Engineering:INSAS rifle

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Short description: Indian family of infantry arms
INSAS rifle
INSAS Black.JPG
INSAS rifle in Indian army
TypeAssault rifle
Light machine gun (INSAS LMG)
Place of originIndia
Service history
In service1998–present
Used bySee Operators
WarsKargil War[1]
Nepalese Civil War[2]
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency[3]
Insurgency in Northeast India[4]
Myanmar Civil War[5]
Production history
Designed1980s–1997
ManufacturerArmament Research and Development Establishment
Ordnance Factories Board
Produced1994[6]–present
No. built100,000 (Assault Rifles) and 6,000 (LMG) (2012)[7]
700,000–900,000 (2019)[8]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass4.018 kg (8.86 lb) (without magazine)[9]
Length960 mm (37.8 in)[9]
Barrel length464 mm (18.3 in)
Cartridge5.56×45mm NATO[9]
ActionGas-operated, Rotating bolt
Rate of fire600–650 rounds/min[9]
Muzzle velocity915 m/s (3,002 ft/s)[10]
Effective firing range400m (INSAS Rifle)
600 m: Point targets (INSAS LMG)
700 m: Area target (INSAS LMG)[9]
Feed system20- or 30-round detachable box magazine
SightsIn-built iron sights, mount point for telescopic or night sight

The INSAS, or Indian Small Arms System,[11][12] is a family of infantry arms consisting of an assault rifle and a light machine gun (LMG). These weapons were developed in India by the Armament Research and Development Establishment and manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Board at its various factories.[13] The INSAS assault rifle was the standard infantry weapon of the Indian Armed Forces for almost three decades.[1][14]

History

The development of the INSAS assault rifle began in mid-1980s, when the Indian Army released a general staff qualitative requirement for a new assault rifle to replace locally produced licensed copies[15] of the L1A1 self-loading rifles,[14] which the Army was using since 1961.[10] The new assault rifle was to chamber the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge unlike the L1A1 SLR rifle which chambered the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge.[10]

After studying a number of designs, the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) in Pune undertook the task to design and develop India's first assault rifle. The development and user trials of the new rifle – INSAS was completed by 1989 and entered into service in 1990.[16][10]

Originally, three variants were planned in the INSAS system, a rifle, a carbine and a squad automatic weapon (SAW) or Light machine gun (LMG). In 1997, the rifle and the LMG went into mass production.[14] In 1998, the first INSAS rifles were displayed at the republic day parade.[1] The introduction of the rifle was delayed due to the lack of adequate 5.56×45mm ammunition, large quantities of the same were bought from Israel Military Industries.[14]

Indian soldiers in combat with INSAS rifle during Kargil War

The first combat use of the rifle was during the Kargil War in 1999.[1][14]

Design

The INSAS is primarily based on the AKM but incorporates features from other rifles. It has a chrome-plated bore. The barrel has a six-groove rifling. The basic gas operated long stroke piston and the rotating bolt are similar to the AKM/AK-47.[14]

Indian Army soldiers in an exercise with the INSAS rifle.
Soldiers assigned to the 9th Battalion of the Sikh Light Infantry regiment carrying INSAS rifles, arrives onboard USS Boxer (LHD 4) to participate in Malabar exercise 2006
Indian infantry soldier armed with an INSAS rifle taking position with his Russian counterpart during the INDRA exercise in 2015

It has a manual gas regulator, similar to that of FN FAL, and a gas cutoff for launching grenades. The charging handle is on the left instead of on the bolt carrier, similar in operation to the HK33.[14] The fire selector is placed on the left side of the receiver above the pistol grip, it can be set to semi–auto, three round burst and full auto. To set it to safe, the selector has to be rotated all the way up, which will block the sear and prevent the rifle from firing.[10] It has three modes of fire – semi-automatic, three-round burst and full automatic modes.[10] The cyclic rate averages at 650 rpm. It has transparent magazine much like that of Steyr AUG and is made of polymer.[10] The rear sight lies on one end of the breech cover and is calibrated to 400 meters.

The furniture is either made of wood or polymer.[14] The polymer butt and forend assemblies differ from the AKM and are more similar to that of IMI Galil. Some variants have a folding butt. A bayonet can also be attached to it.[16]

The guns take 20- or 30-round polymer magazines. The 30-round magazine is made for the LMG version, but can be also used in the rifle. The flash suppressor also accepts NATO-specification rifle grenades.[14]

Performance

The INSAS assault rifle was battle tested in the 1999 Kargil War. The three month long war was fought in the high altitudes of the Himalayas,[17] where temperature would go as low as –20 degrees Celsius.[18] During the conflict the rifle encountered some problems such as occasional often serious stoppage, cracking of polymer magazine due to the cold weather and some other reliability issues such as firing in full auto when set for 3 shot burst.[17][1] Similar complaints were also received from the Nepalese Army.[1] In the Kargil war neither the INSAS proved reliable nor the Army was satisfied with the new rifle. Also the Army which was used to the 7.62×51mm NATO round for almost three decades, was dissatisfied with the stopping power of the new 5.56×45mm NATO rounds.[1] In 2001, an improved variant of the rifle was introduced taking the feedback of the Indian Army. The new variant of the rifle was called INSAS–1B1.[19]

The INSAS rifle saw limited use in the Indian Army's counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir,[20] but was extensively used by Central Armed Police Forces in combating Maoist insurgency.[21]

Currently the INSAS assault rifles are being replaced in the army with the AK-203 assault rifles[22] and the SIG 716i designated marksman rifles.[23] The LMG variant is being replaced with the IWI Negev.[24] However these rifles will remain in service with the police and other paramilitary forces and are being used as a replacement for the decades old bolt action Ishapore 2A1 rifles.[25]

Variants

Assault rifle

The AR variant can be fired in single round or three-round burst mode. A telescopic sight or a passive night sight can be mounted on it. It can take NATO-standard 5.56×45mm SS109 and M193 ammunition. It comes with a bayonet. It has a mount point for the ARDE 40 mm under barrel grenade launcher, along with a gas-block for launching grenades and grenade iron-sights. The flash suppressor has a blank-firing adaptor.[9] It also has a foldable butt version.[26]

An INSAS assault rifle with black furniture, incorporating full-auto mode was introduced later. The automatic assault rifle has the same range of 400 m as the semi-automatic standard INSAS rifle.[27]

The INSAS assault rifle is being replaced in Indian service by the AK-203.[13]

LMG

INSAS LMG

The LMG (Light Machine Gun) differs from the standard rifle in possessing a longer range of 700 m, as compared to 400 m range of INSAS standard and assault rifles. It has a longer and heavier barrel with revised rifling, and a bipod. The LMG version uses 30-round magazines and can also accept the 20-round INSAS AR magazine. This model fires in semi and full-auto.[28] It also has a foldable-butt version.[29]

The LMG will be replaced with the IWI Negev Ng7.[30]

Excalibur

The Excalibur, with a range of 400 m, can be used for battlefield engagements as well as for close combat. It is lighter and shorter as compared to the automatic INSAS assault rifle.[31] In July 2015, it was reported that the INSAS may be replaced by the Modified INSAS rifle (MIR), which is based on the Excalibur variant. The decision was taken by General Dalbir Singh, who wanted an indigenous rifle.[32][33] The prototype had two stoppages after firing 24,000 rounds, which was very close the army's specification of one stoppage. It was also reported that another prototype of Excalibur, AR-2, was being prepared which would fire 7.62×39mm rounds.[32]

The prototype incorporates a direct gas-tapping angle to reduce the recoil. The rifle would have automatic and single shot modes. The three-round burst mode of the INSAS has been dropped. The rifle would have a folding butt and a standard Picatinny rail. By September 2015, it had passed the water and mud tests, which four of the foreign rifles in the tender competition had failed. It was also reported 200 rifles were being manufactured and that prototype would undergo formal trials in late 2015.[34]

Kalantak and Amogh

The Kalantak micro-assault rifle, with a range of 300 m, is for close combat and personnel defence weapon roles.[35]

The Amogh carbine, with a range of 200 m, is specially designed for close quarter battle roles.[36]

Bullpup

Lieutenant Colonel Prasad Bansod, of Army School Mhow reverse-engineered an INSAS rifle to produce a bullpup carbine variant.[37] He reportedly did this in his spare time. The rifle was only made as a prototype example.

Operators

Map with INSAS users in blue
A soldier of Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry regiment wielding an INSAS
  •  Bhutan: Used by the Royal Bhutan Army.[38]
  •  Eswatini[39]
  •  India: Assault rifle and LMG variants have been adopted.[1][3][40][41]
    • Indian Armed Forces, to be replaced by 670,000 AK-203 rifles and 72,400 SIG-716i Patrol rifles as per the latest contract.[42][43] INSAS LMGs using 5.56*45mm to be replaced by IWI Negev NG5, and the ones using 7.62*51mm will be replaced by the IWI Negev NG7 as per latest contract for 16,479 NG7s.[30]
    • Indian Paramilitary Forces
    • Central Armed Police Forces
    • State Police Services
  •    Nepal: The Nepalese Army had received about 26,000 rifles since 2001,[44] supplied at a 70% subsidy by India.[2] As of July 20, 2020, the Nepali Army transferred 600 INSAS rifles to the Nepali Armed Police Force.[45]
  •  Oman: In 2010, the Royal Army of Oman started using the INSAS rifles sent to them as per a defence agreement signed in 2003 between India and Oman.[46]

Non-state actors

Flag of PDF Myanmar.svg Myanmar People's Defence Force: 1B1 variant.[5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "INSAS-weary army shops for new infantry arms". The New Indian Express. 16 December 2012. http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article1381326.ece. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Wikileaks news: Why Nepal king Gyanendra shed power". The Economic Times. 6 September 2011. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/wikileaks-news-why-nepal-king-gyanendra-shed-power/articleshow/9881252.cms. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Anti-Naxal operations: CRPF prefers AK rifles to INSAS, bulk purchase on cards". 4 May 2014. http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/anti-naxal-operations-crpf-prefers-ak-rifles-to-insas-bulk-purchase-on-cards/. 
  4. ↑ "6 Assam Rifles personnel killed in Manipur ambush". The Tibune. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/story-240451. Retrieved 2023-04-28. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 War Noir [@war_noir] (22 December 2023). "#Myanmar (#Burma) 🇲🇲: Rather interesting photos posted by People's Defense Forces (#PDF) after an ambush against Tatmadaw.The group uses several very rare! INSAS 1B1 rifles (originally made in #India 🇮🇳), MA-4 Mk2 rifle with BA203 UBGL and AR-15 rifle." (in en). https://twitter.com/war_noir/status/1738135682265051272. 
  6. ↑ Gupta, Jayanta. "End of the line for the Insas rifle" (in en). The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/End-of-the-line-for-the-Insas-rifle/articleshow/25646778.cms. 
  7. ↑ "Archived copy". https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=84268. 
  8. ↑ Karp, Aaron; Rajagopalan, Rajesh. Small Arms of the Indian State. pp. 5. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/176291/IAVA-IB4-small-arms-of-indian-state.pdf. Retrieved 9 May 2019. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 "Rifle 5.56 mm INSAS (Fixed Butt)". Ordnance Factories Board. http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/11.htm. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Johnston, Gary Paul; Nelson, Thomas B. (15 December 2016). The World's Assault Rifles. Ironside International Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 9781619846012. 
  11. ↑ https://static.mygov.in/indiancc/2022/08/mygov-999999999208486606.pdf
  12. ↑ "Indian Army prepares to switch to new rifles". https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/19880915-indian-army-prepares-to-switch-to-new-rifles-797701-1988-09-15. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "With AK-203, Indian Military's Quest for a New Assault Rifle to Replace INSAS is Almost Over" (in en). 2021-03-05. https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/with-ak-203-indian-militarys-quest-for-a-new-assault-rifle-to-replace-insas-is-almost-over-3501134.html. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 Charles Q. Cutshaw (28 February 2011). Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World. Gun Digest Books. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-4402-2482-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=npHP9aV5rBgC&pg=PA207. Retrieved 28 May 2014. 
  15. ↑ "UK and Commonwealth FALs, by R. Blake Stevens, Collector Grade Publications, 1980, pages 231-233
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 John Walter (25 March 2006). Rifles of the World. Krause Publications. pp. 209–210. ISBN 0-89689-241-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA210. Retrieved 28 May 2014. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Singh, Danvir (4 September 2015). Indian Defence Review. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9781940988207. 
  18. ↑ "Bone chilling cold in Kargil, minimum settles at -20 degrees Celsius" (in en-US). 2018-01-03. https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kargil-slips-into-deep-freeze-at-minus-20-6/999724/. 
  19. ↑ "Hunt on for new generation assault rifles; upgraded INSAS not a replacement". The Economic Times. 31 December 2015. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hunt-on-for-new-generation-assault-rifles-upgraded-insas-not-a-replacement/articleshow/50387635.cms. 
  20. ↑ "INSAS rifles to retire; to be replaced by imported weapons". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/insas-rifles-to-retire-to-be-replaced-by-imported-weapons/articleshow/57479154.cms?from=mdr. 
  21. ↑ "Tihar Jail seeks more lethal rifles to thwart terror strike" (in en). 2009-01-19. https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/tihar-jail-seeks-more-lethal-rifles-to-thwart-terror-strike/story-uKRroMqyhKX970SouIxuRK.html. 
  22. ↑ Pubby, Manu (9 July 2019). "Joint venture for AK 203 rifles factory at Amethi was the 'fastest ever' created with Russia". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/joint-venture-for-ak-203-rifles-factory-at-amethi-was-the-fastest-ever-created-with-russia/articleshow/70144865.cms?from=mdr. 
  23. ↑ "Indian Army gets new American assault rifles in Kashmir Valley against terrorists, Pakistan Army on LoC". 11 December 2019. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-gets-new-american-assault-rifles-in-kashmir-valley-against-terrorists-pakistan-army-on-loc/articleshow/72467643.cms. 
  24. ↑ Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (19 March 2020). "Defence Ministry signs contract for 16,479 Light Machine Guns for frontline troops with Israel Weapons Industries". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-signs-contract-for-16479-light-machine-guns-for-frontline-troops-with-israel-weapons-industries/articleshow/74716149.cms?from=mdr. 
  25. ↑ Qureshi, Siraj (29 November 2019). "UP Police retires 20th century rifles after 70 years of service" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-police-rifles-lee-enfield-out-of-service-retire-1623806-2019-11-29. 
  26. ↑ "5.56 mm INSAS Rifle (Foldable Butt)". Ordnance Factories Board. http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/12.htm. 
  27. ↑ "5.56 mm Assault Rifle (Fixed Butt)". http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/10.htm. 
  28. ↑ "LMG 5.56 mm INSAS (Fixed Butt)". Ordnance Factories Board. http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/13.htm. 
  29. ↑ "LMG 5.56 mm INSAS (Foldable Butt)". Ordnance Factories Board. http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/14.htm. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Ruzhelnyk, Olga (24 March 2020). "India orders IWI's Negev 7.62". https://www.edrmagazine.eu/india-orders-iwis-negev-7-62. 
  31. ↑ "Rifle Excalibur". Ordnance Factories Board. http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/23.htm. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Unnithan, Sandeep (5 July 2015). "Exclusive: Made in India rifles to replace INSAS". Mail Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde-280690-2015-07-05. 
  33. ↑ "Indian Army cancels rifle, carbine tenders". Jane's Defence Weekly. 7 July 2015. http://www.janes.com/article/52818/indian-army-cancels-rifle-carbine-tenders. 
  34. ↑ "Army prepares for crucial trials as chief insists on indigenous Excalibur". Business Standard. 3 September 2015. http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/army-prepares-for-crucial-trials-as-chief-insists-on-indigenous-excalibur-115090300012_1.html. 
  35. ↑ "Kalantak Micro Assault Rifle". Ordnance Factories Board. http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/add_32.htm. 
  36. ↑ "Amogh Carbine". Ordnance Factories Board. http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/add_31.htm. 
  37. ↑ Siddiqui, Huma (2021-01-14). "Meet Lt Col Prasad Bansod: Infantry School officer behind India's first indigenously Developed 9mm Machine Pistol" (in en-US). https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/meet-lt-col-prasad-bansod-infantry-school-officer-behind-indias-first-indigenously-developed-9mm-machine-pistol/2171014/. 
  38. ↑ Reetika Sharma, Ramvir Goria, Vivek Mishra; Sharma Reetika (2011). India and the Dynamics of World Politics: A book on Indian Foreign Policy, Related events and International Organizations. Pearson Education India. p. 128. ISBN 978-81-317-3291-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=eOiXLCWUiB4C&pg=PA128. Retrieved 29 May 2014. 
  39. ↑ "INSAS Assault Rifle | Military-Today.com". http://www.military-today.com/firearms/insas.htm. 
  40. ↑ ".303 rifles replaced with INSAS: JH police". Business Standard. 11 September 2012. http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/-303-rifles-replaced-with-insas-jh-police-112091100353_1.html. 
  41. ↑ "INSAS rifles to give police more fire power". The Times of India. 15 July 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/INSAS-rifles-to-give-police-more-fire-power/articleshow/4777866.cms. 
  42. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (5 January 2020). "Army to sign MoU for AK-203 assault rifles in a month". The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-sign-mou-for-ak-203-assault-rifles-in-a-month/article30486064.ece. 
  43. ↑ Manjeet Singh Negi (July 12, 2020). "Army to place order for 72,000 more Sig716 assault rifles from US" (in en). India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-to-place-order-for-72-000-more-sig716-assault-rifles-from-us-1699762-2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-12. 
  44. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2005). "Reaching for the Big Picture: An Update on Small Arms Transfers". Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War. Oxford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-19-928085-8. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2005/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2005-Chapter-04-EN.pdf. Retrieved 29 August 2018. 
  45. ↑ "Nepali Army | नेपाली सेना". https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/viewnews/438. 
  46. ↑ "Oman army all set to use India's INSAS rifles". Hindustan Times. 22 April 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/oman-army-all-set-to-use-india-s-insas-rifles/article1-534688.aspx. 

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