Engineering:Guitalin

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Short description: North American folk instrument
Guitalin
Guitalin LMN-1.jpg
A Mayfield guitalin, #LMN-1, January 2013. Blue Spruce top.
String instrument
Classification

String instrument

Plucked string instrument
Hornbostel–Sachs classification321.321-6
(Composite chordophone sounded by a plectrum)
DevelopedMid to late 20th century
Playing range
Guitalin range.jpg

A guitalin (/ɡɪdʌlɪn/) is a Northern American folk instrument that is a part of the lute family, having four courses of strings. Its fourth course is tuned to an octave while the remaining courses are tuned in unisons. The instrument can be either finger picked or plucked with a plectrum. It was invented in October 1962 by Lyle Mayfield of Greenville, Illinois.[1][2][3] The guitalin is a non-traditional, hybrid folk instrument, as it incorporates features of multiple traditional folk instruments into one. While the original tuning consisted of a G chord in root position, the standard tuning of the guitalin which was adopted is a C chord in second inversion. Another common tuning is a second inversion G chord.

The timbre or tone quality of the guitalin can be described as a combination between a banjo and a mandolin, while the name of the instrument is derived from the combination of the names of the guitar and mandolin.[1] The shape of the body of the instrument is an elongated trapezoid about the length of a standard guitar body.

From the time it was invented until Mayfield's death in 2012, there was much experimentation with several configurations of instruments based on the guitalin and guinjo (another of Mayfield's inventions). Among these experiments were the fretted fiddle or "friddle" or "guiddle", an 8-string fiddle, the dobrolin, the triplin (an instrument Mayfield disliked, recorded once, then scrapped), an electric (solid body) guitalin, and even a full-sized, upright guitalin bass. Other notable Mayfield instruments include the guinjo (1974), a bass mandolin (1974), the Coffee Can Lid Banjo (1974), a Commodophone (a spoof instrument using a toilet seat for a top), the Echo Guitar (1992), the Mayfield Guitar (1998), the Mariachi bass (1998), a variation on the hard-top banjo (2006), the Mayfield Pear Guitars (2005), a variation on the Manjo (2006), the Round Cornered Guitalin (Martin Smith, 2006), the Round Head Guitars (Martin Smith, 2007), and variations on the Mandola (2008) and the Dreadnought Guitar (2008).

Tuning

There are several ways a guitalin is tuned. The most common tuning is a second inversion C chord with the courses of 2 adjacent strings tuned in unison with the lowest course (4th course) tuned an octave apart. This common tuning is GCEG.

  • fourth course (lowest tone of 4th course): G3 (196.00 Hz), fourth course (highest tone of 4th course): G4 (392.00 Hz)
  • third course: C4 (261.60 Hz)
  • second course: E4 (329.60 Hz;)
  • first course: G4 (392.00 Hz)

Secondary Tuning (original tuning):

  • fourth course (lowest tone of 4th course): G3 (196.00 Hz), fourth course (highest tone of 4th course): G4 (392.00 Hz)
  • third course: B3 (246.90 Hz)
  • second course: D4 (293.70 Hz;)
  • first course: G4 (392.00 Hz)

Other tunings used in recordings include a root position G chord, and root position F chord, and even the standard ukulele tuning of G-C-E-A.

History

Guitalin #LMN-2, built July 2013 for Sufjan Stevens. American Red Cedar top.

The instrument was invented by Lyle Mayfield[4][5][6][7][8] of Greenville, Illinois.[9][10][11][12][13] It was originally conceived as a toy instrument in October 1962 for his 3-year-old son, Layne Mayfield, when he asked for a guitar to play. Lyle was known for designing and building hybrid folk instruments which combined two or three instrument features into a single instrument.[14] In Lyle's personal writings discovered after his death, he describes the origins of the guitalin as follows:

"I decided to build a toy instrument for him to play with. In my workshop I had some 1/4” mahogany wall paneling, some banjo parts, some mandolin parts, and some pine wood from a packing crate. From these components I fashioned a simple instrument that was somewhat wedge-shaped. Using a mandolin set of machine heads and a mandolin bridge I strung it with four sets of duals over a guitar sized fingerboard. While building the instrument, I realized that if I just left it untuned my small son would be beating on a dischordant set of strings. I decided to tune it to an open chord...G."

Lyle goes on further to say in his writings that "when [he] tuned the instrument up the sound was so impressive [he] decided to keep it as a working instrument. It was at that time that Layne lost his instrument."

A few notable folk musicians have played the instrument and have found it noteworthy. Among these are Jimmy Driftwood (composer of "The Battle of New Orleans" and "Tennessee Stud"),[15] Grammy Award winner Doc Watson and The Bray Brothers, who featured the Mayfield guitalin on their album "Prairie Bluegrass" on the tune "Barbara Allen" from the label Rounder Records, originally recorded in 1962 for WHOW radio in Clinton, Illinois. Recordings of these musicians with the guitalin can be found on the "history" page at the Mayfield Music Company website.

Collection of Mayfield instruments, April 1980

In the 1960s, Lyle and Doris Mayfield were involved in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Campus Folksong Club and were associated with Archie Green during that time.[2] In the mid-1960s, Lyle was credited for bringing the native music of Illinois to the Campus Folksong Club and appeared on recordings that the club produced, including the "Green Fields of Illinois" record.[16][17][18][19] He and Doris regularly appeared in performances held by the Folksong Club, commonly referred to as "folk sings".[20][21][22] They also volunteered their time and talents to perform for other events and venues.[23] In 1976, Lyle and Doris Mayfield, along with their son Layne, were invited by the Smithsonian Institution to represent Southern Illinois at the American Bicentennial Smithsonian Folklife Festival.[24][25][26] It was at this event that they had a good opportunity to showcase some of their unique folk instruments; namely the guitalin and guinjo. Throughout most of the 1970s, the Mayfields devoted much time to preserving traditional southern Illinois music and folklore. Additionally, they were the founders and principle sponsors of the annual Southern Illinois Folk Convention in the early 1970s.[27]

The craft of building the instruments was passed on to younger members of the family who continue to produce them out of both Greenville, Illinois and Dallas, Texas. Martin Smith of Greenville, Illinois and Nathan Smith (Lyle Mayfield's youngest grandson) of Plano, Texas are co-owners of Mayfield Music Company. As a team, they continue to improve upon the original Mayfield designs and are currently in the process of preparing new hybrid folk instrument designs for release starting in mid-to-late 2014.

Modern use

In the summer of 2013, the instrument was discovered by indie folk musician Sufjan Stevens, who contacted Nathan Smith, current owner of Mayfield Music Company, to inquire about having one built for him. On March 31, 2015, Sufjan released the album Carrie & Lowell, which features two Mayfield guitalins.[28] In April 2015, Sufjan began a tour for the album, with the guitalins making an appearance. This marks the first use of a guitalin on a major record since 1964, when The Bray Brothers featured one on the song "Barbara Allen", from their album "Prairie Bluegrass", released under Rounder Records.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Saturday, November 10, 1962, p. 1 [1]
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Friday, September 20, 1963, p. 9 [2]
  3. ↑ [3] Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Friday, August 4, 1972, p. 4]
  4. ↑ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "Autoharp" periodical, March 16, 1964, p. 3 [4]
  5. ↑ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "Autoharp" periodical, February 5, 1965, p. 21 [5]
  6. ↑ The Daily Illini, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, Saturday, May 13, 1972, p. 32
  7. ↑ The Greenville Advocate, Section A, June 27, 1972
  8. ↑ The St. Louis Globe-Democrat, September 27, 1971, pp. 1–4
  9. ↑ Decatur Herald, Decatur, Illinois, Tuesday, October 10, 1972
  10. ↑ Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Friday, April 9, 1976, p. 23
  11. ↑ The Hillsboro and Montgomery County News, Hillsboro, Illinois, Monday, June 21, 1976, p. 10
  12. ↑ The Illinois Homemaker Extension Federation Newsletter, April 1972, p. 4
  13. ↑ The Greenville Advocate, Section Two, Thursday, December 15, 2005, p. 1
  14. ↑ The Walnut Valley Occasional, Record Reviews, December 1976
  15. ↑ The First Annual Arkansas Folk Festival Recorded in Mountain View, AR April 19–20, 1963, links 35–36 [6]
  16. ↑ Introduction to the Campus Folksong Club, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [7]
  17. ↑ Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Friday, November 19, 1965, p. 4
  18. ↑ Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Saturday, February 22, 1964, p. 7 [8]
  19. ↑ Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Wednesday, February 19, 1964, p. 4 [9]
  20. ↑ Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Friday, November 9, 1962, p. 11 [10].
  21. ↑ Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Saturday, February 22, 1964, p. 1 [11]
  22. ↑ Daily Illini (University of Illinois), Friday, October 4, 1963, p. 3
  23. ↑ The Greenville Advocate, Thursday, August 31, 1972
  24. ↑ "The Greenville Advocate, Friday, June 18, 1976, JPEG Image". http://www.guitalin.com/Greenville_Advocate_Smithsonian_1976.jpg. 
  25. ↑ "The Illinois State Journal, June 29, 1980, JPEG Image". http://www.guitalin.com/Illinois_State_Journal_June_29_1980.jpg. 
  26. ↑ The Greenville Advocate, August 21, 1980, p. 15
  27. ↑ The Greenville Advocate, Thursday, March 23, 1972
  28. ↑ Pitchfork, Monday, February 16, 2015

External links

  • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007 interview with Lyle Mayfield, transcript [12]
  • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007 interview with Lyle Mayfield, audio [13]
  • Campus Folksong Club, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [14]
  • The First Annual Arkansas Folk Festival Recorded in Mountain View, AR April 19–20, 1963 [15]
  • The First Annual Arkansas Folk Festival 1963, "Wildwood Flower" played by Lyle Mayfield [16]
  • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "Autoharp" periodical, March 1964 [17]
  • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "Autoharp" periodical, February 1965 [18]
  • Mayfield Music Company Website [19]
  • Pitchfork, Monday, February 16, 2015, "True Myth: A Conversation With Sufjan Stevens", by Ryan Dombal
  • [20]



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