Engineering:List of Virgin Galactic launches

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Short description: List of Virgin Galactic Launches
SpaceShipOne
SpaceShipOne Flight 15P photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg
SpaceShipOne after its flight into space, June 2004.
Role Spaceplane
Manufacturer Scaled Composites
Designer Burt Rutan
First flight 20 May 2003 (2003-05-20)
Retired 4 October 2004 (2004-10-04)
Primary user Mojave Aerospace Ventures
Number built 1
Developed into SpaceShipTwo
Career
Preserved at National Air and Space Museum
SpaceShipTwo
SS2 and VMS Eve.jpg
SpaceShipTwo (central fuselage) carried under its twin fuselage mother ship, White Knight Two.
Role Passenger spaceplane
National origin United States
Manufacturer Scaled Composites (1st aircraft)
The Spaceship Company
First flight 10 October 2010 (first glide flight)
29 April 2013 (first powered flight)
13 December 2018 (first spaceflight)
Primary user Virgin Galactic
Number built 2
Developed from Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne
Developed into The Spaceship Company SpaceShip III
VSS Enterprise (N339SS)
SpaceShip 2 VSS Enterprise.jpg
VSS Enterprise, the first SpaceShipTwo spaceplane, attached to its carrier aircraft WhiteKnightTwo VMS Eve
Type Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo
Manufacturer Scaled Composites
Construction number 1
Registration N339SS
First flight 10 October 2010 (crewed gliding flight)

29 April 2013 (powered flight)

Owners and operators Virgin Galactic
Status Destroyed
Fate Crashed
31 October 2014
VSS Unity
Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo "Unity" rollout 19Feb2016, FAITH hangar, Mojave, California.jpg
Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo Unity rollout, 19 February 2016, FAITH hangar, Mojave, California
Type Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo
Manufacturer The Spaceship Company
Construction number 2
Registration N202VG[1]
First flight
  • 8 September 2016[2]
    (captive carry flight)
  • 3 December 2016
    (glide flight)
  • 5 April 2018
    (powered flight)
  • 13 December 2018
    (suborbital spaceflight)
Owners and operators Virgin Galactic
SpaceShip III
Role Suborbital air-launched passenger rocket-spaceplane
National origin United States
Manufacturer The Spaceship Company
Design group Virgin Galactic
Introduction 2021
Status Under development
Primary user Virgin Galactic
Produced since 2021
Number built 1
Developed from SpaceShipTwo

The following is a list of Virgin Galactic launches since 2003.

Virgin Galactic launch

The Virgin Galactic series of vehicles, starting with SpaceShipOne, are more comparable to the X-15 than orbiting spacecraft like the Space Shuttle. Accelerating a spacecraft to orbital speed requires more than 60 times as much energy as accelerating it to Mach 3. It would also require an elaborate heat shield to safely dissipate that energy during re-entry.[3]

SpaceShipOne

Main page: Engineering:SpaceShipOne

Although not a Virgin Galactic launcher, SpaceShipOne was the direct predecessor of the Virgin Galactic vehicles, and served to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept. SpaceShipOne was an experimental air-launched rocket-powered aircraft with sub-orbital spaceflight capability at speeds of up to 3,000 ft/s (900 m/s), using a hybrid rocket motor. The design featured a unique "feathering" atmospheric reentry system where the rear half of the wing and the twin tail booms folds 70 degrees upward along a hinge running the length of the wing; this increases drag while retaining stability. SpaceShipOne completed the first crewed private spaceflight in 2004. That same year, it won the US$10 million Ansari X Prize and was immediately retired from active service. Its mother ship was named "White Knight". Both craft were developed and flown by Mojave Aerospace Ventures, which was a joint venture between Paul Allen and Scaled Composites, Burt Rutan's aviation company. Allen provided the funding of approximately US$25 million.

Rutan has indicated that ideas about the project began as early as 1994 and the full-time development cycle time to the 2004 accomplishments was about three years.[citation needed] The vehicle first achieved supersonic flight on December 17, 2003, which was also the one-hundredth anniversary of the Wright Brothers' historic first powered flight. SpaceShipOne's first official spaceflight, known as flight 15P, was piloted by Mike Melvill. A few days before that flight, the Mojave Air and Space Port was the first commercial spaceport licensed in the United States. A few hours after that flight, Melvill became the first licensed U.S. commercial astronaut. The overall project name was "Tier One" which has evolved into Tier 1b with a goal of taking a successor ship's first passengers into space.

SpaceShipOne's official model designation is Scaled Composites Model 316.

SpaceShipTwo

The Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo (SS2) is an air-launched suborbital spaceplane type designed for space tourism. It is manufactured by The Spaceship Company, a California -based company owned by Virgin Galactic.

SpaceShipTwo is carried to its launch altitude by a White Knight Two aircraft, before being released to fly on into the upper atmosphere, powered by its rocket engine. It then glides back to Earth and performs a conventional runway landing.[4] The spaceship was officially unveiled to the public on 7 December 2009 at the Mojave Air and Space Port in California.[5] On 29 April 2013, after nearly three years of unpowered testing, the first one constructed successfully performed its first powered test flight.[6]

Virgin Galactic plans to operate a fleet of five SpaceShipTwo spaceplanes in a private passenger-carrying service[7][8][9][10] and has been taking bookings for some time, with a suborbital flight carrying an updated ticket price of US$250,000.[11] The spaceplane could also be used to carry scientific payloads for NASA and other organizations.[12]

VSS Enterprise

Main page: Astronomy:VSS Enterprise

VSS Enterprise (tail number: N339SS[13]) was the first SpaceShipTwo (SS2) spaceplane, built by Scaled Composites for Virgin Galactic. As of 2004, it was planned to be the first of five commercial suborbital SS2 spacecraft planned by Virgin Galactic.[14][15] It was also the first ship of the Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo class, based on upscaling the design of the record-breaking SpaceShipOne.

The VSS Enterprise's name was an acknowledgement of the USS Enterprise from the Star Trek television series. The spaceplane also shared its name with NASA's prototype Space Shuttle orbiter, as well as the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise. It was rolled out on 7 December 2009.[16]

SpaceShipTwo made its first powered flight in April 2013. Richard Branson said it "couldn't have gone more smoothly".[17]

On 31 October 2014, during a test flight, the first SpaceShipTwo VSS Enterprise broke up in flight and crashed in the Mojave desert.[18][19][20][21] A preliminary investigation suggested that the craft's descent device deployed too early.[22][23] One pilot, Michael Alsbury, was killed; the other was treated for a serious shoulder injury after parachuting from the stricken spacecraft.[24][25]

VSS Unity

Main page: Astronomy:VSS Unity

The second SpaceShipTwo spacecraft, VSS Unity,[26] was unveiled on 19 February 2016.[27][28][29][30] The spacecraft completed ground-based system integration testing in September 2016.[31] The vehicle is undergoing flight testing.[32] Its first flight to space (above 50 miles altitude), VSS Unity VP03, took place on 13 December 2018.[33]

VSS Unity (Virgin Space Ship Unity, Registration: N202VG), previously referred to as VSS Voyager, is a SpaceShipTwo-class suborbital rocket-powered crewed spaceplane. It is the second SpaceShipTwo to be built and will be used as part of the Virgin Galactic fleet.

SpaceShipThree

SpaceShip III (SS3, also with Roman numeral III; formerly SpaceShipThree) is an upcoming class of spaceplanes by Virgin Galactic to follow SpaceShipTwo. It was first teased on the Virgin Galactic Twitter account on 25 February 2021 announcing the rollout of the first SpaceShip III plane on 30 March 2021.[34]

Launch Statistics

Rocket

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Outcome

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Flight type

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Flights

SpaceShipOne Flights

On 17 December 2003—on the 100th anniversary of the Wright brothers first powered flight of an aircraft—SpaceShipOne, piloted by Brian Binnie on Flight 11P, made its first rocket-powered flight and became the first privately built craft to achieve supersonic flight.[35]:8

SpaceShipOne landing

All of the flights of SpaceShipOne were from the Mojave Airport Civilian Flight Test Center. Flights were numbered, starting with flight 01 on May 20, 2003. One or two letters are appended to the number to indicate the type of mission. An appended C indicates that the flight was a captive carry, G indicates an unpowered glide, and P indicates a powered flight. If the actual flight differs in category from the intended flight, two letters are appended: the first indicating the intended mission and the second the mission actually performed.

SpaceShipOne flights
Flight Date Top speed Altitude Duration Pilot
01C May 20, 2003 14.63 km[36] 1 h 48 min uncrewed
02C July 29, 2003 14 km 2 h 06 min Mike Melvill
03G August 7, 2003 278 km/h 14.33 km[36] 19 min 00 s Mike Melvill
04GC August 27, 2003 370 km/h[36] 14 km 1 h 06 min Mike Melvill
05G August 27, 2003 370 km/h 14.69 km[36] 10 min 30 s Mike Melvill
06G September 23, 2003 213 km/h 14.26 km[36] 12 min 15 s Mike Melvill
07G October 17, 2003 241 km/h 14.08 km[36] 17 min 49 s Mike Melvill
08G November 14, 2003 213 km/h 14.42 km[36] 19 min 55 s Peter Siebold
09G November 19, 2003 213 km/h 14.72 km[36] 12 min 25 s Mike Melvill
10G December 4, 2003 213 km/h 14.75 km[36] 13 min 14 s Brian Binnie
11P December 17, 2003 Mach 1.2 20.67 km[36] 18 min 10 s Brian Binnie
12G March 11, 2004 232 km/h 14.78 km[36] 18 min 30 s Peter Siebold
13P April 8, 2004 Mach 1.6 32.00 km[36] 16 min 27 s Peter Siebold
14P May 13, 2004 Mach 2.5 64.43 km[36] 20 min 44 s Mike Melvill
15P June 21, 2004 Mach 2.9 100.124 km[36] 24 min 05 s Mike Melvill
16P September 29, 2004 Mach 2.92 102.93 km[36] 24 min 11 s Mike Melvill
17P October 4, 2004 Mach 3.09 112.014 km[36] 23 min 56 s Brian Binnie
North American X-15Space ShuttleBuranSpaceShipOneBoeing X-37Atlas V
SpaceShipOne ranks among the world's first spaceplanes in the first 50 years of human spaceflight, with the North American X-15, Space Shuttle, Buran, and Boeing X-37. SpaceShipOne is the second spaceplane to have launched from a mother ship, preceded only by the North American X-15.

The flights were accompanied by two chase planes—an Extra 300 owned and flown by Chuck Coleman, and a Beechcraft Starship.[37]

SpaceShipTwo

VSS Enterprise flights

Sources:[38][39][40][41]

Legend
Code Detail
GFxx Glide Flight
CCxx Captive Carry Flight
CFxx Cold Flow Flight
PFxx Powered Flight
Fxx Feathering deployed
Flights
Flight designation Date Duration Maximum altitude Top speed Pilot / co-pilot Notes
41 / GF01 10 October 2010 13 min 46,000 feet (14,000 m) 180 knots (210 mph; 330 km/h) EAS 2 g Siebold / Alsbury
44 / GF02 28 October 2010 10 min, 51 sec 230 knots (260 mph; 430 km/h) EAS 3 g Stucky / Alsbury
45 / GF03 17 November 2010 11 min, 39 sec 246 knots (283 mph; 456 km/h) EAS 3.5 g Siebold / Nichols
47 / GF04 13 January 2011 11 min, 34 sec 250 knots (290 mph; 460 km/h) EAS 3.8 g Stucky / Nichols
56 / GF05 22 April 2011 14 min, 31 sec Siebold / Shane
57 / GF06 27 April 2011 16 min, 7 sec Stucky / Alsbury
58 / GF07 4 May 2011 11 min, 5 sec 51,500 feet (15,700 m) 15,500 feet per minute (4,700 m/min) Siebold / Nichols F01
59 / GF08 10 May 2011 13 min, 2 sec Stucky / Shane
60 / GF09 19 May 2011 11 min, 32 sec Siebold / Binnie
61 / GF10 25 May 2011 10 min, 14 sec Above 50,000 feet (15,000 m) Stucky / Binnie F02
62 / (CC12) 9 June 2011 Siebold / Shane Release failure during flight intended as GF11
64 / GF11 14 June 2011 13 min, 18 sec Siebold / Shane
65 / GF12 15 June 2011 10 min, 32 sec Stucky / Nichols
66 / GF13 21 June 2011 8 min, 55 sec Siebold / Nichols
67 / GF14 23 June 2011 7 min, 33 sec Stucky / Nichols
68 / GF15 27 June 2011 7 min, 39 sec Siebold / Binnie
73 / GF16 29 September 2011 7 min, 15 sec Stucky / Nichols / Persall F03
87 / GF17 26 June 2012 11 min, 22 sec Siebold / Alsbury
88 / GF18 29 June 2012 13 min Stucky / Mackay
90 / GF19 18 July 2012 10 min, 39 sec Siebold / Nichols
91 / GF20 2 August 2012 8 min Stucky / Nichols F04
92 / GF21 7 August 2012 9 min, 52 sec Siebold / Colmer F05
93 / GF22 11 August 2012 8 min, 2 sec Stucky / Binnie
109 / GF23 19 December 2012 13 min, 24 sec Stucky / Alsbury
113 / GF24 3 April 2013 9 min Stucky / Nichols F06
114 / CF01 12 April 2013 10 min, 48 sec Stucky / Alsbury
115 / PF01[42][43] 29 April 2013 13 min 56,000 feet (17,000 m) Mach 1.22 Stucky / Alsbury
130 / GF25 25 July 2013 11 min, 52 sec Stucky / Mackay
131 / GF26 8 August 2013 10 min Stucky / Mackay F07
132 / PF02 5 September 2013 14 min 69,000 feet (21,000 m) Mach 1.43 Stucky / Nichols F08
141 / GF27 11 December 2013. 11 min Stucky / Masucci
147 / PF03 10 January 2014 12 min, 43 sec 72,000 feet (22,000 m)[44] Mach 1.4 Mackay / Stucky[45] F09
149 / GF28 17 January 2014 14 min, 12 sec Siebold / Sturckow
156 / GF29[46] 29 July 2014 12 min Masucci / Siebold
164 / CF02[46] 28 August 2014 13 min Siebold / Alsbury
170 / GF30[47] 7 October 2014 10 min, 30 sec Siebold / Sturckow[48] F10
?? / PF04 31 October 2014 0 min, 13 sec roughly 50,000 feet (15,000 m)[49] ? (at least Mach 0.92) Siebold / Alsbury[50] Unintended feathering destroys vehicle in-flight

VSS Unity flights

Legend
Code Detail
GFxx Glide Flight
CCxx Captive Carry Flight
CFxx Cold Flow Flight
PFxx Powered Flight
Fxx Feathering deployed
Flights
Flight designation Date Duration Maximum altitude Top speed Pilot / co-pilot / passengers Notes
01 / CC01 8 September 2016 15.2 km (50,000 ft) Stucky / Mackay [51]
02 / CC02 1 November 2016 Strong winds, no release during flight intended as GF01[52]
03 / CC03 3 November 2016 Strong winds, no release during second attempt at GF01
04 / CC04 30 November 2016 Test of minor modifications
05 / GF01 3 December 2016 10 minutes[53] 16.8 km (55,000 ft) Mach 0.6 Stucky / Mackay First Glide Flight[54][55][56][57]
06 / GF02 22 December 2016 Stucky / Mackay [58]
07 / GF03 24 February 2017 Sturckow / Mackay 3rd Glide Flight
08 / GF04 1 May 2017 Stucky / Masucci F01[59]
09 / CF01 1 June 2017 Mackay / Sturckow [60]
10 / GF06 4 August 2017 Mackay / Sturckow First flight with major propulsion components aboard.[61][62]
11 / GF07 11 January 2018 Mach 0.9 Stucky / Masucci [63][64][65][66]
12 / PF01 5 April 2018 25.7 km (84,300 ft) Mach 1.87 Stucky / Mackay F02[67]
13 / PF02 29 May 2018 34.9 km (114,501 ft)[68][69] Mach 1.9 Mackay / Stucky Test of changed center of gravity as passenger seats carried for first time. F03[70]
14 / PF03 26 July 2018 52.1 km (170,800 ft)[71] Mach 2.47[71] Mackay / Masucci[72] Reached Mesosphere for first time.[73]
15 / VP-03 13 December 2018 82.7 km (271,330 ft) Mach 2.9[74] Stucky / Sturckow Reached outer space for first time according to the US definition of the space border.[75]
16 / VF-01 22 February 2019 89.9 km (295,007 ft)[76][77] Mach 3.04 [76] Mackay / Masucci / Moses[76] Carried third crew member (1 in the passenger cabin) for the first time [76]
17 / GF08 1 May 2020 15.24 km (50,000 ft)[78] Mach 0.7 [78] Mackay / Sturckow [78] First flight from New Mexico [78]
18 / GF09 25 June 2020 15.54 km (51,000 ft)[79] Mach 0.85 [79] Stucky / Masucci [79]
19 12 December 2020 Mackay / Sturckow First attempted crewed spaceflight from New Mexico, aborted due to computer malfunction, engine ignited and automatically turned off.[80]
21 / VF-03 22 May 2021 89.23 km (55.45 mi) Mackay / Sturckow First crewed spaceflight (above 50 miles) from New Mexico[81]
22 11 July 2021 86.1 km (53.5 mi)[82] Mackay / Masucci / Sirisha Bandla, Colin Bennett, Beth Moses, Richard Branson First fully crewed[note 1] flight included Richard Branson.
24 / GF10 26 April 2023 9 minutes 13.5 km (47,000 ft) Sturckow / Pecile [83]
25 25 May 2023 14 minutes 87.2 km (54.2 mi) Mach 2.94 Masucci / Sturckow / Moses / Mays / Gilbert / Huie [84][85]
Galactic 01 29 June 2023 13:50 minutes 85.1 km (52.9 mi) Mach 2.88 Masucci / Pecile / Villadei / Carlucci / Pandolfi / Bennett First VSS Unity commercial service flight, carrying members of the Italian Air Force .[86]
Galactic 02 10 August 2023 15:38 minutes 88.5 km (55.0 mi) Mach 3.00 Sturckow / Latimer / Moses / Goodwin / Schahaff / Mayers First VSS Unity flight carrying a private astronaut.[87]
Galactic 03 8 September 2023 12:37 minutes 88.6 km (55.1 mi) Mach 2.95 Masucci / Pecile / Moses / Baxter / Reynard / Nash[88]
Galactic 04 6 October 2023 14:23 minutes 87.4 km (54.3 mi) Mach 2.95 Latimer / Sturckow / Moses / Rosano / Beattie / Salim[89]
Galactic 05 2 November 2023 14:20 minutes 87.2 km (54.2 mi) Mach 2.96 Masucci / Latimer / Bennett / Stern / Gerardi / Maisonrouge[90]
Galactic 06 26 January 2024 88.8 km (55.2 mi) Mach 2.98 Sturckow / Pecile / Borozdina / Vaughn / Haider / Kornswiet

Notes

  1. ↑ The SpaceShipTwo vehicles (like VSS Unity) are designed for 8 people, 6 passengers and 2 pilots, so whether this flight was fully-crewed is debatable. But it is true that at the time of this flight, only 6 seats (4 passengers, 2 pilots) were installed in VSS Unity, so in this sense this flight was fully-crewed.

References

  1. ↑ Irene Klotz (5 November 2014). "New spaceship restoring hope after Virgin Galactic crash". Reuters. SpaceDaily. http://newsdaily.com/2014/11/new-spaceship-restoring-hope-after-virgin-galactic-crash/. 
  2. ↑ "Update from Mojave: VSS Unity's First Flight Test Completed – Virgin Galactic". virgingalactic.com. 9 September 2016. http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-vss-unitys-first-flight-test-completed/. 
  3. ↑ Hoffman, Carl (22 May 2007). "Elon Musk Is Betting His Fortune on a Mission Beyond Earth's Orbit". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2007/05/ff-space-musk/. 
  4. ↑ "sRLV platforms compared". NASA. 7 March 2011. https://c3.ndc.nasa.gov/flightopportunities/platforms/compare/. "SpaceShipTwo: Type: HTHL/Piloted"  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (8 December 2009). "Richard Branson unveils Virgin Galactic spaceplane". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8400353.stm. 
  6. ↑ "Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic spaceship ignites engine in flight". BBC News. 29 April 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22344398. 
  7. ↑ "Space Ship Completes 24th Test Flight in Mojave". Hispanic Business. 4 April 2013. http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/4/4/space_ship_completes_24th_test_flight.htm. 
  8. ↑ "Virgin Galactic to Launch Passengers on Private Spaceship in 2013". SPACE.com. 8 June 2012. http://www.space.com/16057-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-launches-2013.html. 
  9. ↑ ""Virgin Galactic space tourism could begin in 2013"". BBC News. 26 October 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15460935. 
  10. ↑ John Schwartz (23 January 2008). "New Tourist Spacecraft Unveiled". https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/23/science/space/23cnd-spaceship.html?hp. 
  11. ↑ Fly With Us Virgin Galactic Retrieved 5 November 2015
  12. ↑ "Virgin spaceship aims to be science lab". BBC News. 4 December 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20500194. 
  13. ↑ "FAA N Number Registration for "VSS Enterprise"". http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=339SS. 
  14. ↑ "Virgin Galactic to Offer Public Space Flights". Space.com. Associated Press. 27 September 2004. http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/virgin_space_040927.html. 
  15. ↑ "Scaled Composites PROJECTS". Scaled.com. http://www.scaled.com/projects/. 
  16. ↑ "SpaceShipTwo Roll Out". Virgingalactic.com. 8 December 2009. http://www.virgingalactic.com/news/item/spaceshiptwo-roll-out/. 
  17. ↑ "SpaceShipTwo makes first powered flight". 3 News NZ. 30 April 2013. http://www.3news.co.nz/SpaceShipTwo-makes-first-powered-flight/tabid/1160/articleID/296027/Default.aspx. 
  18. ↑ Chang, Kenneth; Schwartz, John (31 October 2014). "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes in New Setback for Commercial Spaceflight". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/science/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-crashes-during-test-flight.html. 
  19. ↑ Foust, Jeff (31 October 2014). "SpaceShipTwo Destroyed in Fatal Test Flight Accident". SpaceNews. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/42391spaceshiptwo-destroyed-in-fatal-test-flight-accident. 
  20. ↑ "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes During Flight Test". 31 October 2014. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-crashes-during-flight-test-n238376. 
  21. ↑ Durden, Rick (31 October 2014). "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes". AVweb. http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Virgin-Galactics-SpaceShipTwo-Crashes223025-1.html. 
  22. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (3 November 2014). "Investigators Focus on Tail Booms in Crash of Space Plane". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/04/business/international/virgin-galactic-plane-tail-booms-focus-of-investigation.html. 
  23. ↑ Melley, Brian (3 November 2014). "Spaceship's descent device deployed prematurely". Associated Press. http://apnews.excite.com/article/20141103/us--space_tourism-e62024cd1f.html. 
  24. ↑ Klotz, Irene (3 November 2014). "SpaceShipTwo's Rocket Engine Did Not Cause Fatal Crash". Discovery News. http://news.discovery.com/space/private-spaceflight/spaceshiptwos-rocket-engine-did-not-cause-fatal-crash-141103.htm. 
  25. ↑ "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo rocket plane crashes". 31 October 2014. http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/10/31/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-suffers-anomaly-during-test-flight/. 
  26. ↑ @virgingalactic (19 February 2016). "Virgin Galactic announces new ship name". https://twitter.com/virgingalactic/status/700795235291402240. 
  27. ↑ "New SpaceShipTwo Rollout Friday". AVweb. 18 February 2016. http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/New-SpaceShipTwo-Rollout-Friday-225723-1.html. 
  28. ↑ "Virgin Galactic unveils new space tourism rocket plane". CBC News. 19 February 2016. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/virgin-galactic-new-spaceship-1.3399865. 
  29. ↑ "New SpaceShipTwo Rollout Friday". AVweb. 18 February 2016. http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/New-SpaceShipTwo-Rollout-Friday-225723-1.html. 
  30. ↑ "Virgin Galactic unveils new space tourism rocket plane". CBC News. 19 February 2016. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/virgin-galactic-new-spaceship-1.3399865. 
  31. ↑ "Virgin Galactic's new SpaceShipTwo gets off the ground, two years after fatal mishap". GeekWire. 2016-09-08. http://www.geekwire.com/2016/virgin-galactic-new-spaceshiptwo-captive-carry/. 
  32. ↑ "Update from Mojave: VSS Unity's First Flight Test Completed – Virgin Galactic". 9 September 2016. http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-vss-unitys-first-flight-test-completed/. 
  33. ↑ Grush, Lauren (13 December 2018). "Virgin Galactic's spaceplane finally makes it to space for the first time". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/13/18138279/virgin-galactic-vss-unity-spaceshiptwo-space-tourism. 
  34. ↑ Virgin Galactic [@VirginGalactic]. "The Future of the Fleet. Rollout, March 30th.". https://twitter.com/VirginGalactic/status/1365067875648737282.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  35. ↑ Belfiore, Michael (2007). Rocketeers: how a visionary band of business leaders, engineers, and pilots is boldly privatizing space. New York: Smithsonian Books. p. [1]. ISBN 978-0-06-114903-0. https://archive.org/details/rocketeershowvis00belf/page/. 
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 "SpaceShipOne Flight Tests". Scaled Composites. http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/combined_white_knight_spaceshipone_flight_tests. 
  37. ↑ Jefferson, Catherine A.. "First Private Manned Space Flight". http://www.devsite.org/lab/spaceshipone/data.shtml. 
  38. ↑ "SpaceShipTwo straps on its engine". NBC. 20 December 2012. http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/19/16025374-spaceshiptwo-straps-on-its-engine. 
  39. ↑ "Space Ship Completes 24th Test Flight in Mojave". Hispanic Business. 4 April 2013. http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/4/4/space_ship_completes_24th_test_flight.htm. 
  40. ↑ "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes During Flight Test". 31 October 2014. http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-crashes-during-flight-test-n238376. 
  41. ↑ SpaceShipTwo (SS2) History, skyrocket.de
  42. ↑ "Virgin Galactic Breaks Speed of Sound in First Rocket-Powered Flight of SpaceShipTwo" (Press release). Virgin Galactic. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  43. ↑ "SpaceShipTwo PF01: SS2 and WK2 preps underway". NewSpaceWatch.com. 28 April 2013. http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spaceshiptwo-pf01-ss2-and-wk2-preps-underway.html. 
  44. ↑ "Virgin Galactic Reaches New Heights in Third Supersonic Test Flight" (Press release). Virgin Galactic. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  45. ↑ "Virgin Galactic spaceship makes third powered test flight". Chicago Tribune. 10 January 2014. http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/sns-rt-us-space-spaceship-20140110,0,6239842.story. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Boyle, Alan (29 August 2014). "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Glides Through a Dry Run". NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-glides-through-dry-run-n191531. 
  47. ↑ Wall, Mike (8 October 2014). "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Aces Glide Test Flight". Space.com. http://www.space.com/27376-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-test-flight.html. 
  48. ↑ "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Glides Through Test Run" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-glides-through-test-run-n220206. 
  49. ↑ Klotz, Irene (3 November 2014). "Rocket plane's tail activated prematurely in fatal crash". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-crash-virgin-idUSKBN0IM0RO20141103. 
  50. ↑ Pope, Stephen (31 October 2014). "SpaceShipTwo crashes in Mojave Desert". flyingmag.com. https://www.flyingmag.com/technique-accidents-spaceshiptwo-crashes-mojave-desert/. 
  51. ↑ "Virgin Galactic: SpaceShipTwo beginnt Flugerprobung". flugrevue.de. 13 September 2016. http://www.flugrevue.de/raumfahrt/spaceshiptwo-beginnt-flugerprobung/698732. 
  52. ↑ "Virgin Galactic Postpones 1st Glide Test with New SpaceShipTwo". space.com. http://www.space.com/34580-virgin-galactic-attempts-spaceshiptwo-glide-test.html. 
  53. ↑ "Update from Mojave: Successful First Glide Flight Test for VSS Unity – Virgin Galactic" (in en-US). Virgin Galactic. 2016-12-03. http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-successful-first-glide-flight-test-for-vss-unity/. 
  54. ↑ "Bransons "VSS Unity" absolvierte ersten Gleitflug". krone.at. http://www.krone.at/wissen/bransons-vss-unity-absolvierte-ersten-gleitflug-touristen-raumschiff-story-542661. 
  55. ↑ "Virgin Galactic spaceship makes first glide flight". phys.org. 3 December 2016. http://phys.org/news/2016-12-virgin-galactic-spaceship-glide-flight.html. 
  56. ↑ David Millward (4 December 2016). "Virgin Galactic's space programme moves forward as SpaceShipTwo carries out first successful glide test". telegraph.co.uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/04/virgin-galactics-space-programme-moves-forward-spaceshiptwo/. 
  57. ↑ Weston Williams (5 December 2016). "Space tourism: Virgin Galactic makes successful glide test". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2016/1205/Space-tourism-Virgin-Galactic-makes-successful-glide-test. 
  58. ↑ Boyle, Alan (22 December 2016). "Virgin Galactic sneaks in just one more SpaceShipTwo glide test to cap off 2016". GeekWire. http://www.geekwire.com/2016/virgin-galactic-second-spaceshiptwo-glide/. 
  59. ↑ "Update from Mojave: First Feather Flight of VSS Unity Completed" (in en-US). Virgin Galactic. 1 May 2017. http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-first-feather-flight-of-vss-unity-completed/. 
  60. ↑ Wall, Mike (1 June 2017). "Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity Makes 5th 'Glide Flight' (Photos)". space.com. http://www.space.com/37055-virgin-galactic-space-plane-5th-glide-flight.html. 
  61. ↑ "Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity edges closer to space". 8 August 2017. http://newatlas.com/virgin-galactic-flight-test-engine/50791/. 
  62. ↑ "Update from Mojave: VSS Unity Flies with Propulsion Systems Installed and Live" (in en-US). Virgin Galactic. 4 August 2017. http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-vss-unity-flies-with-propulsion-systems-installed-and-live/. 
  63. ↑ Camacho, Marian (11 January 2018). "SpaceShip Two test flight a success". http://www.kob.com/new-mexico-news/virgin-galactic-launces-spaceship-two-test-flight/4739902/. 
  64. ↑ Krishna, Swapna (11 January 2018). "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo is almost ready for powered tests". https://www.engadget.com/2018/01/11/virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-eleventh-glide-test/. 
  65. ↑ "Update from Mojave: VSS Unity successfully completes high speed glide flight". 11 January 2018. https://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-vss-unity-successfully-completes-high-speed-glide-flight/. 
  66. ↑ Wall, Mike (11 January 2018). "Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity Soars on 7th Glide Flight (Photo)". https://www.space.com/39360-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-seventh-glide-flight.html. 
  67. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (5 April 2018). "Virgin Galactic completes first rocket powered, supersonic flight of new spacecraft Unity". https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/virgin-galactic-spaceship-unity-supersonic-rocket-test-flight.html. 
  68. ↑ "The second powered flight of Virgin Galactic's spaceplane featured extra passenger seats". 29 May 2018. https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/29/17404784/virgin-galactic-vss-unity-space-plane-powered-test-flight. 
  69. ↑ "Second SpaceShipTwo makes second powered test flight – SpaceNews.com". 29 May 2018. http://spacenews.com/second-spaceshiptwo-makes-second-powered-test-flight/. 
  70. ↑ Wall, Mike (29 May 2018). "Success! Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity Space Plane Aces 2nd Powered Test Flight". https://www.space.com/40723-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-2nd-powered-test-flight.html. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 "Into the Mesosphere at Mach 2" (in en-US). Virgin Galactic. 26 July 2018. https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/Into-the-Mesosphere-at-Mach-2. 
  72. ↑ Boyle, Alan (26 July 2018). "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo rocket plane sails through third supersonic flight". https://www.geekwire.com/2018/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-rocket-plane-sails-third-supersonic-flight/. 
  73. ↑ Weitering, Hanneke; July 26, Space com Staff Writer; ET, 2018 03:26pm. "Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity Space Plane Aces Test Flight, Reaching Mesosphere for the 1st Time". https://www.space.com/41295-virgin-galactic-reaches-mesosphere-epic-test.html. 
  74. ↑ Grush, Lauren (13 December 2018). "Virgin Galactic's spaceplane finally makes it to space for the first time". https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/13/18138279/virgin-galactic-vss-unity-spaceshiptwo-space-tourism. 
  75. ↑ "Branson's Virgin Galactic successfully reaches space". BBC. 13 December 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46550862. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 "Virgin Galactic". https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/. 
  77. ↑ Bartels, Meghan (22 February 2019). "Virgin Galactic Reaches Space Again, Flies Test Passenger for 1st Time". space.com. https://www.space.com/virgin-galactic-powered-flight-february-2019.html. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 "Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes First Flight From Spaceport America". https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 "Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes Second Flight From Spaceport America". https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-second-flight-from-spaceport-america/. 
  80. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris; Burghardt, Thomas (12 December 2020). "VSS Unity aborts after engine start, safely lands with crew back at Spaceport America". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/new-mexico-joins-human-spaceflight-with-unity-flight/. 
  81. ↑ "Virgin Galactic rocket plane flies to edge of space". BBC News. 22 May 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57214988. 
  82. ↑ "Virgin Galactic Successfully Completes First Fully Crewed Spaceflight". 11 July 2021. https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-successfully-completes-first-fully-crewed-spaceflight. 
  83. ↑ "Virgin Galactic completes glide flight from Spaceport America". Virgin Galactic (Press release). 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  84. ↑ "Virgin Galactic completes successful spaceflight". Virgin Galactic (Press release). 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  85. ↑ "Virgin Galactic completes Unity 25 spaceflight in key final test before commercial service". CNBC News. 25 May 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/25/virgin-galactic-unity-25-spaceflight-final-test-before-commercial-service.html. 
  86. ↑ Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (29 June 2023). "Galactic 01 stats: launch 1528:38 UTC, apogee 85.1 km, flight time from drop to main gear touchdown 13m50s. Drop location EBR P3 in my launch points list (107.0W 33.3N)". https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/1674445777425293312. 
  87. ↑ Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (10 August 2023). "I don't quite agree with these numbers. I have takeoff of White Knight 2 at 1429:45 UTC (in agreement with their 8.30 am MDT) but landing of SS2 at 1532:48 UTC (9.32 am MDT). Release time 1517:10 UTC and SS2 free flight time 15:38 with apogee 88.5 km.". https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/1689783764639961089. 
  88. ↑ "Core memory unlocked. Welcome to space, #Galactic03. Congratulations, 014, 015, and 016!" (in en). https://twitter.com/virgingalactic/status/1700170319343112596?s=20. 
  89. ↑ "Virgin Galactic completes fifth successful flight in five months". Virgin Galactic (Press release). 6 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  90. ↑ "Virgin Galactic Completes Sixth Successful Spaceflight in Six Months". Virgin Galactic (Press release). 2 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.



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