Engineering:3M-54 Kalibr

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Short description: Family of Russian missiles
Kalibr
3M-54E1.jpg
An export variant of the missile
TypeCruise missile
Anti-ship missile
Anti-submarine missile
Submarine-launched cruise missile
Air-launched cruise missile
Land-attack missile
Surface-to-surface missile
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service1994
Used bySee Operators
WarsSyrian Civil War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Production history
ManufacturerNovator Design Bureau, KTRV, MKB Fakel, NPO Mash, Raduga, NPO Zvezda Strela (Orenburg)
Unit cost$6.5 million [1]
Produced1994–present
Specifications
MassVaries on variant, from 1,300 kg-1,780 kg-2,300 kg
LengthVaries on variant, from 6.2 m to 8.9 m
Diameter0.533 m
Warhead400–500 kg HE or thermonuclear[2][3][4]
EngineMulti-stage solid-fuel rocket, turbojet engine for 3M-54/E/TE/E1/TE1, -14/E/TE, solid fuel rocket for 91RE1/RTE2
Operational
range
91RE1: 50 km

3M-54E (export version): 220 km
3M-54E1/3M-14E (export version): 300 km
3M-54/3M-54T: 660 km (estimate)

3M-14/3M-14T: 1,500–2,500 km
Kalibr-M (under development): 4,500 km
Flight ceiling1,000 m
Flight altitude50–150 m AGL
20 m over water[2]
Speed0.8–2.5–3.0 Mach
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance plus terminal Active radar homing, By satellites, DSMAC
Accuracy50 m CEP (Club-T, claimed) [5]
Launch
platform
naval ships, submarines, containers, airplanes, TEL

The 3M-54 Kalibr, (Калибр, caliber), also referred to it as 3M54-1 Kalibr, 3M14 Biryuza (Бирюза, turquoise), (NATO reporting name SS-N-27 Sizzler and SS-N-30A), 91R1, and 91RT2, is a family of Russian cruise missiles developed by the Novator Design Bureau (OKB-8). There are ship-launched, submarine-launched and air-launched versions of the missile, and variants for anti-ship, anti-submarine and land attack use. Some versions have a second propulsion stage that initiates a supersonic sprint in the terminal approach to the target, reducing the time that target's defense systems have to react, while subsonic versions have greater range than the supersonic variants. The missile can carry a warhead weighing up to 500 kg of explosive or a thermonuclear warhead.

Design

The missile is a modular system with five versions: two anti-shipping types, one for land attack and two anti-submarine types. The missile is designed to share common parts between the surface and submarine-launched variants but each missile consists of different components, for example, the booster. The missile can be launched from a surface ship using a vertical launching system (VLS).

It has a booster with thrust vectoring capability. The missile launched from a submarine torpedo tube has no need for such an addition but has a conventional booster instead. The air launched version is held in a container that is dropped as the missile launches, detaching from the container.

There are several claims about the maximum range of Kalibr land attack versions in use by Russia. The U.S. Department of Defense estimates its range at 1,400 km (870 mi), and Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu put its range at "almost 1,500 km (930 mi)." Following its first operational firing in October 2015, Russian Ministry of Defence statements suggested a range of 2,000 km (1,200 mi), while a December 2015 Office of Naval Intelligence report gathered a number of Russian statements projecting ranges between 1,500-2,500 km (1,600 mi).[2][6]

Discrepancies in range values may be political declarations for strategic effect,[2] or potentially longer 2,500 km-range claims could be associated with a thermonuclear armed variant while shorter 1,500 km-range estimates are for the conventionally armed missile.[6]

Terminal supersonic flight

3M-54E mockup

The Russian domestic variant (3M54T / 3M54K) and export variants (3M54TE/3M54KE) fly at sub-sonic speeds while achieving supersonic speed (Mach 3.0) as they near their target. They are also capable of performing very high angled defensive high speed maneuvers in contrast to the common linear flight path of other anti-ship cruise missiles.[7]

The high speed of the supersonic version likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles, such as BGM-109 Tomahawk. Being twice as heavy and almost four times as fast as Tomahawk, the 3M54T has more than 32 times the on-cruise kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile (~972 megajoules, or equal to 232 kg TNT explosive energy). Its Mach 3.0 speed means that modern missile defense systems have a harder time countering it[citation needed] and its precision makes it lethal to medium targets such as destroyers[8]

Operational history

Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war

  • On 7 October 2015, a Gepard class frigate and three Buyan-M class Russian Navy corvettes, part of the Caspian Flotilla launched 26 Kalibr-NK system cruise missiles 3M14T from the Caspian Sea at 11 targets in Syria during the Syrian Civil War.[9] The missiles traveled 1,500 km (932 mi) through Iranian and Iraqi airspace and struck targets in Raqqa and Aleppo provinces (controlled by the Islamic State) but primarily in Idlib province (controlled by the Free Syrian Army and Nusra Front).[10] Anonymous US DoD officials alleged that four missiles crashed in Iran.[11] The US officials offered no evidence while Russian and Iranian governments denied the claim of missile crash.[12] Pentagon and State Department officials refused to comment on the reports.[13] Russia posted video footage of 26 Kalibr missile launches as well as several videos of missile impacts without time or location information.[14]
  • On 20 November 2015 Russia launched 18 3M14T cruise missiles from the Caspian Sea onto targets in Syria, the targets were in Raqqa, Idlib and Aleppo.[15][16][17]
  • On 9 December 2015 Russia fired a group of 3M14K cruise missiles from Kalibr-PL system at positions occupied by ISIL from the Improved Kilo-class submarine B-237 Rostov-on-Don deployed in the Mediterranean.[18][19]
  • On 19 August 2016 Russia launched three Kalibr-NK cruise missiles from Buyan-class corvette Zelenyy Dol and Serpukhov deployed in the eastern Mediterranean, and struck al-Nusra targets in the Aleppo province.[citation needed]
  • On 20 September 2016 Russian state media reported that Russian warships in the Mediterranean fired three Kalibr-NK missiles at western Aleppo, near Mount Simeon. The Russians claimed that the missile strike killed "30 Israeli and Western officers directing the terrorists' attacks in Aleppo and Idlib".[20]
  • On 15 November 2016 Russian frigate Admiral Grigorovich fired at least three missiles against targets in Idlib and Homs provinces, Syria, in the opening stages of the decisive offensive on Aleppo.[21][22]
  • On 31 May 2017 the Russian frigate Admiral Essen and submarine Krasnodar launched four missiles against targets east of Palmyra, Syria.[23][24][25]
  • On 23 June 2017 Russian frigates Admiral Grigorovich and Admiral Essen, and the submarine Krasnodar fired six Kalibr missiles at ISIL arms depot targets in Hama.[26][27][28][29][30]
  • On 5 September 2017 the Russian frigate Admiral Essen fired some Kalibr missiles on ISIL targets (command posts, a communications center, a facility repairing armored vehicles, and arms and ammunition depots) as part of an operation to take Deir ez-Zor.[citation needed]
  • On 14 September 2017 the Russian submarines Veliky Novgorod and Kolpino fired seven Kalibr missiles on ISIL targets (command posts, communications centers and ammunition depots) in the south-east of Deir ez-Zor.[31]
  • On 22 September 2017 the Russian submarine Veliky Novgorod fired at least three Kalibr missiles on al-Nusra in the Idlib province. The missile strike destroyed command centers, training bases and armored vehicles.[32]
  • On 5 October 2017 the Russian submarines Veliky Novgorod and Kolpino launched 10 Kalibr missiles. The strikes were to support Syrian troops conducting a ground offensive in Deir-ez-Zor province.[33][34]
  • On 31 October 2017 the Russian submarine Veliky Novgorod launched 3 Kalibr missiles. The strikes were again to support Syrian troops conducting a ground offensive in Deir-ez-Zor province.[citation needed]
  • On 3 November 2017 the Russian submarine Kolpino launched 6 Kalibr missiles from a submerged position. Missiles hit terrorists' strongholds, weapon and ammunition depots, concentrations of militants, and important command centres near Abu Kamal, Deir-ez-Zor.[35][36]
  • On 3 February 2018 Russian frigates and submarines active in the Mediterranean sea launched several Kalibr missiles on the positions of rebels in the Idlib province, Syria where the Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft of Major Roman Filipov was shot down, killing about 30.[37]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

  • During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine's military command reported widespread usage of Kalibr cruise missiles in strikes against strategic and non-combat targets across Ukraine.[38] The opening assault is said to have included about 30 missiles.[39]
  • On 14 July, 2022, three Kalibr cruise missiles hit the city center of Vinnytsia, Ukraine, killing at least 20 people, including at least 3 children. Ukraine claimed two other missiles were shot down.[40]
  • On 11 September 2022, Kalibr curise missiles were fired from the Black Sea on targets in Ukraine.[41] The same day, missile strike on Kharkiv TEC-5 thermal power plant in Kharkiv was confirmed by Ukrainian officials.[42]

Variants

Domestic variants are basic versions of this missile family; these are the 3M54 and 3M14. The export model is called Club (formerly Klub). There are two major launch platforms: the Kalibr-PL (export Club-S), designed for use from submarines, and the Kalibr-NK (export Club-N), designed for surface ships. These two launch platforms can be equipped with the following warhead and guidance combinations:[43]

Domestic variants

  • 3M54K: A submarine-launched anti-shipping variant deployed by the Russian Navy. Its length is 8.22 m (27.0 ft), with a 200 kg (440 lb) warhead. Its range is 550–660 km (340–410 mi) (estimate). It is a Sea-skimmer with a final stage flight altitude of 4.6 metres (15 ft) and a supersonic terminal speed of Mach 2.9 (3,550 km/h; 2,210 mph).
  • 3M54T An anti-shipping variant deployed by the Russian Navy on surface ships. It is launched with a VLS, has a Thrust vectoring booster, and is 8.9 m (29 ft) long. Its warhead weight and other performances are the same as the 3M-54K.
  • 3M14K (SS-N-30A) An inertial guidance land attack variant deployed by the Russian Navy. The submarine-launched weapon has a basic length of 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 450 kg (990 lb) warhead. Its range is 2,500 km (1,600 mi), allowing the Russian Navy to strike targets throughout Central/Western Europe from beyond the GIUK gap. Its subsonic terminal speed is Mach 0.8.
  • 3M14T is the inertial guidance land attack variant which is deployed by the Russian Navy. A surface ship with VLS launched missile, with thrust vectoring booster, its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), its warhead weight and other performance are the same as the 3M14K. Russia fired 26 3M14T cruise missiles from four surface ships in the Caspian Sea against 11 targets in Syria on 7 October 2015.
  • According to state television news (broadcast of 11.10.2015),[44] launch of production took place in 2012. Details of this version[45] – a maximum speed of Mach 3, a range of 4,000 km, basing in the air, on land, on water and under water. The missile can make in-flight maneuvers 147 times or more (in any direction), it has a minimum height of 10 meters, an average one of 20 – 50 meters (up to 1000 m), it will automatically follow terrain, it can be controlled in flight.[46]
  • Russia has improved the targeting system of its ship- and submarine-launched Kalibr cruise missiles to improve their ability to conduct time sensitive attacks. Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu revealed the development, which was initiated as a result of combat experience in Syria, in an interview with the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper on 22 September 2019.[47][48]
  • Kalibr-M is a new version of Kalibr with larger warhead and extended range to 4,500 km. The ship, submarine, air, and land-launched versions are in development.[49]

Export variants

3M-54E1 mockup

Club-S

  • 3M-54E Club-S[50] is the submarine-launched anti-shipping variant, Its basic length is 8.2 m (27 ft), with a 450 kg warhead. Its range is 300 km; (note that its range is less than the 3M-54). It is a sea-skimmer with a supersonic terminal speed of 3.0 mach and a flight altitude of 4.6 metres (15 ft) at its final stage.[51]
3M-14E mockup
  • 3M-54E1 is a submarine-launched anti-shipping variant, Its basic length is 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 200 kg (440 lb) warhead. Its range is 300 km (190 mi). It is a sea-skimmer with a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.
  • 3M-14E An inertially guided land attack variant; it is launched from a submarine. Its basic length is 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 450 kg (990 lb) warhead. Its range is 300 km (190 mi). It has a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.
  • 91RE1 A submarine-launched anti-submarine variant, it consists of two stages, one solid booster with four grid fins and one anti-submarine light torpedo. Its basic length is 7.65 m (25.1 ft), it has a range of 50 km (31 mi). It can reach supersonic speed. The torpedo has a warhead weight of 76 kg (168 lb). It is similar to the American ASROC/SUBROC missile/torpedo system. It follows a ballistic path on the surface, with a speed of Mach 2.5.
91RE1 mockup

Club-N

  • 3M-54TE Club-N[50] – A surface vessel with VLS launched anti-shipping variant; with a thrust vectoring booster. Its basic length is 8.9 m, its warhead weight and other performance is the same as the 3M-54E. Its range is less than the 3M-54. It is a sea-skimmer with supersonic terminal speed and a flight altitude of 15 feet (4.6 m) at its final stage, when it has a speed of 3.0 mach, with a range of 220 km (140 mi) at supersonic speed.
  • 3M-54TE1 – A surface ship with VLS anti-shipping variant, with thrust vectoring booster. Its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), its warhead weight and other performance is the same as the 3M-54E1. A sea-skimmer with a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.
  • 3M-14TE – An inertially guided land attack variant. It is a surface ship with VLS missile and a thrust vectoring booster. Its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), its warhead weight and other performances are the same as the 3M-14E. Its subsonic terminal speed is 3.0 mach, with a range of 300 km (190 mi) at supersonic speed.
91RTE2 mockup
  • 91RTE2 – A surface ship with the VLS launched anti-submarine variant; it consists of three stages, one booster with thrust vector nozzle, one conventional booster, and one anti-submarine light torpedo. Its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), with a range of 40 km (25 mi) at supersonic speed. The torpedo has a warhead weight of 76 kg (168 lb). The lightest of all variants, with a launch weight of 1,300 kg (2,900 lb). Speed is Mach 2.

Club-T

Land-based anti-ship (3M-54E2) and land-attack (3M-14E1) self-propelled missile system for coastal defense. Both missile variants in the system arsenal weigh 1,700 kg and feature a 450 kg warhead and flight speed of 240 m/s. According to the manufacturer, in land-attack mode, the system has a CEP of 50 m.[5]

Club-A

  • 3M-54AE – Air-launched anti-ship variant. Two stages, terminal supersonic speed. Weight 1950 kg. Warhead 200 kg. Range 300 km.
  • 3M-54AE1 – Air-launched anti-ship variant. Subsonic.
  • 3M-14AE – Air-launched land attack variant. Subsonic. INS+satellite guidance. Length 6.2 m. Weight 1400 kg. Warhead 450 kg. Range 300 km.

Launch platforms

A Club-K erected in a standard shipping container

'Club-K' – a Russian container complex of missile weapons, placed in the standard 20- and 40-foot sea container. It is designed to defeat surface and ground targets. The complex can be mounted on shorelines, vessels of various classes, rail platforms and trucks. It is a modification of the Kalibr missile system.

The Russian Kilo class, Lada class, Amur[52] class, Akula class, Yasen class, and Borei class are the submarine launch platforms for the missiles.

Indian Navy frigate INS Tabar firing the Club missile

The Russian Admiral Gorshkov class, Admiral Grigorovich class, and Gepard class frigates are able to carry these missiles. Also the Indian Talwar class frigate is another shipborne launch platform for the Club missile system.

The Russian Gremyashchy class, Buyan-M class, the second batch of Steregushchy class corvettes and the Karakurt class are low displacement platforms with Kalibr system ability.

It is believed by some analysts that an air-launched variant will be developed to arm the Tu-142s currently in service with the Russian navy. A truck mounted version is planned for development by the Novator Design Bureau. A Club-K variant, which is disguised as a shipping container that can be placed on a truck, train, or merchant vessel, was advertised in 2010 and was shown for the first time at the MAKS 2011 air show.[53][54][55] Putting the launcher system into a standard shipping container allows the missiles to be moved and stored without arousing suspicion, which in turn renders pre-emptive strikes against the launcher very difficult.

Operators

Map of Kalibr operators
  •  Russia:
  •  Algeria: The Algerian National Navy uses the 'Club-S' variant for their Kilo class submarines.
  •  India: The Indian Navy uses both 'Club-S' and 'Club-N' variants for the Kilo class submarines (known as the Sindhughosh-class submarine in Indian service), the Talwar class frigates respectively.[57]
  •  Vietnam: The Vietnam People's Navy uses the 'Club-S' variant for its six Kilo class submarines.[58]
  •  China: The People's Liberation Army Navy uses the 'Club-S' variant for its Kilo class submarines.[59]
  •  Iran: Contradictory sources[60][61] indicate that the Iranian Navy is thought to have purchased or is about to purchase 'Club-S' missiles for its three Kilo class submarines.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Landa, Volodymyr; Gnenny, Konstantin. "Over the weekend, Russia launched missiles worth about $200 million over Ukraine., Росія за вихідні випустила по Україні ракет вартістю близько $200 млн.". Forbes. https://forbes.ua/inside/rosiya-za-vikhidni-vipustila-po-ukraini-raket-vartistyu-blizko-200-mln-otsinka-forbes-27062022-6838?utm_source=Telegram&utm_medium=post. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Game changer: Russian sub-launched cruise missiles bring strategic effect. Jane's Information Group.
  3. ↑ "صواريخ روسية غيرت مفهوم المعركة وأخافت العالم" (in ar). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eT2EJR2GhMA. 
  4. ↑ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Сводка боевых действий ВКС России в Сирии за 8 декабря". http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/1209/164032600/detail.shtml. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Defexpo 2020: Almaz-Antey upgrades Club-T cruise missile system". Jane's Information Group. 6 February 2020. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/defexpo-2020-almaz-antey-upgrades-club-t-cruise-missile-system. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sokov on Russian Cruise Missiles – Armscontrolwonk.com, 25 August 2015
  7. ↑ "Navy Lacks Plan to Defend Against 'Sizzler' Missile". Bloomberg. 2007-03-23. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&sid=a5LkaU0wj714&refer=home. 
  8. ↑ "Russian Navy to Keep Kalibr Cruise Missiles on Constant Standby in Syria, Enhance Nuclear Capabilities". Military Watch Magazine. May 18, 2018. https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/russian-navy-to-keep-kalibr-cruise-missiles-on-constant-standby-in-syria-enhance-nuclear-capabilities. Retrieved 2022-03-14. 
  9. ↑ "Kalibr cruise missiles strike IS targets in Syria". Oct 7, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMfGtaQZJ2s. 
  10. ↑ Aji, Albert; Vasilyeva, Nataliya (7 October 2015). "Russia fires cruise missiles from warships into Syria". Yahoo News. Associated Press. https://news.yahoo.com/fighting-erupts-central-syria-amid-russian-airstrikes-072047268.html. 
  11. ↑ U.S.: Several Russian cruise missiles landed in Iran – Militarytimes.com, 8 October 2015
  12. ↑ "Russia, Iran Deny US Claims of Cruise Missiles Crashing on Iran". 8 October 2015. http://news.antiwar.com/2015/10/08/russia-iran-deny-us-claims-of-cruise-missiles-crashing-on-iran/. 
  13. ↑ "Russia denies missiles aimed at Syria landed in Iran". 9 October 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/09/russia-denies-missiles-aimed-at-syria-landed-in-iran. 
  14. ↑ Russia Refutes Pentagon Claims Some Caspian Strike Missiles Failed Over Iran – News.USNI.org, 9 October 2015
  15. ↑ "Russian Caspian Sea Flotilla launches Kalibr missiles". Nov 20, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-4IPnsu2Yc. 
  16. ↑ "YouTube". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWMgPOt-F4Q. 
  17. ↑ "Kalibr vs ISIS compound". Nov 23, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xriz4VVst8E. 
  18. ↑ "Syria – Russian submarine "Rostov-on-Don" launches missiles at Raqqa – December 2015". Dec 9, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgi9L1srfic. 
  19. ↑ "Russia fires Kalibr missiles at IS positions from sub deployed in the Mediterranean". http://tass.com/defense/842471. 
  20. ↑ "Russia: Mossad, other foreign agents killed in Aleppo strike". http://www.timesofisrael.com/russia-mossad-other-foreign-agents-killed-in-aleppo-strike/. 
  21. ↑ "YouTube". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veunTV1RUPQ. 
  22. ↑ "Terrorist positions hit with cruise missiles from Russian frigate 'Admiral Grigorovich' – MoD". Nov 15, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0GImEfpCZI. 
  23. ↑ "YouTube". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSVdtZ0O_bk. 
  24. ↑ "Russian warships fire cruise missiles at Isil targets near Palmyra" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/31/russian-warships-fire-cruise-missiles-isil-targets-near-palmyra/. 
  25. ↑ "Russia fires cruise missiles at IS targets in Syria" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2017-05-31. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40104728. 
  26. ↑ "Удар крылатыми ракетами "Калибр" по объектам ИГИЛ в Сирии кораблями ВМФ РФ в Средиземном море". Jun 23, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQjGYvcQ-1I. 
  27. ↑ "Russian warships fire Kalibr missiles, destroy ISIS arms depots in Syria". Jun 23, 2017. https://www.rbth.com/news/2017/06/23/russian-warships-fire-kalibr-missiles-destroy-isis-arms-depots-in-syria_788422. 
  28. ↑ "Удар крылатыми ракетами "Калибр" по объектам ИГИЛ в Сирии кораблями ВМФ РФ в Средиземном море.". Ministry of Defence (Russia). 2017-06-23. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQjGYvcQ-1I. 
  29. ↑ "Russian warships fire Kalibr cruise missiles, destroy IS arms depots in Syria.". TASS. 2017-06-23. http://tass.com/defense/952980. 
  30. ↑ "Russian submarine, frigates hit ISIS from Mediterranean, again.". 2017-06-23. https://navaltoday.com/2017/06/23/russian-submarine-frigates-hit-isis-from-mediterranean-again/. 
  31. ↑ "Veliky Novgorod and Kolpino submarines fired the Kalibr cruise missiles from submerged position against the ISIS critical objects in Syria : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12142271@egNews. 
  32. ↑ "Пуск крылатых ракет "Калибр" по объектам террористов в Сирии с подводной лодки "Великий Новгород"". Russian MOD. 2017-09-22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwplpxqsego. 
  33. ↑ "Нанесение ударов по террористам в Сирии из акватории Средиземного моря подводными лодками ЧФ.". Russian MOD. 2017-10-05. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAsY9xSJtDk. 
  34. ↑ "Поражение объектов террористов комплексами "Калибр".". Russian MOD. 2017-10-05. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXFlNkA4yqo. 
  35. ↑ "Russia targets ISIS with Kalibr cruise missiles". Nov 3, 2017. https://missilethreat.csis.org/russia-targets-isis-kalibr-cruise-missiles/. 
  36. ↑ "Tu-22M3 bombers and submarine Kolpino hit ISIS infrastructure near Abu Kamal : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12149470@egNews. 
  37. ↑ "Russian cruise missiles kill at least 30 Syrian rebels after jet fighter downed" (in en). USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/02/03/syria-rebels-shoot-down-russian-jet-monitoring-group-says/303713002/. 
  38. ↑ Reuters (2022-02-26). "Ukraine reports fresh air, cruise missile strikes" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-reports-fresh-air-cruise-missile-strikes-2022-02-26/. 
  39. ↑ Newdick, Thomas. "These Are The Standoff Missiles Russia Used To Open Its War Against Ukraine" (in en). https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44443/these-are-the-standoff-missiles-russia-used-to-open-its-war-against-ukraine. 
  40. ↑ Max Hunder (2022-07-14). "Twenty killed, dozens hurt in Russian missile strike on central Ukraine - Zelenskiy". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-missile-strike-kills-12-ukrainian-city-vinnytsia-emergency-service-2022-07-14/. Retrieved 2022-07-14. 
  41. ↑ "Russia launches Kalibr cruise missiles on Ukraine from the Black Sea". 12 September 2022. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2022/september/12178-russia-launches-kalibr-cruise-missile-on-ukraine-from-the-black-sea.html. 
  42. ↑ "Russia's missile strike on Thermal Power Plant in Kharkiv Oblast is an "act of desperation" following immense losses and retreat – Ukraine's Foreign Ministry". 12 September 2022. https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/09/12/7367063/. 
  43. ↑ Jane's Weapons: Naval 2012–2013, Janes Information Group, 2012, p. 13
  44. ↑ "Вести недели / Эфир от 11.10.2015" (in ru). russia.tv. http://russia.tv/video/show/brand_id/5206/episode_id/1236661/video_id/1389544/. 
  45. ↑ "Ракетный "привет" для ИГ" (in ru). vesti7.ru. 11 October 2015. http://vesti7.ru/news?id=48483. 
  46. ↑ Cenciotti, David (Dec 8, 2015). "Russia has launched a barrage of cruise missiles against Syria. For the first time from submarine.". https://theaviationist.com/2015/12/08/kalibr-from-subs-against-syria/. 
  47. ↑ "Janes | Latest defence and security news". https://www.janes.com/article/91514/russia-upgrades-kalibr-cruise-missiles. 
  48. ↑ "Russia's Kalibr cruise missile finetuned after Syria campaign – Shoigu". https://tass.com/defense/1079266. 
  49. ↑ "New Kalibr-M cruise missile with range of over 4,500 km in development in Russia – source – Military & Defense – TASS". https://tass.com/defense/1039123. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Jane's Weapons: Naval 2012–2013, Janes Information Group, 2012, p. 15
  51. ↑ "KLUB (SS-N-27) ASCM". bharat-rakshak.com. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Klub.html. 
  52. ↑ "ЦКБ МТ Рубин: Amur 950". http://ckb-rubin.ru/en/projects/naval_engineering/submarines/amur_950/. 
  53. ↑ Stott, Michael (2010-04-26). "Deadly new Russian weapon hides in shipping container". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-weapon-idUSTRE63P2XB20100426. 
  54. ↑ "MAKS: Russian firm debuts shipping container-housed cruise missiles". Flight Global. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/08/23/361105/maks-russian-firm-debuts-shipping-container-housed-cruise.html. 
  55. ↑ "Russian company unveils 'bomb in a box' cruise missile system". RIA Novosti. 17 August 2011. http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20110817/165865506.html. 
  56. ↑ "Advanced anti-ship cruise missile systems enter service with Russian Navy". http://tass.com/defense/936090. 
  57. ↑ Pandit, Rajat (August 4, 2008). "India to acquire new undersea cruise missiles". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-04/india/27891546_1_kilo-class-new-sonars-cruise-missiles. 
  58. ↑ Vietnam Buys Deadly New Missiles Capable of Hitting China – Thediplomat.com, 30 April 2015
  59. ↑ Newsweek, article "China's Carrier Killers", Oct. 4, 2010
  60. ↑ Strategy Page, article Iranian Submarine Launched Missiles, Aug. 30, 2006
  61. ↑ NTI, article Iran Submarine Import and Export Behavior | NTI Iran Submarine Import and Export Behavior], Aug. 8, 2012

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