Engineering:List of American independent films

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This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]

Differences from Hollywood

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[9][10] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards)[11][12] and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation.[13][14]

Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.[15]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration[16][17] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[18]

Background

The American independent film, beginning in the 1910s but prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[19][20][11] was previously associated with race films,[21] Poverty Row b movies (e.g. Republic Pictures),[22][23] exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema),[24][25] social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.[26][27][28][14][29][30][31][32]

Many post-WWII period independent filmmakers, like Francis Thompson, believed that cinema is an art form and a forum for discussing social issues.[33]

A notable scholar of indie cinema is Ray Carney, known for championing the works of Cassavetes and Mark Rappaport.[34]

Throughout the mid-1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[35][36][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[37][38][39][40][41][4]

Divisions

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[42] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[43][44] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.[45]

Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors

  • Searchlight Pictures
  • Fine Line Features (established by New Line Cinema)
  • Lionsgate
  • NEON
  • A24
  • Paramount Vantage
  • Summit Entertainment
  • Orion Pictures
  • Samuel Goldwyn Company
  • Warner Independent
  • Picturehouse
  • United Artists (first founded in 1919 as an independent studio that allowed more creative freedom[46] for former silent film stars like Mary Pickford and Charles Chaplin)
  • Blumhouse
  • Cannon Films
  • Sony Pictures Classics
  • IFC Films
  • Shudder
  • Magnolia Pictures
  • Janus Films
  • Kino Lorber
  • Roadside Attractions
  • Bleecker Street
  • MUBI
  • Amazon MGM Studios (in association with MGM)
  • Netflix
  • Oscilloscope
  • American International Pictures
  • Allied Artists

Sources:[47][2][48][35][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][32][65][66][67]

List of notable American independent films

Notes

  • ≠ indicates a National Film Registry inductee

1920s

  • Within Our Gates (1920)[53][21]≠
  • By Right of Birth (1921; now a lost film)[46]
  • Safety Last (1923)[68]≠
  • Body and Soul (1925)[21]≠
  • The Gold Rush (1925)[69]≠
  • The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1927)[70]≠
  • The Scar of Shame (1927)[53]
  • The Fall of the House of Usher (1928)[70]≠
  • Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928)[68]≠

1930s

  • Mamba (1930)[31]
  • Damaged Lives (1933)[31]
  • The Sin of Nora Moran (1933)[31]
  • The Vampire Bat (1933)[31]
  • Maniac (1934)[71]
  • The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936)[72]≠
  • Reefer Madness (1936)[73][71]
  • As the Earth Turns (1938)[74]

1940s

1950s

  • The Baron of Arizona (1950)[88]
  • Outrage (1950)[69]≠
  • Five (1951)[89]
  • The Steel Helmet (1951)[88]
  • Kansas City Confidential (1952)[64]
  • Othello (1952)[69]
  • Park Row (1952)[90]
  • Rancho Notorious (1952)[91]
  • Fear and Desire (1953)[92][93]
  • The Hitch-Hiker (1953)[68]≠
  • Invaders from Mars (1953)[94][95]≠
  • Little Fugitive (1953)[96][27][14][97][61]≠
  • Robot Monster (1953)[98]
  • Johnny Guitar (1954)[91]≠
  • Salt of the Earth (1954)[99]≠
  • Bride of the Monster (1955)[100]
  • Dementia (1955)[101]
  • Killer's Kiss (1955)[92]
  • The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)[68]≠
  • 3rd Ave. El (1955)[102]
  • Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)[32]≠
  • The Adventures of an * (1957)[103]
  • Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957)[104]
  • Forty Guns (1957)[91]
  • I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957)[32]
  • A Man and His Dog Out for Air (1957)[87]
  • On the Bowery (1957)[27][14][61]≠
  • 12 Angry Men (1957)[53]≠
  • Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1958)[68]
  • The Blob (1958)[105]
  • I Want to Live! (1958)[68]
  • Missile to the Moon (1958)[106]
  • The Screaming Skull (1958)[104]
  • Anatomy of a Murder (1959)[107]≠
  • Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)[104]
  • A Bucket of Blood (1959)[61]
  • The Cry of Jazz (1959)[69]≠
  • Moonbird (1959)[103][108][87]
  • Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)[96]
  • Science Friction (1959)[109]
  • Skyscraper (1959)[61]
  • Pull My Daisy (1959)[27][14][61]≠
  • Shadows (1959)[113]≠
  • The Violinist (1959)[114][109]

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

List of notable directors of American independent cinema

See also

  • New Hollywood
  • American Eccentric Cinema
  • Independent animation
  • List of rediscovered films
  • Classical Hollywood cinema
  • Independent Spirit Awards
  • Sundance Film Festival

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
  5. ↑ 5.000 5.001 5.002 5.003 5.004 5.005 5.006 5.007 5.008 5.009 5.010 5.011 5.012 5.013 5.014 5.015 5.016 5.017 5.018 5.019 5.020 5.021 5.022 5.023 5.024 5.025 5.026 5.027 5.028 5.029 5.030 5.031 5.032 5.033 5.034 5.035 5.036 5.037 5.038 5.039 5.040 5.041 5.042 5.043 5.044 5.045 5.046 5.047 5.048 5.049 5.050 5.051 5.052 5.053 5.054 5.055 5.056 5.057 5.058 5.059 5.060 5.061 5.062 5.063 5.064 5.065 5.066 5.067 5.068 5.069 5.070 5.071 5.072 5.073 5.074 5.075 5.076 5.077 5.078 5.079 5.080 5.081 5.082 5.083 5.084 5.085 5.086 5.087 5.088 5.089 5.090 5.091 5.092 5.093 5.094 5.095 5.096 5.097 5.098 5.099 5.100 5.101 5.102 Indie - Google Books
  6. ↑ 6.000 6.001 6.002 6.003 6.004 6.005 6.006 6.007 6.008 6.009 6.010 6.011 6.012 6.013 6.014 6.015 6.016 6.017 6.018 6.019 6.020 6.021 6.022 6.023 6.024 6.025 6.026 6.027 6.028 6.029 6.030 6.031 6.032 6.033 6.034 6.035 6.036 6.037 6.038 6.039 6.040 6.041 6.042 6.043 6.044 6.045 6.046 6.047 6.048 6.049 6.050 6.051 6.052 6.053 6.054 6.055 6.056 6.057 6.058 6.059 6.060 6.061 6.062 6.063 6.064 6.065 6.066 6.067 6.068 6.069 6.070 6.071 6.072 6.073 6.074 6.075 6.076 6.077 6.078 6.079 6.080 6.081 6.082 6.083 6.084 6.085 6.086 6.087 6.088 6.089 6.090 6.091 6.092 6.093 6.094 6.095 6.096 6.097 6.098 6.099 6.100 6.101 6.102 6.103 6.104 6.105 6.106 6.107 6.108 6.109 6.110 6.111 6.112 6.113 6.114 Cinema of Outsiders - Google Books
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 Deep focus: The other side of 80s America|Sight & Sound|BFI
  8. ↑ Robey, Tim (5 September 2004). "The rise and rise of Indiewood". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3623444/The-rise-and-rise-of-Indiewood.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 The Nineties (A Book) - Google Books
  12. ↑ Horton, Robert (1990). "Stranger Than Texas". Film Comment 26 (4): 77–78. ISSN 0015-119X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43453863. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 14.27 14.28 14.29 14.30 14.31 14.32 14.33 14.34 14.35 14.36 14.37 14.38 14.39 14.40 14.41 14.42 14.43 14.44 14.45 14.46 14.47 14.48 14.49 14.50 14.51 14.52 14.53 14.54 14.55 14.56 14.57 14.58 14.59 Rewriting Indie Cinema - Google Books
  15. ↑ ‘We can’t afford to lose them’: the fight to bring missing movies back|Movies|The Guardian
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
  17. ↑ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
  20. ↑ Louie Maple teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster|The A.V. Club
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Restored 'Race Films' Find New Audiences : Code Switch : NPR
  22. ↑ Why B-Movies never won Oscars|HOW TO SEE B_Movie with Dave Kehr - The Museum of Modern Art on official YouTube channel
  23. ↑ Republic Pictures 75th
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
  25. ↑ Neverlands: David Brooks and the New American Cinema – Art & Trash
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Tom Waits and John Lurie helped Jim Jarmusch perfect his indie cool|A.V. Club
  27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 27.14 27.15 27.16 27.17 27.18 27.19 27.20 27.21 27.22 27.23 27.24 27.25 27.26 27.27 27.28 27.29 27.30 27.31 27.32 27.33 27.34 27.35 27.36 27.37 27.38 27.39 27.40 27.41 27.42 27.43 27.44 27.45 27.46 27.47 27.48 27.49 27.50 27.51 27.52 27.53 27.54 27.55 27.56 27.57 27.58 27.59 27.60 27.61 27.62 27.63 27.64 27.65 27.66 27.67 27.68 27.69 27.70 27.71 27.72 27.73 27.74 27.75 A Companion to American Indie Film - Google Books
  28. ↑ 27 Of The Best Indie Movies Of All Time|Esquire
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 THE ACADEMY PRESENTS 'RESTORED ANIMATED RARITIES'|AFA: Animation for Adults
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Enchanted Drawings - Google Books (pgs.286-293)
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 An Archive Restores and Resurrects Hollywood's Earliest Indie Films - Hyperallergic
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 Hollywood Independents: The Postwar Talent Takeover - Google Books
  33. ↑ Nonfiction Film: A Critical History Revised and Expanded - Google Books (pg.290)
  34. ↑ The Strange and Sad Saga of How Filmmaker Mark Rappaport Lost His Movies (And What He Can Do To Get Them Back)|IndieWire
  35. ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 35.17 35.18 35.19 35.20 35.21 35.22 35.23 35.24 35.25 35.26 35.27 35.28 35.29 35.30 35.31 35.32 35.33 35.34 Hollywood: A Short Introduction - Google Books (section: "Indiewood")
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 36.16 36.17 36.18 36.19 36.20 36.21 36.22 36.23 36.24 36.25 36.26 36.27 36.28 36.29 36.30 36.31 Colin Marshall › Me on Battleship Pretension: a three-hour course on the nineties' "Indiewood" movement
  37. ↑ Home video and Indiewood|Hollywood: A Very Short Introduction|Oxford Academic
  38. ↑ 'Indie doc': documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking: Studies in Documentary Film Volume 10, 2016 - Issue 1
  39. ↑ 39.00 39.01 39.02 39.03 39.04 39.05 39.06 39.07 39.08 39.09 "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema" (in en). https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/indiewood-usa-9781845118259/. 
  40. ↑ The Cinema Book - Google Books (pg.59)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 41.6 CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
  42. ↑ American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
  43. ↑ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
  44. ↑ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
  45. ↑ King, Geoff (2009). "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema". I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. https://www.gkindiefilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Indiewood-extract.pdf. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 What was the first-ever independent movie?|Far Out Magazine
  47. ↑ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
  48. ↑ 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.07 48.08 48.09 48.10 48.11 48.12 48.13 48.14 48.15 48.16 48.17 48.18 48.19 48.20 Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
  49. ↑ 49.00 49.01 49.02 49.03 49.04 49.05 49.06 49.07 49.08 49.09 Epilogue: from independent cinema to specialty content - De Gruyter
  50. ↑ 50.00 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 Indie Movies, Explained: What is an Independent Film? - MovieWeb
  51. ↑ 51.00 51.01 51.02 51.03 51.04 51.05 51.06 51.07 51.08 51.09 51.10 51.11 51.12 51.13 51.14 51.15 51.16 51.17 51.18 51.19 51.20 51.21 51.22 51.23 Indie Reframed - Google Books
  52. ↑ 52.00 52.01 52.02 52.03 52.04 52.05 52.06 52.07 52.08 52.09 52.10 52.11 52.12 52.13 52.14 52.15 52.16 52.17 52.18 52.19 52.20 52.21 52.22 52.23 52.24 52.25 52.26 52.27 52.28 52.29 52.30 52.31 52.32 52.33 52.34 52.35 52.36 Indie, Inc. - Google Books
  53. ↑ 53.000 53.001 53.002 53.003 53.004 53.005 53.006 53.007 53.008 53.009 53.010 53.011 53.012 53.013 53.014 53.015 53.016 53.017 53.018 53.019 53.020 53.021 53.022 53.023 53.024 53.025 53.026 53.027 53.028 53.029 53.030 53.031 53.032 53.033 53.034 53.035 53.036 53.037 53.038 53.039 53.040 53.041 53.042 53.043 53.044 53.045 53.046 53.047 53.048 53.049 53.050 53.051 53.052 53.053 53.054 53.055 53.056 53.057 53.058 53.059 53.060 53.061 53.062 53.063 53.064 53.065 53.066 53.067 53.068 53.069 53.070 53.071 53.072 53.073 53.074 53.075 53.076 53.077 53.078 53.079 53.080 53.081 53.082 53.083 53.084 53.085 53.086 53.087 53.088 53.089 53.090 53.091 53.092 53.093 53.094 53.095 53.096 53.097 53.098 53.099 53.100 53.101 53.102 53.103 53.104 53.105 53.106 53.107 53.108 53.109 53.110 53.111 53.112 53.113 53.114 53.115 53.116 53.117 53.118 53.119 53.120 53.121 53.122 53.123 53.124 53.125 53.126 53.127 53.128 53.129 53.130 53.131 53.132 53.133 53.134 53.135 53.136 53.137 53.138 53.139 53.140 53.141 53.142 53.143 53.144 53.145 53.146 53.147 53.148 The Top 10 Indie Movies of All Time | A Cinefix Movie List - IGN
  54. ↑ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
  55. ↑ 55.00 55.01 55.02 55.03 55.04 55.05 55.06 55.07 55.08 55.09 55.10 Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
  56. ↑ How Bleecker Street Survived a Decade in the Indie Film Business - Variety
  57. ↑ The indie film outlook for 2024 - AV Club
  58. ↑ MGM - Google Books (pg.1980)
  59. ↑ The Battle of the Bs: 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low-Budget Cinema on JSTOR
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 Indie Film Box Office: A24 Turns 'The Brutalist' Into Event Cinema|IndieWire
  61. ↑ 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 61.11 61.12 61.13 61.14 61.15 61.16 61.17 61.18 61.19 61.20 61.21 61.22 61.23 61.24 61.25 61.26 American New Wave Cinema, A History (Part One)
  62. ↑ Indie insights from Hollywood's past - The Hollywood Reporter
  63. ↑ 63.00 63.01 63.02 63.03 63.04 63.05 63.06 63.07 63.08 63.09 63.10 63.11 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.15 63.16 63.17 63.18 63.19 63.20 63.21 63.22 Opinion: Why the Time Is Now for a Bold Indie Renaissance - Yahoo Entertainment
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Kehr, Dave (10 July 2007). "New DVDs". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/movies/homevideo/10dvd.html. 
  65. ↑ The Rise & Fall of Hollywood's Avant-Garde Cinema|TheCollector
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 Oscars best picture 'Anora' is an indie film – what does that mean? : NPR
  67. ↑ The Horror Films That Define NEON Studios|HNN
  68. ↑ 68.00 68.01 68.02 68.03 68.04 68.05 68.06 68.07 68.08 68.09 68.10 68.11 68.12 68.13 68.14 68.15 68.16 68.17 68.18 68.19 68.20 68.21 68.22 68.23 68.24 Screening American Independent Film - Google Books
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 69.5 69.6 The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 The Lessons Are Lost, but Not the Laughs - Los Angeles Times
  72. ↑ Paul Strand - Leo Hurwitz
  73. ↑ Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
  74. ↑ Macdonald, Moira (October 27, 2021). "A 20-year-old made a movie in Seattle in the 1930s. This week, it finally makes its TV debut". The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/movies/a-20-year-old-made-a-movie-in-seattle-in-the-1930s-this-week-it-finally-makes-its-broadcast-debut/. 
  75. ↑ The Blood of Jesus with Hellbound Train - Academy Museum
  76. ↑ Native Land + The Forgotten Village - Film at Lincoln Center
  77. ↑ The 50 Most Important Independent Films - Filmmaker Magazine - Fall 1996
  78. ↑ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
  79. ↑ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
  80. ↑ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm.". https://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.10/2.10pages/2.10cohen.html. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
  82. ↑ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
  84. ↑ film essay for "Mom and Dad" - loc.gov
  85. ↑ The amazing story of Mom and Dad|Wexner Center for the Arts
  86. ↑ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
  87. ↑ 87.00 87.01 87.02 87.03 87.04 87.05 87.06 87.07 87.08 87.09 87.10 87.11 87.12 87.13 87.14 87.15 Animation - Google Books (ch.4 "Independent Animators and the Artisanal Mode 1947-1989")
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 Eclipse Series 5: The First Films of Samuel Fuller|The Criterion Collection
  89. ↑ Five - Trailers From Hell
  90. ↑ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Dietrich Icon - Google Books (pg.261)
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 25 Films Named to National Film Registry for Preservation|Library of Congress
  95. ↑ Invaders From Mars: The Sci-Fi Classic That Inspired The Spielberg Generation|Den of Geek
  96. ↑ 96.00 96.01 96.02 96.03 96.04 96.05 96.06 96.07 96.08 96.09 96.10 96.11 96.12 96.13 96.14 96.15 96.16 96.17 96.18 96.19 96.20 96.21 96.22 96.23 96.24 96.25 96.26 96.27 96.28 96.29 96.30 96.31 96.32 96.33 96.34 96.35 96.36 96.37 96.38 96.39 96.40 96.41 96.42 96.43 96.44 96.45 96.46 96.47 96.48 96.49 96.50 96.51 96.52 The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 97.4 97.5 THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
  98. ↑ Blasts from the Past! Blu-ray Review: ROBOT MONSTER (1953) aka ROBOT MONSTER 3D - CinemaStance Dot Com
  99. ↑ 99.00 99.01 99.02 99.03 99.04 99.05 99.06 99.07 99.08 99.09 99.10 99.11 99.12 99.13 99.14 99.15 99.16 99.17 99.18 99.19 99.20 99.21 99.22 99.23 99.24 99.25 99.26 99.27 99.28 99.29 99.30 99.31 99.32 99.33 99.34 99.35 99.36 99.37 99.38 99.39 99.40 99.41 99.42 99.43 99.44 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50 99.51 99.52 99.53 Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
  100. ↑ Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
  101. ↑ Dementia: Myth and Nocturne – Art & Trash
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.4 102.5 THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
  105. ↑ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
  106. ↑ Savant Review: Missile to the Moon - DVD Talk
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 Local Color: Five American Touchstones|Jonathan Rosenbaum
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 A Film That Live Forever|Animation Obsessive
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
  110. ↑ 110.00 110.01 110.02 110.03 110.04 110.05 110.06 110.07 110.08 110.09 110.10 110.11 110.12 110.13 110.14 110.15 110.16 110.17 110.18 110.19 110.20 110.21 110.22 110.23 110.24 110.25 110.26 110.27 110.28 110.29 110.30 110.31 110.32 110.33 110.34 110.35 110.36 110.37 110.38 110.39 110.40 110.41 110.42 110.43 110.44 110.45 110.46 110.47 110.48 110.49 110.50 110.51 110.52 110.53 110.54 110.55 110.56 110.57 110.58 110.59 110.60 110.61 110.62 110.63 110.64 110.65 110.66 110.67 110.68 110.69 110.70 110.71 110.72 110.73 110.74 110.75 Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
  111. ↑ 111.00 111.01 111.02 111.03 111.04 111.05 111.06 111.07 111.08 111.09 111.10 111.11 111.12 111.13 111.14 111.15 111.16 111.17 111.18 111.19 111.20 111.21 111.22 111.23 111.24 111.25 111.26 111.27 111.28 111.29 111.30 111.31 111.32 111.33 111.34 111.35 111.36 111.37 111.38 111.39 111.40 111.41 111.42 111.43 111.44 111.45 111.46 111.47 111.48 111.49 111.50 111.51 111.52 111.53 111.54 111.55 111.56 111.57 111.58 111.59 111.60 111.61 111.62 111.63 111.64 111.65 111.66 111.67 111.68 111.69 111.70 111.71 111.72 111.73 111.74 111.75 111.76 111.77 111.78 The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
  112. ↑ 112.00 112.01 112.02 112.03 112.04 112.05 112.06 112.07 112.08 112.09 10 great breakthrough American indies|BFI
  113. ↑ [110][96][27][14][53][111][99][97][112][61]
  114. ↑ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1959 -". https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1959/. 
  115. ↑ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1960 -". https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1960/. 
  116. ↑ American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films and Television Programs, 1961-1973 - Google Books (pg.197)
  117. ↑ 117.00 117.01 117.02 117.03 117.04 117.05 117.06 117.07 117.08 117.09 117.10 117.11 117.12 117.13 More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
  119. ↑ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
  120. ↑ BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
  123. ↑ Night Tide - Variety
  124. ↑ Night Tide - Cinema - Queensland Art Gallery|Gallary of Modern Art
  125. ↑ Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
  126. ↑ Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
  127. ↑ The Brain That Wouldn't Die – Turner Classic Movies
  128. ↑ INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
  129. ↑ How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
  130. ↑ 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
  132. ↑ Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 133.2 133.3 Arch Hall, Jr.: Inside the Wild Guitar - Off Beat Magazine
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
  135. ↑ FILMS FOR CHILDREN (1972 program) on MoMA.org
  136. ↑ DVD Savant Blu--ray Review: Shock Corridor - DVD Talk
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 The Independent Spirit of Robert M. Young|Current|The Criterion Collection
  138. ↑ SANTA CLAUS CONQUERS THE MARTIANS, Take 1 - Keyframe
  139. ↑ West Virginia related films|News, Sports, Jobs - Graf WV
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 140.2 140.3 The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
  141. ↑ Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
  142. ↑ 142.00 142.01 142.02 142.03 142.04 142.05 142.06 142.07 142.08 142.09 Help! I Love Watching Animated Shorts|Animation World Network
  143. ↑ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1966/. 
  144. ↑ 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
  145. ↑ 145.00 145.01 145.02 145.03 145.04 145.05 145.06 145.07 145.08 145.09 145.10 145.11 145.12 145.13 145.14 145.15 145.16 145.17 145.18 145.19 145.20 145.21 The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  146. ↑ The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
  148. ↑ 148.00 148.01 148.02 148.03 148.04 148.05 148.06 148.07 148.08 148.09 148.10 148.11 148.12 148.13 148.14 148.15 148.16 148.17 148.18 148.19 148.20 148.21 148.22 148.23 148.24 148.25 148.26 Not Hollywood - Google Books
  149. ↑ 149.00 149.01 149.02 149.03 149.04 149.05 149.06 149.07 149.08 149.09 149.10 149.11 149.12 149.13 149.14 149.15 149.16 149.17 149.18 149.19 149.20 149.21 149.22 149.23 149.24 149.25 149.26 149.27 149.28 149.29 149.30 149.31 149.32 149.33 149.34 149.35 149.36 149.37 149.38 149.39 149.40 149.41 149.42 149.43 149.44 149.45 149.46 149.47 149.48 149.49 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
  150. ↑ 150.00 150.01 150.02 150.03 150.04 150.05 150.06 150.07 150.08 150.09 150.10 150.11 150.12 150.13 150.14 150.15 150.16 150.17 150.18 150.19 150.20 150.21 150.22 150.23 150.24 150.25 Outsider Features - Google Books
  151. ↑ 151.00 151.01 151.02 151.03 151.04 151.05 151.06 151.07 151.08 151.09 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
  152. ↑ [110][96][149][150][53][140][111][151][99][112][32]
  153. ↑ The Last Picture Show - Trailers From Hell
  154. ↑ Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
  155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1970 -". https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1970/. 
  156. ↑ Joe - Trailers From Hell
  157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 158.3 158.4 158.5 When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
  159. ↑ 159.00 159.01 159.02 159.03 159.04 159.05 159.06 159.07 159.08 159.09 159.10 159.11 159.12 Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
  160. ↑ 160.0 160.1 160.2 160.3 160.4 Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
  161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 161.2 Nightmare USA - Book by Stephen Thrower - MOVIES and MANIA
  162. ↑ Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 163.3 163.4 NIGHTMARE USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents on Amazon.com
  164. ↑ Karlson, Phil - Senses of Cinema
  165. ↑ 165.00 165.01 165.02 165.03 165.04 165.05 165.06 165.07 165.08 165.09 165.10 165.11 165.12 165.13 165.14 165.15 165.16 165.17 165.18 165.19 165.20 165.21 165.22 165.23 165.24 165.25 165.26 165.27 165.28 165.29 165.30 165.31 165.32 Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
  166. ↑ 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
  167. ↑ "A Boy and His Dog". 2022. https://thenewbev.com/blog/2017/05/a-boy-and-his-dog/. 
  168. ↑ Brody, Richard. "Movie of the Week: "Aloha, Bobby and Rose"" (in en-us). The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/movie-of-the-week-aloha-bobby-and-rose. Retrieved 2021-02-22. 
  169. ↑ Chicago-based Cooley High turns 40|Time Out Chicago
  170. ↑ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
  171. ↑ A Year of Fear - Google Books (pg.117)
  172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 172.2 Wright, Brett (April 25, 2022). "Loose Ends: An Interview with David Burton Morris and Victoria Wozniak". https://www.splittoothmedia.com/david-burton-morris-victoria-wozniak/. 
  173. ↑ Loose Ends – TRYLON
  174. ↑ "Film History of the 1970s". https://www.filmsite.org/70sintro.html. 
  175. ↑ [6][110][96][149][159][150][14][53][157][111][99][145][112]
  176. ↑ American Genre Film Archive THE HILLS HAVE EYES
  177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
  178. ↑ [110][177][96][149][14][111][99][112][172]
  179. ↑ 179.0 179.1 179.2 179.3 179.4 Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
  180. ↑ Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
  181. ↑ 181.0 181.1 181.2 181.3 Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
  182. ↑ 182.00 182.01 182.02 182.03 182.04 182.05 182.06 182.07 182.08 182.09 182.10 Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  183. ↑ Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
  184. ↑ American Genre Film Archive THE WHOLE SHOOTIN' MATCH
  185. ↑ MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
  186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 186.2 186.3 Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
  187. ↑ Nick Johnstone (1999). Abel Ferrara: The King of New York. Omnibus Press: 8-9
  188. ↑ From the Vaults of Streaming Hell: The Psychotronic Man - Spectrum Culture
  189. ↑ Stanley, John (2000). Creature Features: The Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Movie Guide (illustrated, revised ed.). Berkley Boulevard Books. pp. 418. ISBN 0-425-17517-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=gKUqAAAAYAAJ. 
  190. ↑ Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
  191. ↑ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
  192. ↑ 192.00 192.01 192.02 192.03 192.04 192.05 192.06 192.07 192.08 192.09 192.10 192.11 192.12 192.13 192.14 192.15 192.16 192.17 192.18 192.19 192.20 192.21 192.22 192.23 192.24 192.25 192.26 192.27 192.28 192.29 192.30 192.31 192.32 192.33 192.34 192.35 192.36 192.37 192.38 192.39 192.40 BAM "Indie '80s' film series: 'Decline II,' 'Spinal Tap,' 'River's Edge,' 'Let's Get Lost' & more - BrooklynVegan
  193. ↑ 193.00 193.01 193.02 193.03 193.04 193.05 193.06 193.07 193.08 193.09 193.10 193.11 193.12 193.13 193.14 193.15 193.16 193.17 193.18 193.19 193.20 193.21 193.22 193.23 193.24 193.25 193.26 193.27 193.28 193.29 193.30 193.31 193.32 193.33 193.34 193.35 193.36 193.37 193.38 193.39 193.40 193.41 "Indie 80s". https://www.bam.org/film/2015/indie-80s. 
  194. ↑ 194.0 194.1 History of Hollywood in the 1980s-1990s: Everything You Need to Know|TheCollector
  195. ↑ 195.0 195.1 195.2 How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—Its Director's Career|Vanity Fair
  196. ↑ 196.00 196.01 196.02 196.03 196.04 196.05 196.06 196.07 196.08 196.09 196.10 196.11 196.12 196.13 196.14 196.15 196.16 196.17 196.18 196.19 196.20 196.21 196.22 196.23 Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
  197. ↑ 197.0 197.1 197.2 197.3 197.4 Looking for Quality Indie Cinema? Try Ovid. - The New York Times
  198. ↑ 198.00 198.01 198.02 198.03 198.04 198.05 198.06 198.07 198.08 198.09 198.10 198.11 198.12 198.13 198.14 198.15 198.16 198.17 198.18 198.19 198.20 198.21 198.22 198.23 198.24 198.25 198.26 198.27 198.28 198.29 First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
  199. ↑ 199.00 199.01 199.02 199.03 199.04 199.05 199.06 199.07 199.08 199.09 199.10 199.11 199.12 199.13 199.14 199.15 199.16 199.17 199.18 199.19 199.20 199.21 199.22 199.23 199.24 199.25 199.26 199.27 199.28 199.29 199.30 199.31 199.32 199.33 199.34 199.35 199.36 Acting Indie - Google Books
  200. ↑ 200.0 200.1 America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
  201. ↑ Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
  202. ↑ "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
  203. ↑ 203.0 203.1 203.2 203.3 203.4 203.5 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  204. ↑ ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
  205. ↑ Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
  206. ↑ The Loveless + The Addiction – Revival Engagements|Screen Slate
  207. ↑ Negotiating cinema nostalgia in The Loveless (1981) – Burnaway
  208. ↑ AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
  209. ↑ The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  210. ↑ 210.0 210.1 210.2 HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
  211. ↑ American Genre Film Archive SMITHEREENS
  212. ↑ 212.0 212.1 212.2 212.3 212.4 The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
  213. ↑ 213.00 213.01 213.02 213.03 213.04 213.05 213.06 213.07 213.08 213.09 213.10 213.11 213.12 213.13 213.14 213.15 213.16 Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
  214. ↑ 214.00 214.01 214.02 214.03 214.04 214.05 214.06 214.07 214.08 214.09 214.10 214.11 214.12 214.13 214.14 214.15 214.16 214.17 214.18 214.19 214.20 214.21 214.22 214.23 214.24 214.25 214.26 214.27 214.28 214.29 214.30 214.31 Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
  215. ↑ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
  216. ↑ 216.0 216.1 216.2 216.3 216.4 216.5 216.6 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
  217. ↑ 217.0 217.1 217.2 February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
  218. ↑ 218.0 218.1 Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
  219. ↑ 219.0 219.1 219.2 219.3 219.4 219.5 219.6 219.7 219.8 Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
  220. ↑ 220.0 220.1 220.2 The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
  221. ↑ Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
  222. ↑ Repo Man|Quad Cinema
  223. ↑ 223.0 223.1 223.2 223.3 223.4 223.5 223.6 Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
  224. ↑ 224.00 224.01 224.02 224.03 224.04 224.05 224.06 224.07 224.08 224.09 224.10 224.11 224.12 224.13 224.14 224.15 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
  225. ↑ 225.00 225.01 225.02 225.03 225.04 225.05 225.06 225.07 225.08 225.09 225.10 225.11 225.12 225.13 225.14 225.15 225.16 225.17 225.18 225.19 225.20 225.21 225.22 225.23 225.24 225.25 225.26 225.27 225.28 225.29 225.30 225.31 225.32 225.33 225.34 225.35 225.36 225.37 225.38 225.39 225.40 225.41 225.42 225.43 225.44 225.45 225.46 225.47 225.48 225.49 225.50 225.51 225.52 225.53 225.54 225.55 225.56 225.57 225.58 225.59 225.60 225.61 225.62 225.63 225.64 225.65 225.66 225.67 225.68 225.69 225.70 225.71 225.72 225.73 225.74 225.75 225.76 225.77 225.78 225.79 225.80 225.81 225.82 225.83 225.84 225.85 225.86 225.87 225.88 225.89 Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
  226. ↑ [223][5][220][6][224][111][165][99][212][193][225][96][149][150][14][53][198][192]
  227. ↑ 227.0 227.1 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
  228. ↑ FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
  229. ↑ 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
  230. ↑ [3][223][219][110][6][111] [224][225][27][96][149][150][53][192][193]
  231. ↑ Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
  232. ↑ 232.00 232.01 232.02 232.03 232.04 232.05 232.06 232.07 232.08 232.09 Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
  233. ↑ Chopping Mall - Horror DNA
  234. ↑ 234.0 234.1 234.2 234.3 The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
  235. ↑ [35][5][52][110][96][99][193][149][27][150][198][111][145][83]
  236. ↑ ’Tis the Season: What 80s Mall Movies Tell Us About an Enduring Site of American Tension - Literary Hub
  237. ↑ The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
  238. ↑ THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
  239. ↑ Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
  240. ↑ 240.0 240.1 240.2 240.3 240.4 240.5 240.6 An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
  241. ↑ The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
  242. ↑ 242.00 242.01 242.02 242.03 242.04 242.05 242.06 242.07 242.08 242.09 242.10 242.11 The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
  243. ↑ 243.0 243.1 243.2 243.3 243.4 243.5 First Volume of Gotham Indie Sampler on DVD|Animation Magazine
  244. ↑ 244.0 244.1 Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
  245. ↑ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
  246. ↑ Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
  247. ↑ 247.0 247.1 July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
  248. ↑ BEGOTTEN – Dennis Schwartz Reviews
  249. ↑ 249.0 249.1 249.2 249.3 249.4 249.5 249.6 249.7 249.8 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
  250. ↑ Powwow Highway - DVD Talk
  251. ↑ 251.00 251.01 251.02 251.03 251.04 251.05 251.06 251.07 251.08 251.09 251.10 251.11 251.12 251.13 251.14 251.15 251.16 251.17 251.18 251.19 251.20 251.21 251.22 251.23 251.24 251.25 251.26 251.27 251.28 251.29 251.30 251.31 251.32 251.33 251.34 251.35 251.36 251.37 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
  252. ↑ 252.0 252.1 252.2 Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
  253. ↑ 253.0 253.1 253.2 253.3 253.4 The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
  254. ↑ 254.0 254.1 254.2 254.3 254.4 254.5 254.6 254.7 The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
  255. ↑ 255.0 255.1 Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
  256. ↑ [36][252][213][253][4][5][198][193][219][52][242][110][254][224][225][96][111][196] [149][234][27][255][150][14][53][99][145]
  257. ↑ 257.0 257.1 Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
  258. ↑ 258.0 258.1 258.2 Schlock & Awe: THE DRILLER KILLER - Nerdist
  259. ↑ 259.00 259.01 259.02 259.03 259.04 259.05 259.06 259.07 259.08 259.09 259.10 259.11 259.12 259.13 259.14 259.15 The Best Indie Films of the 1990s - Yahoo Entertainment
  260. ↑ 260.00 260.01 260.02 260.03 260.04 260.05 260.06 260.07 260.08 260.09 260.10 260.11 260.12 How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
  261. ↑ 261.00 261.01 261.02 261.03 261.04 261.05 261.06 261.07 261.08 261.09 261.10 261.11 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
  262. ↑ 262.00 262.01 262.02 262.03 262.04 262.05 262.06 262.07 262.08 262.09 262.10 262.11 262.12 262.13 262.14 262.15 262.16 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  263. ↑ Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
  264. ↑ 264.0 264.1 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
  265. ↑ 265.0 265.1 Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
  266. ↑ 266.0 266.1 Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
  267. ↑ KVIFF|Queen of Diamonds
  268. ↑ 268.0 268.1 Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
  269. ↑ 269.0 269.1 269.2 The Phantom Menace Is An Independent Success Worthy Of Celebrating|GIANT FREAKIN ROBOT
  270. ↑ [36][4][5][50][251][225][96][149][99][262][148][14][53][111][269]
  271. ↑ Wax, or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees|Screen Slate
  272. ↑ “WAX: Or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees” by David Blair – ISEA Symposium Archives
  273. ↑ 270. WAX, OR THE DISCOVERY OF TELEVISION AMONG THE BEES (1991)|366 Weird Movies
  274. ↑ The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
  275. ↑ ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
  276. ↑ Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
  277. ↑ 277.0 277.1 277.2 Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
  278. ↑ 278.0 278.1 278.2 278.3 Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  279. ↑ 279.0 279.1 279.2 279.3 279.4 279.5 279.6 "A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME". https://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1956952,00.html. 
  280. ↑ 280.0 280.1 280.2 "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". Feb 14, 2024. https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/8388-the-criterion-channels-march-2024-lineup. 
  281. ↑ [36][3][4][278][242][110][262][6][251][279][225][53][111][280][112]
  282. ↑ 282.0 282.1 282.2 282.3 282.4 282.5 Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
  283. ↑ 283.00 283.01 283.02 283.03 283.04 283.05 283.06 283.07 283.08 283.09 283.10 283.11 283.12 The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
  284. ↑ 284.0 284.1 284.2 284.3 284.4 Where to Stream the Best Classic Independent Films This October, from ‘Eraserhead’ to ‘Igby Goes Down’ - IndieWIre
  285. ↑ [5][283][242][110][6][111][262][284]
  286. ↑ 286.00 286.01 286.02 286.03 286.04 286.05 286.06 286.07 286.08 286.09 286.10 286.11 286.12 286.13 286.14 286.15 286.16 286.17 286.18 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
  287. ↑ [36][35][4][5][286][251][225][96][149][234][53]
  288. ↑ [36][213][3][4][5][219][11][145][242][110][6][251][286][117] [111][262][279][225][96][149][148][53]
  289. ↑ Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
  290. ↑ For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
  291. ↑ [214][4][52][251][225][53]
  292. ↑ 292.0 292.1 292.2 292.3 Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
  293. ↑ 293.0 293.1 293.2 293.3 293.4 293.5 293.6 293.7 Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
  294. ↑ 294.00 294.01 294.02 294.03 294.04 294.05 294.06 294.07 294.08 294.09 CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
  295. ↑ [293][294][252][3][253][151][99][145][4][278][223][50][6][96][14][53][83]
  296. ↑ 296.0 296.1 Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
  297. ↑ 297.0 297.1 297.2 297.3 297.4 Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
  298. ↑ 298.0 298.1 John Waters|Underground Film Journal
  299. ↑ 299.0 299.1 299.2 299.3 299.4 299.5 299.6 299.7 The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  300. ↑ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
  301. ↑ Closer to Home - Variety
  302. ↑ 302.00 302.01 302.02 302.03 302.04 302.05 302.06 302.07 302.08 302.09 302.10 302.11 302.12 302.13 302.14 302.15 302.16 302.17 302.18 US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
  303. ↑ 303.00 303.01 303.02 303.03 303.04 303.05 303.06 303.07 303.08 303.09 Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
  304. ↑ 304.0 304.1 Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  305. ↑ 305.0 305.1 305.2 305.3 The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
  306. ↑ 306.00 306.01 306.02 306.03 306.04 306.05 306.06 306.07 306.08 306.09 306.10 306.11 306.12 306.13 306.14 306.15 "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49433. 
  307. ↑ Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
  308. ↑ 'Return of the Jedi,' 'Selena' and 'Sounder' added to National Film Registry|88.5 WFDD
  309. ↑ [36][3][4][5][299][6][286][117][53][261][262]
  310. ↑ 310.0 310.1 Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
  311. ↑ [310][3][199][5][6][96][145][259]
  312. ↑ What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
  313. ↑ 313.00 313.01 313.02 313.03 313.04 313.05 313.06 313.07 313.08 313.09 313.10 313.11 313.12 313.13 Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
  314. ↑ The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
  315. ↑ BFI Recommends: Drylongso|BFI
  316. ↑ Drylongso Trailer: Cauleen Smith’s 1998 Indie Gem Gets 4K Restoration & Theatrical Re-Release - The Film Stage
  317. ↑ 317.00 317.01 317.02 317.03 317.04 317.05 317.06 317.07 317.08 317.09 317.10 317.11 Inside Indiewood|The Nation
  318. ↑ 318.0 318.1 Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
  319. ↑ 319.0 319.1 319.2 319.3 319.4 Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  320. ↑ John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
  321. ↑ [313][306][39][36][110][149][111][259]
  322. ↑ [294][213][35][4][319][50][110][286][279][225][151][96][117][53][111][99]
  323. ↑ Brody, Richard (2021-06-05). "What to Stream, Urgently: "Compensation," a Modern Classic Rescued" (in en-US). The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/what-to-stream-urgently-compensation-a-modern-classic-rescued. Retrieved 2022-12-07. 
  324. ↑ 324.0 324.1 324.2 Tobias, Scott (April 29, 2002). "Treasure Island". https://www.avclub.com/treasure-island-1798197154. 
  325. ↑ 325.0 325.1 The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
  326. ↑ 326.00 326.01 326.02 326.03 326.04 326.05 326.06 326.07 326.08 326.09 326.10 326.11 326.12 326.13 326.14 326.15 326.16 326.17 326.18 326.19 326.20 326.21 326.22 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
  327. ↑ 327.0 327.1 The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
  328. ↑ George Washington: These American Lives|Current|The Criterion Collection
  329. ↑ 329.0 329.1 329.2 329.3 329.4 329.5 329.6 'Longlegs,' 'Thelma' and Indie Film's New Formula for Success - Bloomberg
  330. ↑ 330.00 330.01 330.02 330.03 330.04 330.05 330.06 330.07 330.08 330.09 330.10 330.11 Indie darling to sellout: the shift of the 21st century director|Far Out Magazine
  331. ↑ [313][110][326][96][149][53][111][151][145][329][330]
  332. ↑ 332.0 332.1 332.2 Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
  333. ↑ 333.00 333.01 333.02 333.03 333.04 333.05 333.06 333.07 333.08 333.09 333.10 333.11 333.12 333.13 333.14 333.15 333.16 333.17 333.18 333.19 333.20 333.21 333.22 333.23 333.24 333.25 333.26 333.27 333.28 333.29 333.30 333.31 333.32 333.33 333.34 333.35 333.36 333.37 333.38 333.39 333.40 333.41 333.42 333.43 Best American Indies: 'Tangerine', 'Past Lives' and More|IndieWire
  334. ↑ 334.00 334.01 334.02 334.03 334.04 334.05 334.06 334.07 334.08 334.09 334.10 334.11 334.12 334.13 334.14 334.15 334.16 334.17 334.18 334.19 334.20 334.21 334.22 334.23 334.24 334.25 334.26 334.27 Indiewood - Backstage
  335. ↑ Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
  336. ↑ 336.0 336.1 336.2 336.3 The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  337. ↑ 337.0 337.1 337.2 337.3 337.4 337.5 The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  338. ↑ 338.00 338.01 338.02 338.03 338.04 338.05 338.06 338.07 338.08 338.09 338.10 338.11 338.12 338.13 338.14 338.15 338.16 338.17 338.18 338.19 338.20 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
  339. ↑ Bruce Campbell Joins Bubba Ho-Tep Director in Celebrating the Cult Classic's 21st Anniversary - CBR
  340. ↑ 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
  341. ↑ 341.0 341.1 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
  342. ↑ Judy Greer Credits Maggie Gyllenhaal’s ‘Secretary’ Role for Making ‘Quirky’ Lead Actresses Cool - Yahoo Entertainment
  343. ↑ 343.0 343.1 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
  344. ↑ [338][294][334][5][223][145][110][96][149][148][53][111][333]
  345. ↑ PIECES OF APRIL: A snapshot of an honest Thanksgiving – Moviejawn
  346. ↑ 'Pieces of April's' Quirky Turkey Day - The Washington Post
  347. ↑ Pieces of April - Variety
  348. ↑ 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
  349. ↑ 349.0 349.1 349.2 The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  350. ↑ 350.0 350.1 350.2 10 Best Peter Sargaard Movies, Ranked|Collider
  351. ↑ 351.0 351.1 351.2 The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  352. ↑ 352.0 352.1 Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
  353. ↑ 353.0 353.1 353.2 353.3 353.4 353.5 353.6 353.7 353.8 How independent film merchandise became a hot commodity - Los Angeles Times
  354. ↑ [294][334][213][352][326][279][225][149][53][151][145][333][353]
  355. ↑ 20 Years Ago, This Iconic Indie Horror Hit Revolutionized Twist Endings & Changed the Genre Forever - CBR
  356. ↑ 356.00 356.01 356.02 356.03 356.04 356.05 356.06 356.07 356.08 356.09 356.10 356.11 356.12 356.13 356.14 356.15 iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
  357. ↑ [356][294][334][199][5][149][148][53][353]
  358. ↑ Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
  359. ↑ 359.00 359.01 359.02 359.03 359.04 359.05 359.06 359.07 359.08 359.09 359.10 359.11 359.12 359.13 359.14 359.15 359.16 359.17 359.18 359.19 359.20 Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
  360. ↑ 360.0 360.1 360.2 360.3 "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
  361. ↑ Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
  362. ↑ Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
  363. ↑ 363.0 363.1 Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  364. ↑ BLOOD TEA AND STRING - Film Threat
  365. ↑ Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
  366. ↑ 366.0 366.1 Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
  367. ↑ 367.00 367.01 367.02 367.03 367.04 367.05 367.06 367.07 367.08 367.09 367.10 367.11 367.12 367.13 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
  368. ↑ 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
  369. ↑ [359][352][99][145][367][279][225][336][96][148][117][53][111][333]
  370. ↑ 370.0 370.1 370.2 370.3 370.4 Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
  371. ↑ [356][48][240][5][149][148][117][53][145][333]
  372. ↑ "Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS". http://archive.pov.org/blog/docsoup/2008/01/doc_soup_the_sundance_cycle_1/. 
  373. ↑ Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
  374. ↑ 374.0 374.1 374.2 374.3 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
  375. ↑ 375.0 375.1 375.2 375.3 375.4 375.5 On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
  376. ↑ 376.0 376.1 Indie Film Box Office: 'Strange Darling', 'Between The Temples' & 'Coraline' - Deadline
  377. ↑ Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
  378. ↑ It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
  379. ↑ 379.0 379.1 379.2 379.3 379.4 379.5 Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
  380. ↑ 380.0 380.1 The Criterion Channel's July 2024 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  381. ↑ 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
  382. ↑ 382.0 382.1 Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
  383. ↑ 383.0 383.1 Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
  384. ↑ Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
  385. ↑ 385.0 385.1 Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
  386. ↑ Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
  387. ↑ The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
  388. ↑ 388.0 388.1 Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
  389. ↑ Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
  390. ↑ It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
  391. ↑ 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
  392. ↑ 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
  393. ↑ 393.0 393.1 393.2 393.3 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
  394. ↑ 394.00 394.01 394.02 394.03 394.04 394.05 394.06 394.07 394.08 394.09 394.10 394.11 394.12 394.13 394.14 394.15 394.16 394.17 394.18 394.19 394.20 394.21 394.22 394.23 394.24 394.25 394.26 394.27 394.28 394.29 394.30 394.31 394.32 The best A24 films to date|EW.com
  395. ↑ 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
  396. ↑ Walsh, Katie (October 15, 2015). "Review: 'OzLand' would need a wizard to stretch thin premise". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-ozland-review-20151016-story.html. 
  397. ↑ 397.0 397.1 397.2 397.3 397.4 397.5 397.6 Cannes' Directors' Fortnight: American indies' new proving ground|AV Club
  398. ↑ LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
  399. ↑ 399.0 399.1 Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
  400. ↑ 400.0 400.1 The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
  401. ↑ 401.0 401.1 401.2 401.3 Sundance 2018: Full-sentence movie titles are increasingly common - Quartz
  402. ↑ La La Land Opens Big; Sets Indie Box Office Records - Screen Rant
  403. ↑ Lauded 'La La Land' Breaks Indie Box Office Records - TheWrap
  404. ↑ The making of 'La La Land': Why it's important to modern cinema - ABC News
  405. ↑ La La Land's success heralds return to Lionsgate's small-scale roots|Film|The Guardian
  406. ↑ Life, Animated: An Autistic Adult Review – THINKING PERSON'S GUIDE TO AUTISM
  407. ↑ "Life, Animated": The Owen Suskind Story|Behavorial Health Works
  408. ↑ Disney helps young Hyannis man find 'Life, Animated' - Barnstable Patriot
  409. ↑ [383][2][50][394][96][53][333][63][66]
  410. ↑ 410.0 410.1 BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
  411. ↑ "Indie filmmaker turns to horror genre for second feature film". cdispatch.com. January 21, 2017. http://www.cdispatch.com/lifestyles/article.asp?aid=55706. 
  412. ↑ 412.0 412.1 412.2 412.3 412.4 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
  413. ↑ Animated Mischief: Essays on Subversiveness in Cartoons Since 1987 - Google Books (pg.176)
  414. ↑ In a Heartbeat: the story behind the animated gay love short that's gone viral|Animation in film|The Guardian
  415. ↑ 415.0 415.1 Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
  416. ↑ 416.0 416.1 416.2 The Criterion channel's January 2025 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  417. ↑ 417.0 417.1 417.2 Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
  418. ↑ 418.0 418.1 The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
  419. ↑ 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
  420. ↑ Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story - Los Angeles Times
  421. ↑ Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
  422. ↑ Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
  423. ↑ 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
  424. ↑ Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
  425. ↑ 425.0 425.1 425.2 Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
  426. ↑ "ODE TO PASSION Premieres at Queens World Film Festival". BroadwayWorld.com. https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/ODE-TO-PASSION-Premieres-at-Queens-World-Film-Festival-20200302. 
  427. ↑ 427.0 427.1 Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
  428. ↑ How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
  429. ↑ Mad God by Phil Tippett|Film Review|Zippy Frames
  430. ↑ Netflix’s Best New Movie Is An Unlikely Indie With 97% On Rotten Tomatoes – Forbes
  431. ↑ Indie Focus: Sitting with the anxious comedy of 'Shiva Baby' - Los Angeles Times
  432. ↑ McNary, Dave (2019-08-22). "Film News Roundup: August Maturo to Star in Horror Movie 'Slapface'" (in en-US). https://variety.com/2019/film/news/august-maturo-slapface-1203310603/. 
  433. ↑ Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
  434. ↑ Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
  435. ↑ 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
  436. ↑ 436.0 436.1 A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
  437. ↑ 437.0 437.1 Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
  438. ↑ 438.0 438.1 438.2 438.3 438.4 Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
  439. ↑ Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
  440. ↑ 51*. HUNDREDS OF BEAVERS (2022)|366 Weird Movies
  441. ↑ A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
  442. ↑ 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
  443. ↑ Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
  444. ↑ A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
  445. ↑ Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
  446. ↑ A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
  447. ↑ 447.0 447.1 447.2 447.3 Best Indie Movies Overlooked in 2024|IndieWire
  448. ↑ 448.0 448.1 448.2 The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
  449. ↑ "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
  450. ↑ 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
  451. ↑ Gasoline Rainbow: A pleasantly meandering Gen-Z road trip from upcoming auteur siblings the Ross brothers - The Irish Times
  452. ↑ "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
  453. ↑ 453.0 453.1 453.2 453.3 453.4 453.5 10 Best Indies Movies Of 2024 - Screen Rant
  454. ↑ 'I'm fine with people bashing us': inside the controversial Trump biopic|Biopics|The Guardian
  455. ↑ Why 'The Apprentice' Movie Needed a Kickstarter Campaign – The Hollywood Reporter
  456. ↑ 456.0 456.1 456.2 Top indie films of 2024: unveiling this year's best gems|Meer
  457. ↑ Friedman, Gabe (May 11, 2023). "Jason Schwartzman is a cantor and Carol Kane is his bat mitzvah student in comedy 'Between the Temples'". https://www.jta.org/2023/05/11/culture/jason-schwartzman-is-a-cantor-and-carol-kane-is-his-bat-mitzvah-student-in-comedy-between-the-temples. 
  458. ↑ 'The Brutalist' producers betting on a 3.5-hour Adrian Brody Indie - Los Angeles Times
  459. ↑ 459.0 459.1 Best Indie Movies of 2024 (So Far) - MovieWeb
  460. ↑ 460.0 460.1 460.2 460.3 460.4 How Indie Horror Went Mainstream in 2024|Flickering Myth
  461. ↑ 461.0 461.1 461.2 Sundance 2025: 10 Indie Movies to Watch Out For - The Atlantic
  462. ↑ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Review: Five Zoomers Hit the Road to Put Off Growing Up in an Endearing, Semi-Improvised Indie - Variety
  463. ↑ 'I Saw the TV Glow' Team Talks Impact of Film on Trans Community|IndieWire
  464. ↑ Movie Review: I Saw the TV Glow – Baltimore Magazine
  465. ↑ Late Night With The Devil takes $666,666 at box office, despite boycotts|Dazed
  466. ↑ Searles, Jourdain (September 7, 2024). "'On Swift Horses' Review: Jacob Elordi and Daisy Edgar-Jones Light Up the Screen in a Ravishing Queer Epic". The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/on-swift-horses-review-jacob-elordi-and-daisy-edgar-jones-1235994968/. 
  467. ↑ 467.0 467.1 467.2 467.3 Best Indie Movies Overlooked in 2025|IndieWire
  468. ↑ "Production starts for Tolga Karaçelik's 'The Shallow Tale' in New York". 14 June 2023. https://bianet.org/haber/production-starts-for-tolga-karacelik-s-the-shallow-tale-in-new-york-280178. 
  469. ↑ Lee, Benjamin (11 December 2024). "Sundance 2025: Olivia Colman, Jennifer Lopez and Josh O'Connor lead lineup". https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/dec/11/sundance-2025-olivia-colman-jennifer-lopez-josh-oconnor. 
  470. ↑ CAPSULE: DUST BUNNY (2025)|366 Weird Movies
  471. ↑ Grobar, Matt (September 11, 2024). "Juliette Lewis & Mamoudou Athie To Topline Body Swap Pic 'By Design' From Amanda Kramer". https://deadline.com/2024/09/juliette-lewis-mamoudou-athie-join-body-swap-pic-by-design-amanda-kramer-1236083923/. 
  472. ↑ Nemiroff, Peri; Ayu Larasati, Dyah (February 1, 2025). ""I'd Never Seen Anybody With Such Power and Force as These Women": 'East of Wall' Introduces the "New West" in This Love Letter To the Badlands". https://collider.com/east-of-wall-love-letter-to-the-badlands-sundance-2025/. 
  473. ↑ 'Forevergreen': How two Disney artists made a hand-crafted gem|FOX19
  474. ↑ Guanajuato International Film Festival GIFF 2025|Forevergreen
  475. ↑ 'Good Boy' Review: Horror Movie Told from the Dog's Point of View|IndieWire
  476. ↑ 476.0 476.1 476.2 Indie Film Box Office: 'Eternity', 'Hamnet' Debut In Top 10 With 'Rental Family' – Deadline
  477. ↑ Squires, Bethy (2023-12-07). "Jennifer Lopez to Star in Kiss of the Spider Woman Movie Musical" (in en). https://www.vulture.com/article/kiss-of-the-spider-woman-musical-movie-cast-details.html. 
  478. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2023-12-07). "Jennifer Lopez To Star In Feature Adaptation Of Broadway Musical 'Kiss Of The Spider Woman'; Bill Condon To Write & Direct" (in en-US). https://deadline.com/2023/12/jennifer-lopez-kiss-of-the-spider-woman-1235655935/. 
  479. ↑ Barfield, Charles (November 6, 2023). "Steven Soderbergh Says A-List Actors Can Save Indie Filmmaking & Teases New Andre Holland Film He Funded". https://theplaylist.net/steven-soderbergh-says-a-list-actors-can-save-indie-filmmaking-teases-new-andre-holland-film-he-funded-20231106/. 
  480. ↑ Cordero, Rosy (November 3, 2023). "Steven Soderbergh & Eddie Alcazar On Their "Wild And Weird" Collaboration 'Divinity', Mentorship And The Future Of Indie Film". https://deadline.com/2023/11/steven-soderbergh-on-divinity-movie-eddie-alcazar-indie-films-1235587411/. 
  481. ↑ Cordero, Rosy; D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 16, 2024). "Daveed Diggs & Katie Aselton Wrap Work On Secret Duplass Brothers Production 'Magic Hour'". https://deadline.com/2024/04/daveed-diggs-mark-duplass-katie-aselton-magic-hour-1235887218/. 
  482. ↑ "2025 Sundance Film Festival Reveals 93 Projects for Feature Film and Episodic Programs". December 11, 2024. https://www.sundance.org/blogs/2025-sundance-film-festival-reveals-93-projects-for-feature-film-and-episodic-programs/. 
  483. ↑ The Perfect Neighbor - The Ankler on Vimeo
  484. ↑ Ellwood, Gregory (January 17, 2025). "25 Most Anticipated Sundance Film Festival 2025 Premieres". https://theplaylist.net/25-most-anticipated-sundance-film-festival-2025-premieres-20250117/3/. 
  485. ↑ Lavallee, Eric (July 31, 2023). "Dusty Roads: Max Walker-Silverman Builds Towards Sophomore Feature". https://www.ioncinema.com/news/american-indie-film-news/max-walker-silverman-sophomore-feature. 
  486. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (January 23, 2023). "WME Signs Rashad Frett; Agency Will Help Writer-Director's Sundance Short 'Ricky' To Become A Feature". https://deadline.com/2023/01/wme-signs-rashad-frett-writer-directors-sundance-short-ricky-becoming-feature-1235237851/. 
  487. ↑ Austin, We Are (2025-06-05). "'Sorry, Baby' film offers a hopeful take on life's challenges" (in en). https://cbsaustin.com/features/we-are-austin/sorry-baby-film-offers-a-hopeful-take-on-lifes-challenges. 
  488. ↑ Neon’s ‘Together’ Scores For Indies, Original Horror In Studio Dominated Top Ten – Specialty Box Office – Deadline
  489. ↑ Bergeson, Samantha (March 4, 2025). "Zoë Chao Freaks Out in Nature for Pete Ohs' Genre-Hybrid Folk Horror Indie 'The True Beauty of Being Bitten by a Tick' — Watch Teaser". https://www.indiewire.com/news/trailers/pete-ohs-the-true-beauty-of-being-bitten-by-a-tick-trailer-1235100877/. 
  490. ↑ The 8 Best Indie Films Coming in Spring 2026, According to Our Editors|Cultured Mag
  491. ↑ Fischbach, Mark (2026-01-30), Iron Lung, Mark Fischbach, Caroline Kaplan, Troy Baker, Markiplier Studios, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27564844/, retrieved 2026-02-02 
  492. ↑ 492.0 492.1 492.2 492.3 492.4 Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
  493. ↑ 493.0 493.1 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
  494. ↑ Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
  495. ↑ Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
  496. ↑ [35][5][52][110][7][19][150][14][53][198][111][99][196][63]
  497. ↑ 497.0 497.1 Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
  498. ↑ 498.0 498.1 DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
  499. ↑ MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
  500. ↑ 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
  501. ↑ A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
  502. ↑ Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
  503. ↑ 503.0 503.1 503.2 Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  504. ↑ ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
  505. ↑ Indie Animation - WSJ
  506. ↑ 506.0 506.1 Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
  507. ↑ Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
  508. ↑ The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
  509. ↑ Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
  510. ↑ "Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective". http://www.theheroinecollective.com/mary-ellen-bute/. 
  511. ↑ CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
  512. ↑ Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
  513. ↑ [317][303][512][99][304][52][242][110][251][225][14][111][492]
  514. ↑ [394][399][10][14][416][330]
  515. ↑ Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
  516. ↑ 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
  517. ↑ [41][2][223][165][219][52][242][224][225][19][150][198][111]
  518. ↑ [338][35][52][110][220][26][198][165][224][150][14][111][7][99]
  519. ↑ House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
  520. ↑ Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
  521. ↑ Composing for Cassavetes|Current|The Criterion Collection
  522. ↑ [110][148][27][117][111][99][69][121][521][61]
  523. ↑ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Release Set With Mubi Ahead Of Pic’s Venice Debut - Deadline
  524. ↑ 524.0 524.1 524.2 Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
  525. ↑ [293][9][306][110][53][249][99]
  526. ↑ Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
  527. ↑ THE EYES OF RAY DENNIS STECKLER - Spectacle Theater
  528. ↑ [5][52][6][251][225][14][249][203][111][165][99]
  529. ↑ [36][4][286][225][111][448][305]
  530. ↑ The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
  531. ↑ Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
  532. ↑ [317][36][213][531][219][261][11][52][110][254][225][148][150][53][111][397]
  533. ↑ [293][9][35][4][223][219][52][111][242][110][251][225][150][14][53][99][492]
  534. ↑ Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  535. ↑ [313][36][534][110][53][111][329][330]
  536. ↑ [36][35][5][283][251][225][14][198]
  537. ↑ [39][198][111][165][99][196][36][213][242][110][254][224][225][302][234][14][53][397]
  538. ↑ [9][99][261][36][338][5][283][251][225][14][53][111]
  539. ↑ Richard Linklater's Indie Film Strategy|No Film School
  540. ↑ 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times

Bibliography

Template:Cinema of the United States



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