Engineering:Kilo-class submarine

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Short description: Diesel electric submarine class
"Kilo Class" redirects here. For the novel by Patrick Robinson, see Kilo Class (novel).

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Russian Project 877 in the English Channel in 2018
A Russian Kilo-class submarine underway on the surface

The Kilo-class submarines are a group of diesel-electric attack submarines designed by the Rubin Design Bureau[1][2][3] in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and built originally for the Soviet Navy. Since it was introduced, more than 70 Kilo class boats have been built, and around 60 were in active service as of 2023, not only in Russia but also in Algeria, Vietnam, India, Iran, Myanmar, and Poland.[4]

The first version had the Soviet designation Project 877 Paltus (Russian: Па́лтус, meaning "halibut"), NATO reporting name Kilo.[5] They entered operational service in 1980 and continued being built until the mid-1990s, when production switched to the more advanced Project 636 Varshavyanka variant, also known in the West as the Improved Kilo class.[6][7][8] The design was updated again by the Russian Navy in the mid-2010s, to a variant called Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II.[5] Due to the delays and other problems with the successor Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist., the Improved Kilo II has been built in larger numbers, with several more units under construction as of 2023.[4]

Role

The Project 877 attack submarines were mainly intended for anti-shipping and anti-submarine operations in relatively shallow waters. Original Project 877 boats are equipped with Rubikon MGK-400 sonar system (with NATO reporting name Shark Gill), which includes a mine detection and avoidance sonar MG-519 Arfa (with NATO reporting name Mouse Roar).

Newer Project 636 boats are equipped with improved MGK-400EM, with MG-519 Arfa also upgraded to MG-519EM. MGK 400E can detect submarines with 0.05 Pa/Hz noisiness in 16 km (9.9 mi) and surface vessels with 10 Pa/Hz noisiness in 100 km (62 mi).[9] The improved sonar systems have reduced the number of operators needed by sharing the same console via automation.

Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.[10] These tiles also help attenuate sounds that are emitted from the submarine, thus reducing the range at which the submarine may be detected by passive sonar.[11]

Project 636 and 636.3 submarines can launch Kalibr (and their Club export version) cruise missiles. It was reported in September 2022 that they can carry four Kalibr missiles, and can launch them through two of their six torpedo tubes.[12]

History

Kilo-class attack submarines began entering service with the Soviet Navy from 12 September 1980. They were originally intended for the Warsaw Pact nations, which is why their Russian nickname is Varshavyanka (woman from Warsaw). Among the first to be built, 13 were from the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No. 112 in Nizhny Novgorod, and nine were from Amur Shipbuilding Plant in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, another two Project 877 submarines were built for the Russian Navy in the 1990s. The Krasnoye Sormovo facility partnered with Admiralty Shipyards in Saint Petersburg to built 21 boats for foreign buyers (as of 2001), which included China, India, Algeria, Iran, Poland, and Romania, for a total of 45 units. Modified units for export were designated Project 877E, and those made for tropical waters were Project 877EKM. Another variant, Project 636 (NATO: Improved Kilo), was quieter, faster, and had better detection capabilities. Initially intended for Soviet use, it was made available for export in 1993.[13]

A single Project 877 submarine, missing name Alrosa, is equipped with pump-jet propulsion, instead of a propeller.[14] It has been retrofitted for the Kalibr missile.[15] Its modification was started in 1990 and was not completed until 2000. When it returned to service, it was the only operational submarine in the Black Sea Fleet at the time.[13]

It was planned for the Improved Kilo-class (Project 636) to be succeeded by the Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. (Project 677) in Russian Navy service. On 26 December 1997, two boats, one for Russia and one intended for India, were laid down.[13] However, by November 2011 it was apparent that the Lada class would be delayed because missing name, the lead boat of the class, had shown major deficiencies. On 27 July 2012, the Russian Navy commander-in-chief announced that construction of the Lada-class submarines would resume, having undergone design changes.[citation needed] Series production was reported to be underway in the latter 2010s.[16][needs update]

The Russian Navy also moved forward with the construction of Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II, the result of further modifications.[4] The class "is slightly longer in length — the sub's submerged displacement is around 4,000 tons — and features improved engines, an improved combat system, as well as new noise reduction technology; it can fire both torpedoes and cruise missiles, launched from one of six 533-millimeter torpedo tubes."[1] The class has a seven-bladed propeller, instead of the six-bladed propeller of the Project 877 class.[15] In 2010 construction began on the first unit of the Improved Kilo II, missing name, which was part of a batch of six submarines built for the Black Sea Fleet. The last of this group was delivered in 2016. Another six were ordered for the Pacific Fleet, with the first entering service in 2019,[4][3] missing name.[17] The last of these was scheduled to be delivered in 2025.[18]

In June 2022, an unconfirmed report from within Russia's defense industry suggested that a further tranche of six additional Project 636.3 vessels might be ordered to start construction in around 2024.[4][19] That year the first boat for the Northern Fleet was laid down, missing name, with all six of them to be named after cities in Russian-annexed parts of Ukraine.[20]

Specifications

Schematic drawing of Kilo-class submarine

There are several variants of the Kilo class. The information below is the smallest and largest number from the available information for all three main variants of the boat.[21]

  • Displacement:
    • 2,300–2,350 tons surfaced
    • 3,000–4,000 tons submerged
  • Dimensions:
    • Length: 70–74 meters
    • Beam: 9.9 meters
    • Draft: 6.2–6.5 meters
  • Maximum speed
    • 10–12 knots surfaced (18–22 km/h)
    • 17–25 knots submerged (31–46 km/h)
  • Propulsion: Diesel-electric 5,900 shp (4,400 kW)
  • Maximum depth: 300 meters (240–250 meters operational)
  • Endurance
    • 400 nautical miles (700 km) at 3 knots (6 km/h) submerged
    • 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km) at 7 knots (13 km/h) snorkeling (7,500 miles for the Improved Kilo class)
    • 45 days sea endurance
  • Armament
    • Air defence: 8 Strela-3 or 8 Igla-1, but after sea trial it[which?] was rejected by the navy. ** Six 533 mm torpedo tubes with 18 53-65 ASuW or TEST 71/76 ASW torpedoes or VA-111 Shkval supercavitating torpedoes, or 24 DM-1 mines,
  • Crew: 52
  • Price per unit is US$200–250 million (China paid about US$1.5–2 billion for 8 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines)[when?]

Operational history

At the beginning of 2014, the Chinese PLA Navy held an emergency combat readiness test.[22] The Kilo-class submarine Yuanzheng 72, deployed on a combat readiness voyage encountered a "cliff" caused by a sudden change in seawater density. Because the seawater density suddenly decreased, the submarine lost its buoyancy and rapidly descended. The pressure on the submarine increased sharply, and the main engine room pipeline was damaged, and water entered. The vessel lost power due to a large amount of water entering the main engine room. The crew reacted quickly, and the submarine resurfaced in three minutes, avoiding a disastrous descent to the seabed, which was more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. The voyage was notable for creating many firsts for PLAN's submarine service.[23][24]

In 2015, five Kilo-class submarines were deployed to the Russian naval facility in Tartus, Syria. At least two of the units reportedly attacked land targets inside Syria with 3M54 Kalibr cruise missiles (NATO designation: SS-N-27A "Sizzler").[3] 8 December 2015 marked the first time a Kilo-class submarine fired cruise missiles against an enemy. missing name struck two targets near the ISIS capital of Raqqa by the missile attack.[25] The B-237 Rostov-on-Don transited the Dardanelles on its way back to the Black Sea on 12 February 2022.[26]

B-871 Alrosa, a pump-jet Kilo class, which derives from the Project 877 hull, participated in the Russo-Ukraine War.

Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Kilo class submarines of the Black Sea Fleet have participated in the conflict, firing Kalibr cruise missiles into Ukraine.[4] After the sinking of the missing name in April 2022, it was remarked that the Kilo-class subs were the only members of the Black Sea Fleet whose orders did not prohibit venturing into Ukrainian waters near Odesa during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[27] In September 2022, after the early 2022 Crimea attacks, the UK Ministry of Defence said that the Kilo-class submarines were moved from Sevastopol to the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai.[28][12]

On 13 September 2023, B-237 Rostov-on-Don was severely damaged by a Ukrainian Storm Shadow missile strike while it was drydocked in Sevastopol.[29][30][31] According to satellite images taken in June 2024, the submarine was moved to a lesser used dry dock within the port (at coordinates 44.609975029014116, 33.537496816089906). Camouflage nets were, at least initially, thrown up to disguise its presence and to make observation more challenging. According to reports, the submarine is under repair.[32]

On 2 August 2024, Ukrainian Forces launched a strike against a Russian submarine and an S-400 air defense system in Crimea. Ukrainian sources claimed that the submarine B-237 Rostov-on-Don was "sunk on the spot" in the attack.[33][34][35][36][37] Other sources claim that the submarine was only hit and not sunk.[38] Satellite images showed the that camouflage nets were burned out by the strike.[39]

In September 2025, the Project 636.3 boat, Novorossiysk (B-261), reportedly suffered serious damage as the result of a fuel system malfunction while operating in the Mediterranean.[40]

December 2025 explosion in the Port of Novorossiysk

In December 2025, the Security Service of Ukraine published a video showing an explosion near an unnamed Kilo-class submarine in the Port of Novorossiysk, claiming that the submarine was struck by a "Sub Sea Baby" drone.[41] Satellite imagery published after the attack showed that the drone struck a pier 20 meters off the stern. Russia claimed that the attack didn't damage the vessel. Other sources say that it is unclear if the attack damaged the submarine.[42][43][44] The UK Ministry of Defence considered it highly likely that the attacked submarine was the B-271 Kolpino, noted that as of 18 December 2025 the submarine was docked where it was attacked and considered it likely that the attack had significantly damaged the submarine, leaving it unable to deploy or sail of its own accord.[45]

Operators

The first submarine entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1980, and the class remains in use with the Russian Navy today; around 5 original Kilo-class vessels believed to still be in active service with the Russian Navy (as of 2025), while new Improved Kilo–class subs are being delivered through the 2020s to replace them. About forty vessels have been exported to several countries:

Possible purchasers

The government of Venezuela expressed interest since 2005 in acquiring nine AIP-powered conventional submarines, either the German U214 or later the Amur 1650. There was a Russian counteroffer due to technical issues at the shipyards back then, for five Project 636 Kilo-class and four Amur 1650, but it hasn't gone through yet.[68]

In 2017, the Philippine Navy showed interest in the Kilo-class submarine as part of its modernization program. Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana said the country was evaluating a Russian offer.[69]

Failed bids

The Indonesian Navy was interested in purchasing two used Kilo-class submarines, but the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy Laksamana Marsetio cancelled the plans in 2014 after inspecting the two submarines in Russia with an Indonesian Navy team. He said, "The submarines look good on the outside, but the inside is filled with broken equipment, and the two submarines have been in storage for two years." Indonesia instead bought six Improved Jang Bogo-class submarines, later known as Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist., including a transfer of technology, where Indonesia will eventually build four of six of the submarines with South Korea.[70]

  • The Polish Kilo-class submarine missing name, 26 June 2011
    The Polish Kilo-class submarine missing name, 26 June 2011
  • Russian Kilo-class submarines in Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast
    Russian Kilo-class submarines in Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast
  • An Algerian Kilo-class submarine
    An Algerian Kilo-class submarine
  • A Chinese Kilo-class submarine being delivered from Russia as deck cargo in 1995.
    A Chinese Kilo-class submarine being delivered from Russia as deck cargo in 1995.
  • ORP Orzeł, the control room of an 877E-class submarine
    ORP Orzeł, the control room of an 877E-class submarine
  • The Iranian Kilo-class submarine Yunes, during delivery in 1995.
    The Iranian Kilo-class submarine Yunes, during delivery in 1995.
  • Indian Kilo-class submarine, INS Sindhughosh
    Indian Kilo-class submarine, INS Sindhughosh
  • Diesel submarine Kilo-class Kaluga returns from a long voyage
    Diesel submarine Kilo-class Kaluga returns from a long voyage
  • Russian Improved Kilo-class submarine Ufa during the Russian Navy Day parade in 2023.
    Russian Improved Kilo-class submarine Ufa during the Russian Navy Day parade in 2023.

List of submarines

Project 877

Operator # Name Shipyard Project Laid down Launched Commissioned Fleet Status
 Russia B-248 N/A Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 16 Mar 1980 12 Sep 1980 31 Dec 1980 Decommissioned 2001
 Russia B-260 Chita Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 22 Feb 1981 23 Aug 1981 30 Dec 1981 PF Decommissioned 2013, sank partially on way to scrap in 2019
 Russia B-227 Vyborg Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 23 Feb 1982 16 Sep 1982 23 Feb 1983 BF Decommissioned 2018 (exhibit of the Patriot park in Kronstadt)
 Russia B-229 N/A Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 23 Feb 1983 15 Jul 1983 30 Oct 1983 Decommissioned 2002
 Russia B-404 N/A Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 7 May 1983 24 Sep 1983 30 Dec 1983 Decommissioned 2002
 Russia B-401 Novosibirsk Nizhniy Novgorod 877 6 Oct 1982 15 Mar 1984 30 Sep 1984 NF Decommissioned 2012
 Russia B-402 Vologda Nizhniy Novgorod 877 24 Aug 1983 29 Sep 1984 30 Dec 1984 NF Decommissioned 2016
 Russia B-405 (ex Tyumenskiy Komsomolets) Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 20 Apr 1984 21 Sep 1984 30 Dec 1984 Decommissioned 2002
 Poland 291 (ex-B-351) missing name Nizhniy Novgorod 877E 29 Sep 1984 7 Jun 1985 29 Apr 1986 Active as of 2010
 Romania 581 (ex-B-801) Delfinul Nizhniy Novgorod 877E 1984 1985 Aug 1985 Unknown (in reserve since 1995)
 India S55 Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Saint Petersburg 877EKM 29 May 1983 29 Jul 1985 25 Nov 1985 Decomissioned 2025
 Russia B-470 N/A Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 6 May 1985 27 Aug 1985 30 Dec 1985 Decommissioned 2005
 Russia B-806 Dmitrov Nizhniy Novgorod 15 Oct 1984 30 Apr 1986 25 Sep 1986 BF Active as of 2025[71]
 India S56 Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Saint Petersburg 877EKM 1 Apr 1986 27 Jul 1986 25 Nov 1986 Decommissioned on 16 Jul 2022.[72]
 Algeria 012 missing name Nizhniy Novgorod 877EKM 1985 1986 29 Nov 1986 Upgraded in 2010, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
 Russia B-439 N/A Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 4 Apr 1986 31 Jul 1986 30 Dec 1986 Decommissioned 2005
 India S57 Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Nizhniy Novgorod 877EKM 1986 1987 2 Sep 1987 Active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
 Algeria 013 missing name Nizhniy Novgorod 877EKM 1986 1987 25 Nov 1987 Upgraded in 2011, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
 Myanmar 71 UMS Minye Theinkhathu (ex-Sindhuvir) Saint Petersburg 877EKM 15 May 1987 13 Sep 1987 25 Dec 1987 Modernized to project 08773 in 1997–1999, transferred to Myanmar Navy in 2020
 Russia B-445 Svyatoi Nikolai Chudotvorets Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 21 Mar 1987 26 Sep 1987 30 Jan 1988 PF May have decommissioned 2020;[73] listed as still in service by one source[74]
 India S59 Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Nizhniy Novgorod 877EKM 1987 1988 14 Aug 1988 Active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2001–2003
 India S60 Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Saint Petersburg 877EKM 20 Apr 1988 16 Aug 1988 29 Oct 1988 Active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
 Russia B-808 Yaroslavl Nizhniy Novgorod 877 29 Sep 1986 30 Jul 1988 27 Dec 1988 NF Decommissioned 2022[75]
 Russia B-394 Nurlat Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 15 Apr 1988 3 Sep 1988 30 Dec 1988 PF Status unclear; active as of 2018; likely to decommission in mid/latter 2020s[18]
 Russia B-800 Kaluga (ex-Vologodskij komsomolets) Nizhniy Novgorod 5 Mar 1987 7 May 1989 30 Sep 1989 NF Refitted in 2009–2012, active 2022[75]
 India S61 Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Saint Petersburg 877EKM 5 Apr 1989 26 Aug 1989 30 Oct 1989 Active, modernized to project 08773
 Russia B-464 Ust'-Kamchatsk Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 26 May 1989 23 Sep 1989 30 Jan 1990 PF Status unclear; active as of 2018; likely to decommission in mid/latter 2020s[76]
 Russia B-459 Vladikavkaz Nizhniy Novgorod 877 25 Feb 1988 29 Apr 1990 30 Sep 1990 NF Refitted in 2011–15, active, entered Baltic Sea 3 Jul 2018 to take part in Main Naval Parade in St Petersburg on 29 Jul.
 India S62 Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Saint Petersburg 877EKM 6 Apr 1990 27 Jul 1990 27 Oct 1990 Modernized to project 08773 in 2005–2007. About to undergo mid-life refit as of 2025.[77]
 Russia B-871 Alrosa Nizhniy Novgorod 877V 17 May 1988 Sep 1989 30 Dec 1990 BSF Refitted in 2014–2022[78]
 Russia B-471 Magnitogorsk Nizhniy Novgorod 877 26 Oct 1988 22 Sep 1990 30 Dec 1990 NF Status unclear as of 2025; active as of 2018
 Russia B-494 Ust'-Bolsheretsk Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 5 May 1990 4 Oct 1990 30 Dec 1990 PF Decommissioned 2023[79]
 Iran 901 missing name Saint Petersburg 877EKM 5 Apr 1991 25 Sep 1991 25 Dec 1991 Active as of 2012.[80] Upgraded in Iranian shipyard.[81]
 Russia B-187 Komsomolsk-on-Amur Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 7 May 1991 5 Oct 1991 30 Dec 1991 PF Active 2018[82]
 Russia B-177 Lipetsk Nizhniy Novgorod 877 3 Nov 1989 27 Jul 1991 30 Dec 1991 NF Status unclear as of 2025; active as of 2018
 Russia B-190 Krasnokamensk Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 8 May 1992 25 Sep 1992 30 Dec 1992 PF Decommissioned 2023[83]
 Iran 902 missing name Saint Petersburg 877EKM 30 Apr 1992 16 Oct 1992 31 Dec 1992 Unknown (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
 Russia B-345 Mogocha Komsomolsk-on-Amur 877 22 Apr 1993 6 Oct 1993 22 Jan 1994 Decommissioned 29 May 2021[73]
 People's Republic of China 364 Yuan Zheng 64 Hao Nizhniy Novgorod 877EKM ??? 1994 10 Nov 1994 Decommissioned 2021
 People's Republic of China 365 Yuan Zheng 65 Hao Nizhniy Novgorod 877EKM ??? 1995 14 Aug 1995 Decommissioned 2021
 Iran 903 missing name Saint Petersburg 877EKM 5 Feb 1992 12 Jul 1994 2 Sep 1996 Active as 2011[84] (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
 India S63 Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Saint Petersburg 877EKM 16 Feb 1995 26 Jun 1997 2 Oct 1997 A munitions accident caused an explosion and fire while at berth in 2013.[85] It was later scuttled.
 India S65 Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Saint Petersburg 877EKM 12 Dec 1998 14 Oct 1999 16 May 2000 Active as of 2010

Project 636

Operator # Name Shipyard Project Laid down Launched Commissioned Fleet Status
 People's Republic of China 366 Yuan Zheng 66 Hao Saint Petersburg 636 16 Jul 1996 26 Apr 1997 26 Aug 1997 Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China 367 Yuan Zheng 67 Hao Saint Petersburg 636 28 Aug 1997 18 Jun 1998 25 Oct 1998 Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China 368 Yuan Zheng 68 Hao Saint Petersburg 636M 18 Oct 2002 27 May 2004 20 Oct 2004 Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China 369 Yuan Zheng 69 Hao Saint Petersburg 636M 18 Oct 2002 19 Aug 2004 2005 Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China 370 Yuan Zheng 70 Hao Saint Petersburg 636M 2004 May 2005 2005 Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China 371 Yuan Zheng 71 Hao Saint Petersburg 636M 2004 2005 2005 Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China 372 Yuan Zheng 72 Hao Saint Petersburg 636M 2005 2005 2006 Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China 373 Yuan Zheng 73 Hao Nizhniy Novgorod 636M Jul 1992 8 May 2004 5 Aug 2005 Active as of 2007
 People's Republic of China 374 Yuan Zheng 74 Hao Severodvinsk 636M 29 May 2003 21 May 2005 30 Dec 2005 Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China 375 Yuan Zheng 75 Hao Severodvinsk 636M 29 May 2003 14 Jul 2005 30 Dec 2005 Active as of 2006
 Algeria 021 missing name Saint Petersburg 636M 2006 20 Nov 2008 28 Aug 2009
 Algeria 022 missing name Saint Petersburg 636M 2007 9 Apr 2009 29 Oct 2009
 Vietnam 182 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.1 25 Aug 2010 28 Aug 2012[86] 3 Apr 2014 Active as of 2014[87][88]
 Vietnam 183 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.1 28 Sep 2011 28 Dec 2012 3 Apr 2014 Active as of 2014[89][non-primary source needed][90]
 Vietnam 184 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.1 Aug 2013[91] 1 Aug 2015 Active as of 2014[92]
 Vietnam 185 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.1 2013 28 Mar 2014[93][non-primary source needed] 1 Aug 2015 Active as of 2015[94]
 Vietnam 186 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.1 28 Dec 2014 28 Feb 2017 Active as of 2016[95]
 Vietnam 187 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.1 28 May 2014[96] 28 Sep 2015 28 Feb 2017 Active as of 2017[97]
 Algeria 031 El Ouarsenis Saint Petersburg 636.1 2015 14 Mar 2017 9 Jan 2019 Active as of 2019[98]
 Algeria 032 El Hoggar Saint Petersburg 636.1 18 Jun 2018 9 Jan 2019 Active as of 2019[98]

Project 636.3

Italics indicate estimates. Russian designation Project 636.6 is known as the "Improved Kilo II" class in the West.

Operator # Name Shipyard Project Laid down Launched Commissioned Fleet Status
 Russia B-261 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 20 Aug 2010[99] 28 Nov 2013[100] 22 Aug 2014[101][102] BSF Active; as of September 2025 has a serious technical problem with diesel leaking from the fuel system into the submarine.[103][104]
 Russia B-237 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 21 Nov 2011[105] 26 Jun 2014[106] 30 Dec 2014[107] BSF Damaged by the cruise missile strike on Sevastopol drydock on 12 Sep 2023;[108] taken in for repair in dry dock;[32][109] claimed sunk by Ukraine in a second strike in Aug 2024[110]
 Russia B-262 missing name[111] Saint Petersburg 636.3 17 Aug 2012[112] 28 Aug 2014[113] 25 Jun 2015 BSF Active
 Russia B-265 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 20 Feb 2014[114] 25 Apr 2015[115] 5 Nov 2015 BSF Reported active in the Mediterranean as of 2026[116]
 Russia B-268 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 30 Oct 2014[117] 18 Mar 2016[118] 25 Oct 2016[119] BSF Active
 Russia B-271 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 30 Oct 2014[117] 31 May 2016[120] 24 Nov 2016 BSF As of December 2025 highly likely docked in Port of Novorossiysk, likely significantly damaged and unable to deploy or sail of its own accord.[45]
 Russia B-274 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 28 Jul 2017[121] 28 Mar 2019[122] 25 Nov 2019[123] PF Active[citation needed]
 Russia B-603 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 28 Jul 2017[121] 26 Dec 2019[124] 24 Oct 2020[125] PF Active; carried out land-attack cruise missile tests in Jan 2022[126]
 Russia B-602 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 1 Nov 2019[127] 26 Mar 2021[128] 12 Oct 2021[129][130][131][132][133][134] PF Active; deployed in the Pacific fleet late 2022[135]
 Russia B-588 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 1 Nov 2019[127] 31 Mar 2022[136] 16 Nov 2022[137][138][139][133][140] PF Active[141]
 Russia B-608 missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 23 Aug 2021[142][143] 27 Apr 2023[144] 28 Nov 2023 PF Active[145]
 Russia B-??? missing name Saint Petersburg 636.3 23 Aug 2021[142][143] 11 Oct 2024[146] 11 Jun

2025[147]

PF Active[147]
 Russia B-??? Petrozavodsk[148] Saint Petersburg 636.3 2022[140] 2025[140] BF[140] Ordered in 2020,[149][150] improved design[151]
 Russia B-??? Mariupol[152] Saint Petersburg 636.3 Autumn 2024[153] 2027 NF[154] Ordered in 2022
 Russia B-???[155] Donetsk[156] Saint Petersburg 636.3 2023[157][158] 2026 BF or NF? Both ordered in 2022; two additional submarines with names Kherson & Zaporozhye also reported planned[20][159]
 Russia B-???[160] Lugansk[20][161] Saint Petersburg 636.3 2025 2028 BF or NF?

See also

Notes

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gady, Franz-Stefan (7 October 2019). "New Russian Attack Sub Enters Sea Trials". https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/new-russian-attack-sub-enters-sea-trials/. 
  2. ↑ "АПЛ Проекта 636.3" (in ru). https://pp.userapi.com/c639327/v639327924/38091/NS2cZmDNPqM.jpg. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Gady, Franz-Stefan (22 November 2019). "First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub to Enter Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet This Month". https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/first-project-636-3-kilo-class-attack-sub-to-enter-service-with-russias-pacific-fleet-this-month/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Wertheim, Eric (August 2023). "Russia's Kilo-class Submarine: Improved And More Deadly Than Ever". Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute 149/8/1,446. https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2023/august/russias-kilo-class-submarine-improved-and-more-deadly-ever. Retrieved 18 August 2025. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tomasz Grotnik (14 October 2024). "Russia launches Final Project 636.3 Submarine for Pacific Fleet". https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/10/russia-launches-final-project-636-3-submarine-for-pacific-fleet/. 
  6. ↑ Gardiner, Chumbley and Budzbon (1995), pp. 408-409.
  7. ↑ "Algeria Navy may receive 2 new Russian Improved Kilo-class submarines.". 8 August 2023. https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2023/algeria-navy-may-receive-2-new-russian-improved-kilo-class-submarines. 
  8. ↑ Darman (2004), p. 46.
  9. ↑ "MGK-400EM Sonar". http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/shipborne-electronic-systems/mgk-400/. 
  10. ↑ Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sonar sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.
  11. ↑ "Kilo-class Submarines". http://www.russiafile.com/kilo.htm. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sutton, H I (14 September 2022). "Russian Navy Kilo Class Submarines Retreating From Crimea". Naval News. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/09/russian-navy-kilo-class-submarines-retreating-from-crimea/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Polmar, Norman; Moore, K. J. (2003). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945–2001. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books Inc.. pp. 214―218. ISBN 1-57488-594-4. 
  14. ↑ "Kilo Class Submarine "Alrosa": Black Sea Fleet, Russian Federation". http://www.alrosa.net/eng/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Newdick, Thomas (28 June 2022). "Russia's Only Pump-Jet Kilo Class Submarine Is Back To Attack Ukraine". The Drive. Recurrent Ventures. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-only-pump-jet-kilo-class-submarine-is-back-to-attack-ukraine. 
  16. ↑ "Project 677 Lada Class / Project 1650 Amur Class Submarines". Naval Technology. https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/project-677-lada-class-project-1650-amur-class-submarines/. 
  17. ↑ Novichkov, Nikolai (1 November 2019). "Russia lays keels of two new diesel-electric submarines". Jane's Information Group. https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/russia-lays-keels-of-two-new-diesel-electric-submarines. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Muraviev, Alexey D (2025). "Moscow's Pacific Trident: The submarine arm of the Russian Pacific Fleet, early 2025 to 2030". https://seapower.navy.gov.au/publications-and-research/moscows-pacific-trident-submarine-arm-russian-pacific-fleet-early-2025-2030. 
  19. ↑ "Shipbuilders to build a series of Project 636.3 submarines for Russia's Northern Fleet". https://tass.com/defense/1465805. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Staalesen, Atle (19 December 2025). "Украинский морской дрон вывел из строя российскую субмарину. 6 похожих подлодок прибудут на Северный флот". The Barents Observer. https://ru.thebarentsobserver.com/ukrainskij-morskoj-dron-vyvel-iz-stroa-rossijskuu-submarinu-6-pohozih-podlodok-pribudut-na-severnyj-flot/442541. 
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  26. ↑ Ozberk, Tayfun (12 February 2022). "Russia's Improved Kilo-Class Submarine Entering Black Sea". Naval News. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/02/russias-improved-kilo-class-submarine-entering-black-sea/. 
  27. ↑ Axe, David (28 August 2022). "Russian Navy Crews Are Under Orders To Avoid The Ukrainian Coast". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/08/18/russian-navy-crews-are-under-orders-to-avoid-the-ukrainian-coast/?sh=2ccaff076946. 
  28. ↑ Mongilio, Heather (20 September 2022). "Russian Navy Moving Kilo Attack Boats to Safety from Ukraine Strike Risk, Says U.K. MoD". USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2022/09/20/russian-navy-moving-kilo-attack-boats-to-safety-from-ukraine-strike-risk-says-u-k-mod. 
  29. ↑ Barnes, Joe; Kilner, James (13 September 2023). "Russian submarine hit by British Storm Shadow missile strike" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/09/13/ukraine-major-attack-russia-black-sea-fleet-crimea/. 
  30. ↑ "Ukraine's Attack On Sevastopol Also Targeted Important Ships Crossing Black Sea". Naval News. 14 September 2023. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/09/ukraines-attack-on-sevastopol-also-targeted-important-ships-crossing-black-sea/. 
  31. ↑ Kesaieva, Yulia; Carey, Andrew; Knight, Mariya; Yeung, Jessie (15 September 2023). "Ukraine identifies ships hit in Sevastopol attack, claiming 'irreparable loss' to Russia". https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/14/europe/ukraine-sevastopol-attack-russian-ships-identified-intl-hnk/index.html. 
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  33. ↑ Malyasov, Dylan (3 August 2024). "Ukrainian missiles destroy Russian submarine in Sevastopol". https://defence-blog.com/ukrainian-missiles-destroy-russian-submarine-in-sevastopol/. 
  34. ↑ Pollet, Mathieu (3 August 2024). "Ukraine claims sinking of Russia sub in Sevastopol". Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-submarine-sunk-by-ukraine-military-claims/. 
  35. ↑ Murphy, Matt (3 August 2024). "Ukraine says it sank Russian submarine in Crimea". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nggvg1yggo. 
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  115. ↑ "ОАО "Адмиралтейские верфи" Спустило На Воду Первую В Серии Подводную Лодку "Краснодар"" [JSC Admiralteyskie Verfi Launched the First in Series Submarine "Krasnodar"]. Admiralty Shipyard (Press release) (in русский). 25 Apr 2015. Archived from the original on 28 Mar 2019. Retrieved 25 Apr 2015.
  116. ↑ Van Lokeren, Frederik (28 January 2026). "Russian Naval Operations - Weekly Situation Report - Week 05/2026". https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2026/01/russian-naval-operations-weekly_28.html. 
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 "ОАО "Адмиралтейские верфи" Заложило Две Большие Дизель-Электрические Подводные Лодки "Великий Новгород" и "Колпино"" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards laid down two large diesel-electric submarines "Veliky Novgorod" and "Kolpino"]. Admiralty Shipyard (Press release) (in русский). 28 Jul 2017. Archived from the original on 28 Mar 2019. Retrieved 28 Jul 2017.
  118. ↑ "АО "Адмиралтейские верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку "Великий Новгород"" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards launched the submarine "Veliky Novgorod"]. Admiralty Shipyard (Press release) (in русский). 28 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 28 Mar 2019. Retrieved 28 Mar 2019.
  119. ↑ "Fifth Varshavyanka submarine joins Russia's Navy". 26 Oct 2016. http://tass.com/defense/908758. 
  120. ↑ "АО "Адмиралтейские верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку "Колпино"" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards launched the submarine "Kolpino"]. Admiralty Shipyard (Press release) (in русский). 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 Mar 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 "АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Заложило Подводные Лодки "Петропавловск-Камчатский" И "Волхов"" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards launched submarines "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" and "Volkhov"]. Admiralty Shipyard (Press release) (in русский). 28 Jul 2017. Archived from the original on 28 Mar 2019. Retrieved 28 Jul 2017.
  122. ↑ "АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Спустило На Воду Первую В Серии Подводную Лодку Для Тихоокеанского Флота" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched the First Submarine in Series for the Pacific Fleet]. Admiralty Shipyard (Press release) (in русский). 28 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 28 Mar 2019. Retrieved 28 Mar 2019.
  123. ↑ "First Project 636.3 submarine enters service with Russia's Pacific Fleet". 25 Nov 2019. https://tass.com/defense/1092443. 
  124. ↑ "АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку Для Тихоокеанского Флота России" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched a Submarine for the Russian Pacific Fleet]. Admiralty Shipyard (Press release) (in русский). 26 Dec 2019. Archived from the original on 26 Dec 2019. Retrieved 26 Dec 2019.
  125. ↑ "Project 636.3 diesel-electric submarine Volkhov entered service with Russian Navy". 24 Oct 2020. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/october/9193-project-636-3-diesel-electric-submarine-volkhov-entered-service-with-russian-navy.html. 
  126. ↑ "Russian Navy launches Kalibr cruise missile from Kilo-class submarine Volkhov". 20 Jan 2022. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2022/january/11292-russian-navy-launches-kalibr-cruise-missile-from-kilo-class-submarine-volkhov.html. 
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 "АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Заложило Подводные Лодки "Магадан" И "Уфа"" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched Submarines "Magadan" And "Ufa"]. Admiralty Shipyard (Press release) (in русский). 1 Nov 2019. Archived from the original on 1 Nov 2019. Retrieved 1 Nov 2019.
  128. ↑ "АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку Для Тихоокеанского Флота России" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched a Submarine for the Russian Pacific Fleet]. Admiralty Shipyard (Press release) (in русский). 26 Mar 2021. Retrieved 26 Mar 2021.
  129. ↑ "Project 636.3 Magadan submarine joins Russian Navy". https://tass.com/defense/1348293. 
  130. ↑ "Project 636.3 Magadan submarine to join Russian Navy on Oct 12 — Defense Ministry". https://tass.com/defense/1345993. 
  131. ↑ "Project 636.3 Magadan Begins Trials – SeaWaves Magazine". https://seawaves.com/?p=12280. 
  132. ↑ "Russia's Admiralty Shipyards launches Project 636.3 submarine 'Magadan' for Pacific Fleet". 27 Mar 2021. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/03/russias-admiralty-shipyards-launches-project-636-3-submarine-magadan-for-pacific-fleet/. 
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 Gady, Franz-Stefan (25 Nov 2019). "First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub Enters Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet". https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/first-project-636-3-kilo-class-class-attack-sub-enters-service-with-russias-pacific-fleet/. 
  134. ↑ ДЭПЛ "Магадан". "Третья "Варшавянка" для Тихоокеанского флота прошла госприемку". Flotprom.ru. https://flotprom.ru/2021/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B814/. 
  135. ↑ "Latest diesel-electric sub built for Russian Pacific Fleet arrives in Vladivostok". https://tass.com/defense/1519889. 
  136. ↑ "АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку "Уфа"" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched Submarine Ufa]. www.admship.ru (Press release) (in русский). Admiralty Shipyard. 31 Mar 2022. Archived from the original on 31 Mar 2022. Retrieved 31 Mar 2022.
  137. ↑ "Russian Navy officially commissions Kilo class submarine Ufa". 16 Nov 2022. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2022/november/12484-russian-navy-officially-commissions-kilo-class-submarine-ufa.html. 
  138. ↑ "Четвертую "Варшавянку" для Тихоокеанского флота введут в строй 16 ноября". http://flot.com/2022/%C0%E4%EC%E8%F0%E0%EB%F2%E5%E9%F1%EA%E8%E5%C2%E5%F0%F4%E817/. 
  139. ↑ "Ufa diesel-electric submarine to enter service with Russian Navy in Nov". 20 Oct 2022. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2022/october/12375-ufa-diesel-electric-sub-to-enter-service-with-russian-navy-in-november.html. 
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 140.2 140.3 "Строительство боевых кораблей основных классов для ВМФ России на 01.01.2022" (in ru). 1 Jan 2022. https://navy-korabel.livejournal.com/257030.html#cutid1. 
  141. ↑ "Russian Improved Kilo class submarine Ufa begins sea trials in Baltic Sea". 7 Jul 2022. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2022/july/11893-russian-improved-kilo-class-submarine-ufa-begins-sea-trials-in-baltic-sea.html. 
  142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 "Russian shipbuilders to lay keel of six warships and submarines on Aug 9–10 — source". https://tass.com/defense/1321251. 
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 "Putin launches construction of six warships for Russian Navy" (in en). 23 Aug 2021. https://tass.com/defense/1329121. 
  144. ↑ "АО «Адмиралтейские верфи» Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку «Можайск» 636 Проекта" [JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched Submarine "Mozhaysk" of Project 636] (Press release) (in русский). Admiralty Shipyard. 27 Apr 2023. Archived from the original on 29 Apr 2023. Retrieved 27 Apr 2023.
  145. ↑ "Подводную лодку "Можайск" проекта 636.3 "Варшавянка" передали ВМФ". https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/19397513. 
  146. ↑ "Yandex". https://dzen.ru/b/ZwjoTGVShg_UAkO9. 
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 "Минобороны России". https://t.me/mod_russia/53648?single. 
  148. ↑ "The sixth Kilo II-class attack submarine intended for the Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet is launched". 12 Oct 2024. https://www.zona-militar.com/en/2024/10/12/the-sixth-kilo-ii-class-attack-submarine-intended-for-the-russian-navys-pacific-fleet-is-launched/. 
  149. ↑ "ВМФ: после завершения "тихоокеанской серии" строительство "Варшавянок" продолжат" (in ru). 25 Nov 2019. https://flotprom.ru/2019/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B824/. 
  150. ↑ "Analysis: latest Russian Navy contracts offer development conclusions". 16 Sep 2020. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/8994-analysis-latest-russian-navy-contracts-offer-development-conclusions.html. 
  151. ↑ "Под балтийской волной: новые субмарины отправят на северо-запад" (in ru). 12 Jul 2021. https://iz.ru/1187216/roman-kretcul-anna-cherepanova/pod-baltiiskoi-volnoi-novye-submariny-otpraviat-na-severo-zapad. 
  152. ↑ "The sixth Kilo II-class attack submarine intended for the Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet is launched". 12 Oct 2024. https://www.zona-militar.com/en/2024/10/12/the-sixth-kilo-ii-class-attack-submarine-intended-for-the-russian-navys-pacific-fleet-is-launched/. 
  153. ↑ "Источник: подлодка "Мариуполь" будет заложена для Северного флота осенью 2024 года" (in ru). 24 Jun 2023. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/18105153. 
  154. ↑ "ТАСС: Новым подлодкам проекта "Варшавянка" присвоят имена городов новых регионов России". 25 Apr 2023. https://rg.ru/2023/04/25/reg-szfo/tass-novym-podlodkam-proekta-varshavianka-prisvoiat-imena-gorodov-novyh-regionov-rossii.html. 
  155. ↑ "The sixth Kilo II-class attack submarine intended for the Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet is launched". 12 Oct 2024. https://www.zona-militar.com/en/2024/10/12/the-sixth-kilo-ii-class-attack-submarine-intended-for-the-russian-navys-pacific-fleet-is-launched/. 
  156. ↑ Staalesen, Atle (16 December 2025). "The Ukrainians destroyed one yesterday. Another six Improved Kilo-class subs will come to Russia's Northern Fleet". https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/security/the-ukrainians-destroyed-one-yesterday-another-six-improved-kiloclass-subs-will-come-to-russias-northern-fleet/442343. 
  157. ↑ "Строительство боевых кораблей основных классов для ВМФ России на 01.09.2022". Sep 2022. https://navy-korabel.livejournal.com/277503.html. 
  158. ↑ "На форуме "Армия-2022" подпишут контракт на строительство подводных лодок с "Калибрами" - ТАСС". https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/15476095. 
  159. ↑ Staalesen, Atle (16 December 2025). "The Ukrainians destroyed one yesterday. Another six Improved Kilo-class subs will come to Russia's Northern Fleet". https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/security/the-ukrainians-destroyed-one-yesterday-another-six-improved-kiloclass-subs-will-come-to-russias-northern-fleet/442343. 
  160. ↑ "The sixth Kilo II-class attack submarine intended for the Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet is launched". 12 Oct 2024. https://www.zona-militar.com/en/2024/10/12/the-sixth-kilo-ii-class-attack-submarine-intended-for-the-russian-navys-pacific-fleet-is-launched/. 
  161. ↑ Staalesen, Atle (16 December 2025). "The Ukrainians destroyed one yesterday. Another six Improved Kilo-class subs will come to Russia's Northern Fleet". https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/security/the-ukrainians-destroyed-one-yesterday-another-six-improved-kiloclass-subs-will-come-to-russias-northern-fleet/442343. 

Bibliography

  • Darman, Peter, ed (2004). Twenty-first Century Submarines and Warships. Military Handbooks. Rochester: Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-678-2. 
  • Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 1995. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. 

Further reading

  • Breemer, Jan S. (1989). Soviet Submarines: Design, Development and Tactics. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0710605269. 
  • Miller, David; Jordan, John (1987). Modern Submarine Warfare. New York: Military Press. ISBN 0-517-64647-1. 
  • Miller, David (1989). Modern Submarines. Combat Arms. New York: Prentice Hall Press. ISBN 0-13-589102-7. 
  • Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1. 
  • Polmar, Norman; Noot, Jurrien S. (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718-1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-570-1. 


Template:Kilo class submarine Template:Soviet and Russian submarines after 1945 Template:Ship classes of the Iranian Navy



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