-rate production. The Navy planned for an initial operational capability by 2015.[21] In June 2013, the 10th E-2D was delivered to the Navy, with an additional 10 aircraft in various stages of manufacturing and predelivery flight testing. On 18 July 2013, Northrop Grumman was awarded a $113.7 million contract for five full-rate production Lot 2 E-2D Advanced Hawkeye aircraft.[22] On 13 August 2013, Northrop Grumman was awarded a $617 million contract for five E-2Ds until full-rate production Lot 1.[23] On 30 June 2014, Northrop Grumman was awarded a $3.6 billion contract to supply 25 more E-2D, for a total contracted number of 50 aircraft; 13 E-2D models had been delivered by that time.[24]

In December 2016, an E-2D flew for the first time with an aerial refueling capability. This feature allows the aircraft to double its time on station to five hours and increase total mission time from four to seven hours. The refueling modification began with the 46th plane (out of 75 planned) for delivery in late 2020, costing an additional $2 million per aircraft. The Navy plans to retrofit the feature on all previous Hawkeyes for $6 million per plane.[25][needs update]

Design

Like the earlier E-1 Tracer, the E-2 uses the Grumman Sto-Wing folding wing system for carrier storage.

The E-2 is a high-wing airplane, with one Allison T56 turboprop engine (5250 shp rating) on each wing[26] and retractable tricycle landing gear. As with all CATOBAR carrier-borne airplanes, the E-2 is equipped with a tail hook for recovery (landing) and the nose gear can attach to a shuttle of the aircraft carrier's catapults for launch (takeoff). A distinguishing feature of the Hawkeye is its 24-foot (7.3 m) diameter rotating radar dome (rotodome) that is mounted above its fuselage and wings. This carries the E-2's primary antennas for its long-range radar and IFF systems. No other carrier-borne aircraft possesses one of these. Land-based aircraft with rotodomes include the Boeing E-3 Sentry, a larger AWACS airplane operated by the U.S. Air Force and NATO air forces in large numbers. The similarly placed stationary radome of the E-2's piston-engined predecessor, the E-1 Tracer, also mandated the E-2's adoption of a modern version of the Grumman Sto-Wing folding wing system,[27][28] preventing the folded wing panels from making contact with the E-2's rotodome.[29]



Operational history

US Navy

E-2C in landing configuration; upgraded; aircraft has been upgraded to have 8 propellers.
A US Navy E-2C of VAW-117 approaches the flight deck of missing name.
US Navy E-2D Hawkeye flies over Iwakuni, Japan (May 4, 2025)

The E-2A entered U.S. Navy service in January 1964 and in April 1964 with VAW-11 at NAS North Island.[30] The first deployment was aboard the aircraft carrier missing name during 1965.[31]

Since entering combat during the Vietnam War, the E-2 has served the US Navy around the world, acting as the electronic "eyes of the fleet".

In August 1981, a Hawkeye from VAW-124 "Bear Aces" directed two F-14 Tomcats from VF-41 "Black Aces" in an intercept mission in the Gulf of Sidra that resulted in the downing of two Libyan Sukhoi Su-22s. Hawkeyes from VAW-123 aboard the aircraft carrier missing name directed a group of F-14 Tomcat fighters flying the Combat Air Patrol during Operation El Dorado Canyon, the joint strike of two Carrier Battle Groups in the Mediterranean Sea against Libyan targets during 1986.

More recently, E-2Cs provided the command and control for both aerial warfare and land-attack missions during the Persian Gulf War. Hawkeyes have supported the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Customs Service, and American federal and state police forces during anti-drug operations.

In the mid-1980s, several U.S. Navy E-2Cs were made available to the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Customs Service for counter-narcotics (CN) and maritime interdiction operations. The Coast Guard produced a small cadre of naval flight officers (NFOs), starting with the recruitment and interservice transfer of Navy NFOs with E-2 flight experience and the flight training of other junior Coast Guard officers as NFOs. A fatal aircraft mishap on 24 August 1990 involving a Coast Guard E-2C at the former Naval Station Roosevelt Roads in Puerto Rico[32] prompted the Coast Guard to discontinue flying E-2Cs and to return its E-2Cs to the Navy. The U.S. Customs Service also returned its E-2Cs to the Navy and concentrated on the use of former U.S. Navy P-3 Orion aircraft in the CN role.

Hawkeye interior (Group 0 configuration)

The E-2 Hawkeye is a crucial component of all U.S. Navy carrier air wings; each carrier is equipped with four Hawkeyes (five in some situations), allowing for continuous 24-hour-a-day operation of at least one E-2 and for one or two to undergo maintenance in the aircraft carrier's hangar deck at all times. Until 2005, the US Navy Hawkeyes were organized into East and West Coast wings, supporting the respective fleets. However, the East coast wing was disestablished, all aircraft were organized into a single wing based at Point Mugu, California. Six E-2C aircraft were deployed by the U.S. Navy Reserve for drug interdiction and homeland security operations until 9 March 2013, when the sole Reserve squadron, VAW-77 "Nightwolves", was decommissioned and its six aircraft sent to other squadrons.[33][34]

During Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom all ten Regular Navy Hawkeye squadrons flew overland sorties. They provided battle management for attack of enemy ground targets, close-air-support coordination, combat search and rescue control, and airspace management, as well as datalink and communication relay for both land and naval forces. During the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, three Hawkeye squadrons (two regular Navy and one Navy Reserve) were deployed in support of civilian relief efforts including Air Traffic Control responsibilities spanning three states, and the control of U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, and Army National Guard and Air National Guard helicopter rescue units.

The cockpit of an E-2C Hawkeye of United States Navy VAW-115.

Hawkeye 2000s first deployed in 2003 aboard missing name with VAW-117, the "Wallbangers" (formerly the "Nighthawks") and CVW-11. U.S. Navy E-2C Hawkeyes have been upgraded with eight-bladed propellers as part of the NP2000 program; the first squadron to cruise with the new propellers was VAW-124 "Bear Aces". The Hawkeye 2000 version can track over 2,000 targets simultaneously while also detecting 20,000 targets to a range greater than 400 mi (640 km) and simultaneously guide 40–100 air-to-air intercepts or air-to-surface engagements. In 2014, several E-2C Hawkeyes from the Bear Aces of VAW-124 were deployed from missing name as flying command posts and air traffic controllers over Iraq during Operation Inherent Resolve against the Islamic State.[35]

VAW-120, the E-2C fleet replacement squadron began receiving E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes for training use in July 2010.[36] On 27 March 2014, the first E-2Ds were delivered to the VAW-125.[37] The E-2D achieved Initial Operational Capability (IOC) in October 2014 when VAW-125 was certified to have five operational aircraft. This began training on the aircraft for its first operational deployment, scheduled for 2015 aboard missing name.[38][39] The E-2D will play a larger role than that of the E-2C, with five E-2Ds aboard each carrier instead of the current four C-models, requiring the acquisition of 75 total E-2Ds.[35] On 11 March 2015, the Theodore Roosevelt Carrier Strike Group departed Naval Station Norfolk[40] and returned to port on 23 November 2015, concluding the first operational use of the E-2D.[41]

Other operators

E-2 Hawkeyes have been sold by the U.S. Federal Government under Foreign Military Sales (FMS) procedures to the armed forces of Egypt, France, Israel, Japan, Singapore and Taiwan.[42]

Egypt

Egypt purchased five E-2C Hawkeyes, that entered service in 1987 and were upgraded to Hawkeye 2000 standard. One additional upgraded E-2C was purchased. The first upgraded aircraft was delivered in March 2003 and deliveries were concluded in late 2008. Egypt requested two additional excess E-2C aircraft in October 2007; deliveries began in 2010.[43] They all operate in 601 AEW Brigade, Cairo-West.

Egypt used the E-2C Hawkeye in a bombing operation in 2015 against ISIL in Libya.[44]

France

French Navy Hawkeye with folded wings

The French Naval Aviation (Aeronavale) operates three E-2C Hawkeyes and has been the only operator of the E-2 Hawkeye from an aircraft carrier besides the U.S. Navy.[45] The French nuclear-powered carrier, missing name, currently carries two E-2C Hawkeyes on her combat patrols offshore. The third French E-2C Hawkeye has been upgraded with eight-bladed propellers as part of the NP2000 program. In April 2007, France requested the purchase of an additional aircraft.

The Flottille 4F of the French Navy's Aeronavale was stood up on 2 July 2000 and flies its E-2C Hawkeyes from its naval air station at Lann-Bihoue, deploying to the Charles de Gaulle. They took part in operations in Afghanistan and Libya.[46]

In September 2019 Florence Parly, French Minister of the Armed Forces, announced that three new E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes would be purchased in 2020 to replace the E-2Cs in service.[47]

In December 2024, France's first E-2D Hawkeye entered production, scheduled for delivery in 2027.[48]

Japan

On 6 September 1976, Soviet Air Forces pilot Viktor Belenko successfully defected, landing his MiG-25 'Foxbat' at Hakodate Airport, Japan. During this incident, the Japan Self-Defense Forces' (JASDF) radar lost track of the aircraft when Belenko flew his MiG-25 at a low altitude, prompting the JASDF to consider procurement of airborne early warning aircraft.

Initially, the E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system aircraft was considered to be the prime candidate for the airborne early warning mission by the JASDF. However, the Japanese Defense Agency realized that the E-3 would not be readily available due to USAF needs and opted to procure E-2 Hawkeye aircraft. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force bought thirteen E-2C aircraft to improve its early warning capabilities. The E-2C was put into service with the Airborne Early Warning Group (AEWG) at Misawa Air Base in January 1987.

On 21 November 2014, the Japanese Ministry of Defense officially decided to procure the E-2D version of the Hawkeye, instead of the Boeing 737 AEW&C design.[49] In June 2015, the Japanese government requested to buy four E-2Ds through a Foreign Military Sale.[50]

In September 2018 the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) notified Congress of the possible sale of up to nine E-2Ds to Japan.[51]

A sale of up to five E-2Ds for JASDF was approved by the U.S. State Department and DSCA notified Congress on 7 March 2023.[52] The sale includes ancillary equipment, spares and training support for an estimated $1.38 billion. The proposed five E-2Ds are in addition to the six E-2Ds Japan already has and the seven more it has on order. However, the Japanese Ministry of Defense did not reveal in its most recent proposed budget any intention to acquire more aircraft.[53]

Mexico

In 2004, three former Israel Air Force E-2C aircraft were sold to the Mexican Navy to perform maritime and shore surveillance missions. These aircraft were upgraded locally by IAI. The first Mexican E-2C was rolled out in January 2004.[54]

Singapore

An E-2C Hawkeye of the RSAF from 111 Sqn on static display at Paya Lebar Air Base, 2006

The Republic of Singapore Air Force acquired four Grumman E-2C Hawkeye airborne early warning aircraft in 1987, which are assigned to the 111 Squadron "Jaeger" based at Tengah Air Base.

In April 2007, it was announced that the four E-2C Hawkeyes were to be replaced with four Gulfstream G550s which would become the primary early warning aircraft of the Singapore Air Force. On 13 April 2012, the newer G550 AEWs officially took over duty from the former.[55][56][57] Singapore has close ties with the Israel military which has also acquired the G550 AEW.

Israel

Israel was the first export customer; its four Hawkeyes were delivered during 1981, complete with the folding wings characteristic of carrier-borne aircraft.

The four examples were soon put into active service before and during the 1982 Lebanon War during which they won a resounding victory over Syrian air defenses and fighter control. They were central to the Israeli victory in the air battles over the Bekaa Valley during which over 90 Syrian fighters were downed. The Hawkeyes were also the linchpins of the operation in which the IAF destroyed the surface-to-air missile (SAM) array in the Bekaa, coordinating the various stages of the operation, vectoring planes into bombing runs and directing intercepts. Under constant escort by F-15 Eagles, there were always two Hawkeyes on station off the Lebanese coast, controlling the various assets in the air and detecting any Syrian aircraft upon their takeoff, eliminating any chance of surprise.

The Israeli Air Force (IAF) operated four E-2s[45] for its homeland AEW protection through 1994. The IAF was the first user of the E-2 to install air-to-air refueling equipment.

Three of the four Israeli-owned Hawkeyes were sold to Mexico[45] in 2002 after they had been upgraded with new systems; the remaining example was sent to be displayed in the Israeli Air Force Museum. In 2010, Singapore began retiring its E-2Cs as well. Both Israel and Singapore now employ the Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) Eitam, a Gulfstream G550-based platform with Elta's EL/W-2085 sensor package (a newer derivative of the airborne Phalcon system) for their national AEW programs.[58]

Taiwan

ROCAF E-2K, the updated E-2T, at Songshan Air Force Base, 2011

Taiwan acquired four E-2T aircraft from the US on 22 November 1995. On 15 April 2006 Taiwan commissioned two new E-2K Hawkeyes at an official ceremony at the Republic of China Air Force (ROCAF) base in Pingtung Airport in southern Taiwan.

The four E-2Ts were approved for upgrade to Hawkeye 2000 configuration in a 2008 arms deal.[59][60] The four E-2T aircraft were upgraded to what became known as E-2K standard in two batches, the first batch of two aircraft were sent to the United States in June 2010, arriving home in late 2011; on their return the second batch of two aircraft were sent for upgrade, returning to Taiwan in March 2013.[61]

Offers

In August 2009, the U.S. Navy and Northrop Grumman briefed the Indian Navy on the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye on its potential use to satisfy its current shore-based and future carrier-based Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) requirements. The Indian Navy has reportedly expressed interest in acquiring up to six Hawkeyes.[62][63]

Variants

E-2A of VAW-11 landing in 1966 on missing name
A VAW-113 E-2B after landing on USS Coral Sea in 1979
A U.S. Navy E-2C Hawkeye launches from USS John C. Stennis
W2F-1
Original designation of the Hawkeye, changed to E-2A in 1962.
E-2A
Initial production version, was W2F-1 before 1962. 59 built.[31]
TE-2A
Two E-2As converted as crew trainers.[31]
YC-2A
Two E-2As, BUNOs 148147 and 148148, converted as prototypes of the C-2 Greyhound
E-2B
As E-2A but fitted with improved computing, enlarged outer fins. 52 converted from E-2A.[31]
YE-2C
Two E-2As, BUNOs 148712 and 148713, converted as E-2C prototypes. Designated as YE-2C and NE-2C respectively. These airframes then finished out their useful life being used as TE-2C pilot trainers.
E-2C
As the E-2B but with all new electronics, surveillance radar and search radar, 63 built. In "plus-models" the E-2C also has upgraded turboprop engines.
E-2C Group 0
Initial production version of E-2C, fitted with AN/APS-120 or AN/APS-125 radar. Lengthened nose compared to earlier versions[64][65]
E-2C Group I
New radar (AN/APS-139), plus upgraded mission computer and upgraded engines. 18 new build aircraft.[65][66]
E-2C Group 2
AN/APS-145 radar, further improved electronics.[65][66]
E-2C Group 2 Plus (Nav Upgrade)
E-2C Hawkeye 2000
New mission computer, Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) and additional satellite communications aerial. Originally designated Group 2+.[65][66]
E-2D
A variant with new avionics suite, improved engines, a new "glass cockpit" and the potential for air-to-air refueling.
E-2T/K
E-2C variant for Republic of China (Taiwan), with parts taken from retired E-2Bs (USN BuNos 151709, 151710, 151724, 152479).[67] However, these aircraft have the same level of electronics as the E-2C Group II Hawkeyes with their APS-145 radars and are referred to as E-2T, with "T" standing for Taiwan.[59] On July 31, 1999, Taiwan was approved to acquire two additional E-2s built to Hawkeye 2000 standard. Later, the four original E-2Ts were also upgraded to the same standard. The upgraded aircraft were referred to as E-2Ks.[citation needed]

Operators

French Naval Aviation Hawkeye preparing to be catapulted from the French aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle.
Map of current operators of the E-2 Hawkeye in blue and former operators in red
 Egypt
 France
  • French Navy[68]
    • Flottille 4F (E-2C Hawkeye 2000)[70]
 Japan
  • Japan Air Self-Defense Force: As of March 2023, the JASDF operated 10 E-2Cs and 6 E-2Ds.[53][71]
    • 601st Squadron (E-2C) & (E-2D)
    • 603rd Squadron (E-2C) & (E-2D)
 Mexico
  • Mexican Navy[54]
    • 1st Early Warning and Reconnaissance Naval Air Squadron
 Republic of China
  • Republic of China Air Force[68]
    • 6th Mixed Wing
Two US Navy E-2C Hawkeyes of VAW-115 flying by Mount Fuji, Japan
 United States

Former operators

 Israel
 Singapore
  • Republic of Singapore Air Force[88]
    • 111 Squadron
 United States
  • U.S. Coast Guard[89]
  • U.S. Navy (decommissioned squadrons)
    • VAW-11
    • VAW-12
    • VAW-77
    • VAW-78
    • VAW-88
    • VAW-110
    • VAW-112[90]
    • VAW-114
    • VAW-122
    • VAW-127

Aircraft on display

An E-2 Hawkeye at the Patuxent River Naval Air Museum.
An E-2 Hawkeye at the USS Midway Museum.
  • E-2B, BuNo 150540, National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida[91]
  • E-2B, BuNo 152476, Patuxent River Naval Air Museum, NAS Patuxent River, Maryland[91]
  • E-2B, BuNo 152484, Air Victory Museum, Lumberton, New Jersey[91]
  • E-2B, BuNo 150541, NAS Norfolk Air Park (adjacent Gate 4), Naval Station Norfolk/Chambers Field (former NAS Norfolk), Virginia. Early E-2C variant nose cap installed for static display.
  • E-2C, BuNo 159496, Naval Air Station Fallon, Nevada.
  • E-2C, BuNo 160012, Garden City, NY as part of Cradle of Naval Aviation Display
  • E-2C, 944, Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Air Base, Israel
  • E-2C, BuNo 160992, on base memorial display, NAS Point Mugu, California
  • E-2C, BuNo 161227, flight deck display aboard USS Midway Museum, San Diego, California[92]
  • E-2C, BuNo 161098, on display at former NAS Atlanta, GA
  • E-2C, BuNo 161344, awaiting restoration at Yanks Air Museum, Chino, CA
  • E-2C, BuNo 162796, Singapore Air Force Museum, Singapore[93]
  • E-2C, BuNo 164494, National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, FL. This aircraft was the last to launch from missing name prior to her inactivation.

Specifications (E-2D)

Data from US Navy fact file[94] E-2D Storybook (page 25)[95]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 5: pilot, copilot, radar officer (RO), combat information center officer (CICO), aircraft control officer (ACO)
  • Length: 57 ft 8 3⁄4 in (17.596 m)
  • Wingspan: 80 ft 7 in (24.56 m)
  • Height: 18 ft 3 3⁄4 in (5.582 m) : Radome could retract by 2 feet (0.6 m) to fit into the 17 ft 6 in (5.33 m) clear height hangar of Essex and Midway class carriers. Retraction function no longer used.
  • Wing area: 700 sq ft (65 m2) [96]
  • Aspect ratio: 9.15
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 63A216; tip: NACA 63A414[97]
  • Empty weight: 40,200 lb (18,234 kg)
  • Gross weight: 43,068 lb (19,535 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 57,500 lb (26,082 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Allison/Rolls-Royce T56-A-427 (E-2C), T56-A-427A (E-2D) turboprop, 5,100 shp (3,800 kW) each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 350 kn (400 mph, 650 km/h)
  • Cruise speed: 256 kn (295 mph, 474 km/h)
  • Ferry range: 1,462 nmi (1,682 mi, 2,708 km)
  • Endurance: 6 hours (8 hours land-based)[98]
  • Service ceiling: 34,700 ft (10,600 m)
  • Wing loading: 72.7 lb/sq ft (355 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.19 hp/lb (0.31 kW/kg)

Avionics

  • AN/AAS-36 FLIR
  • AN/ACQ-5 TADIL-A/Link 11 modem[99]
  • AN/ALR-73 Passive Detection System (PDS) electronic support measures (ESM) set[100]
  • AN/ALQ-78 radar threat detection/surveillance/direction finding system[99]
  • AN/APS-115 Radar[99]
  • AN/APS-145 Radar
  • AN/APX-72 IFF transponder[99]
  • AN/APX-100 IFF Transponder
  • AN/ARC-158 UHF radio
  • AN/ARC-182 UHF/VHF radio
  • AN/ARQ-34 HF radio
  • AN/ASQ-81 Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD)[101]
  • AN/AYK-14 computer[100]
  • AN/USC-42 Mini-DAMA SATCOM system
  • OL-483/AP IFF interrogator system
  • OL-698/ASQ Tactical Computer Group

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

  • List of military electronics of the United States

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "E-2 Hawkeye total production". http://www.deagel.com/Support-Aircraft/E-2D-Advanced-Hawkeye_a000554003.aspx. 
  2. ↑ Koppmann, George C., Carrier Airborne Early Warning. George C. Koppmann (LT, USNR – inactive) home page. [1] Retrieved: 13 December 2006.
  3. ↑ Godfrey 1977, pp. 7–8.
  4. ↑ Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 244.
  5. ↑ "across the editor's desk: COMPUTING AND DATA PROCESSING NEWSLETTER - LITTON'S L-304". Computers and Automation 14 (10): 43–44. Oct 1965. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersA_7957328/page/n41?q=%22monolithic+silicon+integrated+and+hybrid%22. 
  6. ↑ "The Litton L-304 Dual Computer System". trailing-edge.com. 1966. p. 2. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_littonL304mputerSystemSep66_6953238/page/n7. "L-304E with 4096 words of memory was completed and put in operation. Very shortly thereafter, the computer was tied to a typewriter, paper tape reader and punch, a small magnetic tape, a real-time clock, and a small CRT display-and-control console."  Alt URL
  7. ↑ Affairs, This story was written by Program Executive Office for Tactical Aircraft Programs Public. "E-2C New Mission Computer Improves Reliability, Reduces Costs". navy.mil. http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=15443. 
  8. ↑ "Northrop Grumman E-2C Hawkeye 2000". http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/E2CHawkeye2000/Documents/pageDocuments/E-2C_Hawkeye_2000_data_sheet.pdf. 
  9. ↑ PEO(T), This story was written by Denise Deon Wilson, NAVAIR Public Affairs. "Navy's NP2000 Propeller Completes Flight Testing". navy.mil. http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=11296. 
  10. ↑ "Aircraft Propeller Systems – UTC Aerospace Systems". utcaerospacesystems.com. http://utcaerospacesystems.com/cap/systems/Pages/propeller-systems-business.aspx. 
  11. ↑ Majumdar, Dave (2014-10-16). "Navy Declares IOC For E-2D Advanced Hawkeye". US Naval Institute. http://news.usni.org/2014/10/16/navy-declares-ioc-e-2d-advanced-hawkeye. 
  12. ↑ "E-2D Advanced Hawkeye". Northrop Grumman. https://www.northropgrumman.com/what-we-do/air/e-2d-advanced-hawkeye/. Retrieved 2022-05-02. 
  13. ↑ Jennings, Gareth (July 7, 2020). "US approves E-2Ds for France". Janes.com. Janes. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-approves-e-2ds-for-france. 
  14. ↑ "Northrop Grumman E-2D Advanced Hawkeye Completes First Flight" . Northrop Grumman, 3 August 2007.
  15. ↑ Osborn, Kris (22 May 2014). "Navy Considers it's Beyond-the-Horizon Future". Monster. http://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/05/22/navy-considers-its-beyond-the-horizon-future/. 
  16. ↑ The U.S. Navy's Secret Counter-Stealth Weapon Could Be Hiding in Plain Sight – News.USNI.org, 9 June 2014
  17. ↑ "Northrop Grumman's E-2D Advanced Hawkeye Program Demonstrating Continued Success" . Northrop Grumman, 9 December 2009.
  18. ↑ "NGC's E-2D Advanced Hawkeye Completes 1st Carrier Landing". asdnews.com. http://www.asdnews.com/news/33350/NGC_s_E-2D_Advanced_Hawkeye_Completes_1st_Carrier_Landing.htm. 
  19. ↑ "Navy's new electromagnetic catapult 'real smooth'". Newbury Park Press. 28 September 2011. http://www.app.com/article/20110927/NJNEWS/309270121/Navy-s-new-electromagnetic-catapult-real-smooth-. 
  20. ↑ "New carrier launch system tested". Security Industry. UPI. 3 October 2011. http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2011/10/03/New-carrier-launch-system-tested/UPI-13601317652464/. 
  21. ↑ Pentagon approves E-2D Hawkeye full rate production – Flightglobal.com, February 12, 2013
  22. ↑ US Navy Orders Five Lot 2 Full Rate Production E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes – Deagel.com, 18 July 2013
  23. ↑ Northrop Grumman Awarded $617 Million for Full-Rate Production E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes – Airrecognition.com, 13 August 2013
  24. ↑ US Navy orders additional E-2D AEW&C aircraft – Shephardmedia.com, 1 July 2014
  25. ↑ Northrop to begin cutting in aerial refueling capability in E-2D Advanced Hawkeye production this year. Defense News. 11 April 2018.
  26. ↑ "The Rolls-Royce Allison T56 is fifty". New Zealand Aviation News, September, 2004. http://miravim.org/avimlibrary/Manuals/Powerplant%20Manuals/Aircraft%20Propellers/Other%20Manufacturers/Rolls-Royce%20Allison%20T56%20Turns%2050.pdf.  Retrieved on 2 November 2013
  27. ↑ Dwyer, Larry (19 February 2014). "The Aviation History Online Museum – Grumman F4F Wildcat". The Aviation History Online Museum. http://www.aviation-history.com/grumman/f4f.html. "The F4F-4 was the first version of the Wildcat to feature a Grumman innovation, the Sto-Wing. The Sto-Wing used a novel approach using a compound angle folding-wing that was unique to Grumman...It was a successful design that was later used on the F6F Hellcat and TBF Avenger." 
  28. ↑ "WING-FOLDING MECHANISM OF THE GRUMMAN WILDCAT – An American Society of Mechanical Engineers Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. May 15, 2006. https://www.asme.org/getmedia/2d64abc8-3fa3-4d29-92d4-40db4777e8b2/238-Grumman-Wildcat-Sto-Wing-Wing-folding-Mechanism.aspx. "The innovative wing folding mechanism STO-Wing), developed by Leroy Grumman in early 1941 and first applied to the XF4F-4 Wildcat, manufactured by the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, is designated an ASME Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark." 
  29. ↑ Rogoway, Craig Picken and Tyler (December 19, 2018). "Confessions Of An E-2C Hawkeye Radar Operator". http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/25572/confessions-of-an-e-2c-hawkeye-radar-operator. 
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named JAWA76 p291
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Godfrey 1977, p.8.
  32. ↑ "U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Casualties". uscg.mil. http://www.uscg.mil/history/AviationCasualties.asp. 
  33. ↑ Affairs, From Commander, Naval Air Force Reserve Public. "VAW-77 'Nightwolves' to be disestablished March 9". norfolknavyflagship.com. http://www.norfolknavyflagship.com/oceana/news/fleet_news/article_8a787942-82a3-11e2-840f-001a4bcf887a.html. 
  34. ↑ "Navy's 'Nightwolves' gather one last time at the Naval Air Station before decommissioning". nola.com. http://www.nola.com/military/index.ssf/2013/03/navys_nightwolves_gather_one_l.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 E-2D Hits IOC; Navy Hawkeye Gets Larger, Lethal Role - Breaking Defense, 17 October 2014
  36. ↑ Wiltrout, Kate (30 July 2010), "Navy welcomes Advanced Hawkeye, newest eye in the sky", The Virginian-Pilot, http://hamptonroads.com/2010/07/navy-welcomes-advanced-hawkeye-newest-eye-sky, retrieved July 30, 2010 
  37. ↑ E-2D Advanced Hawkeye Command and Control Aircraft Joins the US Navy's Fleet – Deagel.com, 27 March 2014
  38. ↑ New Navy E-2D aircraft goes operational – Navytimes.com, 16 October 2014
  39. ↑ Butler, Amy, "Ready to sail", Aviation Week and Space Technology, October 27, 2014
  40. ↑ ALL HANDS update Headlines for Thursday, March 12, 2015.
  41. ↑ Carrier Theodore Roosevelt returns from round-the-world deployment – Navytimes.com, 23 November 2015
  42. ↑ Donald, David, ed. "Grumman E-2 Hawkeye/TE-2/C-2 Greyhound". The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Barnes & Nobel Books, 1997. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5.
  43. ↑ "Egypt to Procure Additional E-2C Hawkeye". defense-aerospace. 20 October 2015. http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/168040/egypt-to-receive-additional-e_2c-hawkeye-from-us-navy-stocks.html. 
  44. ↑ "تعزيزات أمنية على الحدود الغربية لمواجهة الإرهاب.. القوات الجوية تدفع بمروحيات أباتشى.. وتعليمات بضرب أى هدف يحاول التسلل من ليبيا.. ومصدر: طائرة الإنذار المبكر (E2C) تراقب السواحل والشريط الحدودى". youm7.com. 2015-02-21. https://www.youm7.com/story/2015/2/21/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88/2076717#.VO451PmUeis. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Eden, Paul, ed. "Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, Eyes of the fleet". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
  46. ↑ "French, U.S. Navy celebrate 10 years of E-2C excellence." PEO(T) Public Affairs, 3 August 2010.
  47. ↑ Henri-Pierre Grolleau, Paris - Jane's Navy International (2019-09-27). "French Navy firms up plans to buy E-2D Advanced Hawkeye | Jane's 360". Janes.com. https://www.janes.com/article/91573/french-navy-firms-up-plans-to-buy-e-2d-advanced-hawkeye. 
  48. ↑ Staff, Naval News (2024-12-10). "France's First E-2D Advanced Hawkeye Enters Production" (in en-US). https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/12/frances-first-e-2d-advanced-hawkeye-enters-production/. 
  49. ↑ Japan Officially Selects Osprey, Global Hawk, E-2D – Defensenews.com, 21 November 2014
  50. ↑ Japan raises E-2D acquisition to four aircraft – Flightglobal.com, 2 June 2015
  51. ↑ "Japan – E-2D Advanced Hawkeye Airborne Early Warning and Control Aircraft". Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 10 September 2018. http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/japan-e-2d-advanced-hawkeye-airborne-early-warning-and-control-aircraft-0. 
  52. ↑ "US Gov approves sale to Japan of E-2D Advanced Hawkeye aircraft". Navy Naval News Navy Recognition. March 8, 2023. https://navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2023/march/12900-us-gov-approves-sale-to-japan-of-e-2d-advanced-hawkeye-aircraft.html. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Chuanren, Chen (8 March 2023). "Japan Seeking More E-2D Hawkeyes". Aviation Week & Space Technology. https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/japan-seeking-more-e-2d-hawkeyes. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "IAI rolls out first upgraded E-2C Hawkeye". flightglobal.com. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/iai-rolls-out-first-upgraded-e-2c-hawkeye-at-ben-gurion-176849/. 
  55. ↑ "Planned replacement for AEW E-2C" (Press release). Singaporean Ministry of Defence (MINDEF). April 23, 2007. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  56. ↑ "RSAF's First Gulfstream 550 Airborne Early Warning Aircraft Returns to Singapore" (Press release). MINDEF. February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  57. ↑ "RSAF's Gulfstream 550 Airborne Early Warning Aircraft is Fully Operational" (Press release). MINDEF. April 13, 2012. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
  58. ↑ Egozi, Arie (23 March 2010). "Israeli air force showcases G550 surveillance fleet". Flight International. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/03/23/339637/israeli-air-force-showcases-g550-surveillance-fleet.html. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "ROCAF Northrop Grumman E-2T". taiwanairpower.org. http://www.taiwanairpower.org/af/e2t.html. 
  60. ↑ "Defense Security Cooperation Agency News Release. October 3, 2008, retrieved Sept. 14, 2009". osd.mil. http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2008/Taiwan_08-47.pdf. 
  61. ↑ Chen, Pei-haung; Kao Y.L. (2013-03-09). "Taiwan receives upgraded E-2K early warning aircraft". Focus Taiwan. http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201303090028.aspx. 
  62. ↑ "Indian Navy Pursues Fixed-Wing Carrier AEW" Aviation Week
  63. ↑ "US clears Hawkeye E-2D aircraft for India". Times of India, 14 September 2009.
  64. ↑ Godfrey 1977, pp. 9–10.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Jackson 2003, p. 687.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Winchester Air International December 2005, p. 47.
  67. ↑ "US Navy/Marine Corps BuNos Third Series (150139 to 156169)". Joe Baugher (JoeBaugher.Com). 24 July 2010. http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_serials/thirdseries19.html. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 "World Air Forces 2014". Flightglobal Insight. 2014. 
  69. ↑ "E-2D Hawkeye: The Navy's New AWACS". Defenseindustrydaily.com. 2022-04-25. https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/e-2d-hawkeye-the-navys-new-awacs-03443/. Retrieved 2022-05-02. 
  70. ↑ "Aéronautique navale : Les trois Hawkeye français volent ensemble" (in Fr). meretmarine.com. https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/aeronautique-navale-les-trois-hawkeye-francais-volent-ensemble. 
  71. ↑ Defence of Japan 2022 (Annual White Paper). p.53. Japan Ministry of Defence
  72. ↑ "VAW 113". navy.mil. http://www.cacclw.navy.mil/vaw113/. 
  73. ↑ "Airborne Command & Control Squadron (VAW) 115 "Liberty Bells"". https://www.airpac.navy.mil/Organization/Airborne-Command-Control-Squadron-VAW-115/About-Us/. 
  74. ↑ "VAW 116". navy.mil. http://www.cacclw.navy.mil/vaw116/. 
  75. ↑ "VAW 117". navy.mil. http://www.cacclw.navy.mil/vaw117/. 
  76. ↑ "VAW 120". navy.mil. http://www.vaw120.navy.mil/. 
  77. ↑ "Command History". https://www.airlant.usff.navy.mil/Organization/COMACCLOGWING/VAW-121/Command-History/. 
  78. ↑ "VAW 123". navy.mil. http://www.cacclw.navy.mil/vaw123/. 
  79. ↑ "VAW 124". navy.mil. http://www.vaw124.navy.mil/. 
  80. ↑ "VAW 125". navy.mil. http://www.vaw125.navy.mil/. 
  81. ↑ "VAW 126". navy.mil. http://www.vaw126.navy.mil/. 
  82. ↑ "VX-20 HistoryHistory". .vpnavy.com. http://www.vpnavy.com/vx20_history.html. 
  83. ↑ "Official Website". https://www.navair.navy.mil/nawcwd/VX30. 
  84. ↑ "Official Website". https://www.airlant.usff.navy.mil/vx1/. 
  85. ↑ "Official Website". https://www.airpac.navy.mil/Organization/Naval-Aviation-Warfighting-Development-Center/. 
  86. ↑ "Israel operates 707 in AEW role". flightglobal.com. 1996-11-20. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israel-operates-707-in-aew-role-10034/. 
  87. ↑ "192 Squadron". http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/aa-mideast/israel/af/units/192sqn.htm. 
  88. ↑ "Singapore declares G550 AEW fully operational". flightglobal.com. April 17, 2012. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-declares-g550-aew-fully-operational-370768/. 
  89. ↑ "Air Station St. Augustine, Florida". uscg.mil. http://www.uscg.mil/history/stations/airsta_staugustine.asp. 
  90. ↑ "VAW 112". navy.mil. http://www.cacclw.navy.mil/vaw112/e2c.html. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 "Grumman E-2 (Hawkeye)". Aviation Enthusiast Corner. http://www.aero-web.org/locator/manufact/grumman/e-2.htm. 
  92. ↑ Njaa, John. "E2-C 161227". midwaysaircraft.org. http://www.midwaysaircraft.org/acft/E2C.htm. 
  93. ↑ "The Air Force Museum". Ministry of Defence Singapore. http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/air_force/about/museum.html. 
  94. ↑ Petty, Dan. "The US Navy – Fact File: E-2 Hawkeye early warning and control aircraft". navy.mil. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=700&ct=1. 
  95. ↑ "E-2D_Storybook". northropgrumman.com. http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/E2CHawkeye2000/Documents/pageDocuments/E-2D_Storybook.pdf. 
  96. ↑ Jackson 2003, pp. 688–689.
  97. ↑ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html. 
  98. ↑ Gady, Franz-Stefan. "Japan Takes Delivery of First E-2D Advanced Hawkeye Aircraft". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/japan-takes-delivery-of-first-e-2d-advanced-hawkeye-aircraft/. 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 Cradduck, Wayne, ed (Aug 1972). "P-3 Orion Evolution (A/B/C)". Orion Service Digest (California: Lockheed) (25). https://www.vp45association.org/_digest/issue25.pdf. Retrieved Aug 22, 2025.  (36 pages)
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 ALR-73(V) - Archived 6/2004 (Report). Jun 2004. https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=644. Retrieved Aug 1, 2024. 
  101. ↑ Drickey, Gene; Sinback, Jim (Dec 1972). "Magnetic Anomaly Detection AN/ASQ-81 MAD System". Orion Service Digest (California: Lockheed Corp) (26): 4 through 19. https://www.vp45association.org/_digest/issue26.pdf. Retrieved Sep 8, 2025. 

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  • Winchester, Jim, ed. Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.

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