Engineering:List of transport megaprojects
This is a list of megaprojects within the transport sector. Care should be taken in comparing the cost of projects from different times, even a few years apart due to inflation; comparing nominal costs without taking this into account can be highly misleading. Note that inflation-calculated values are current (As of 2019).
According to the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management in 2017, "Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of people".[1]
Completed projects
Project | Description | Country | Location | Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion | Est. cost (in billions United States dollar ), adjusted for inflation | Start of construction | Year of completion | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tokaido Shinkansen | High-speed rail | Japan | Taiheiyō Belt | Undefined year "1964"[2] | 1959 | 1964 | Original segment of the first shinkansen line | ||
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge | Bridge (road) | Turkey | Çanakkale | 4[3] | 2017 | 2022 | Spans two continents. | ||
Sha Tin to Central Link | Rapid transit | China | Hong Kong, From Tai Wai, New Territories to Admiralty, Hong Kong Island | 11.6[4] | 2012 | 2022 | HK$90,700,000,000[4] | ||
La Línea Tunnel | Tunnel (road) | Colombia | Cordillera Central | Undefined year "2020"[5] | 2009 | 2020 | |||
Thameslink Programme | Commuter rail upgrade | United Kingdom | Southeast England | Undefined year "2020"[6] | 2009 | 2020 | (GBP7bn)[6] | ||
Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel | Tunnel (road) | United States | Seattle | 3.3[7] | 2013 | 2019 | |||
Santiago Metro Line 3, Phase One and 2023 extension. | Rapid transit | Chile | Santiago | 2.17[8][9] | 2012 | 2023 | Combined cost of initial line and extension.[8][9] | ||
Santiago Metro Line 6 | Rapid transit | Chile | Santiago | 1.26[10] | 2014 | 2017 | |||
Crimean Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | Russia (one end is recognized internationally as being owned by Ukraine, but is de facto controlled by Russia) | 3.7[11] | 2015 | 2019 | ||||
Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge | Bridge–tunnel | China | Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau | 19.18[12] | 2009 | 2018 | ¥127 billion | ||
New Tappan Zee Bridge | Bridge (road) | United States | South Nyack to Tarrytown, New York | 3.98[13] | 2013 | 2018 | |||
Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway | Railway | Israel | Jerusalem, Israel | 1.94-2.5[14] | 1.9-2.5 | 2001 | 2004 (first section)
2007 (second section) 2018 (final section) |
NIS7-9 billion[14] | |
Abuja Light Rail (phase 1 nearing completion)[15] | Light Rail | Nigeria | Abuja | 2.7[15][16] | 2007 | 2018 | |||
Noord/Zuidlijn | Rapid transit line | Netherlands | Amsterdam | Template:To USD/data/2009[17] | 2002 | 2018 | (€3.1bn) | ||
Klang Valley MRT Line 1 | Rapid transit | Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | 11.7[18] | 2012 | 2017 | (MYR36B) | ||
Ionia Odos | Highway | Greece | Western Greece | 1.8[19] | 2007 | 2017 | (€1.4bn) | ||
Otoyol 5 | Highway | Turkey | Istanbul to İzmir | 7[20] | 2013 | 2019 | Including Osman Gazi Bridge.[21] | ||
German Unification Transport Projects (Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit) | Transport project to achieve the German Unity | Germany | Germany | 42[22] | 1991 | 2016 – continues expansion until 2020 | |||
AVE - Spain's high-speed railway network | High-speed rail | Spain | Spain | 44[23] | 1992 | 2016 - continues expansion | 40[23] billion euros | ||
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | Turkey | Istanbul | 2[24] | 2013 | 2016 | |||
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge | Bridge (road) | United States | Seattle and Medina, Washington | 4.56[25] | 2012 | 2016 | |||
Eurasia Tunnel | Tunnel (undersea, road) | Turkey | Istanbul | 1.3[26] | 2011 | 2016 | |||
Gotthard Base Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | Switzerland | Swiss Alps | 9.7[27] | 1999 | 2016 | (CHF 9.56 billion)[27] | ||
World Trade Center Transportation Hub | Transit center and retail | United States | New York City | 3.9[28] | 2006 | 2016 | |||
Blanka tunnel complex | Tunnel (road) | Czechia | Prague | Template:To USD/data/2015[29] | 2006 | 2015 | 43bn Kč[29] | ||
Adler–Krasnaya Polyana road and railway | Highway and railway | Russia | Russia | 9.4[30] | 2010
|
2014 | |||
Budapest Metro Line 4 | Rapid transit line | Hungary | Budapest | 1.95[31][32] | 2004 | 2014 | (HUF 452.5 bn) | ||
Marina Coastal Expressway | Highway | Singapore | Singapore | Template:To USD/data/2013[33][34] | 2008 | 2013[35] | (S$4.3 bn) | ||
Marmaray Tunnel | Tunnel (undersea, rail) | Turkey | Istanbul | 4.5[36] | 2004 | 2008(Phase I) 2013(Phase II) |
Deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world. | ||
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge | Bridge (road) | United States | San Francisco Bay Area | 6.5[37] | 2002 | 2013 | |||
Russky Bridge | Bridge (road) | Russia | Vladivostok (Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula) and Russky Island | 1.1[38] | 2008 | 2012 | |||
Freeway Durango-Mazatlán and Baluarte Bridge | Highway and road bridge | Mexico | Durango – Sinaloa | 1.46[39][40] | 2008 | 2012 | |||
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge | Bridge (road) | China | Shandong | 1.5[41] | 2007 | 2011 | |||
Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway | High-speed rail | China | Eastern China (Beijing to Shanghai, via Tianjin and Nanjing) | 33.1[42] | 2008 | 2011 | (RMB 220.9bn) | ||
Clem Jones Tunnel | Tunnel (road) | Australia | Brisbane | Template:To USD/data/2011[43] | 2006 | 2010 | (AUD3.2bn) | ||
CBD and South East Light Rail | Light rail | Australia | Sydney | Undefined year "2021"[44] | 2015 | 2019 | (AUD 3.1bn)[44] | ||
Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway | High-speed rail | China | China | Template:To USD/data/2009[45] | 2005 | 2009 | (RMB 116.6bn) | ||
Egnatia Odos | Highway | Greece | Northern Greece | 8.4[46] | 1994 | 2009 | (€5.9bn) | ||
Incheon Bridge | Bridge (road) | South Korea | Incheon | 2.12[47] | 2005 | 2009 | (₩2,450,000,000,000; source listed that as being equivalent to US$2.12 billion) | ||
Sound Transit '1 line'
(initial segment) |
Light rail | United States | Seattle metropolitan area | 2.9[48] | 2003 | 2009 | |||
Bologna–Florence high-speed railway | High-speed rail | Italy | Italy | Undefined year "2010"[49] | 1996 | 2009 | (€5.89 billion)[49] | ||
Milan–Bologna high-speed railway | High-speed rail | Italy | Italy | Undefined year "2010"[49] | 1993 | 2008 | (€6.92 billion)[49] | ||
Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway | High-speed rail | China | Beijing and Tianjin[50] | 2.34[51] | 2005 | 2008 | |||
High Speed 1 | High-speed rail | United Kingdom | South East England | Undefined year "2007"[52] | 1998 | 2007 | (£6.84 billion)[52] | ||
Lötschberg Base Tunnel
(initial bore) |
Tunnel (rail) | Switzerland | Swiss Alps | Template:ToUSD[53] | 1999 | 2007 | (CHF 4.3 billion)[53] | ||
Copenhagen Metro phase 1-3 | Rapid transit | Denmark | Copenhagen | 1.47[54] | 1996 | 2007 | 11,400,000,000 DKK | ||
"Big Dig" Central Artery/Tunnel Project | Tunnel (road) | United States | Boston | 22[55] | 1991 | 2007 | 14.6 billion USD; additional $7 billion in interest | ||
Colorado T-REX Project (TRansportation EXpansion) | Highway & Light rail upgrade | United States | Denver | 1.7[56] | 2001 | 2006 | |||
Shanghai Maglev Train | High-speed rail, Maglev | China | Shanghai | 1.4[57] | 2001 | 2004 | |||
Red Line and Purple Line | Rapid transit | United States | Los Angeles | 4.5[58] | 1986 | 2000 | represents expenditure prior to the D Line Extension | ||
Toei Ōedo Line | Rapid transit | Japan | Tokyo | Undefined year "1999"[59] | 1988 | 2000 | (¥988.6 billion in 1999 yen values) | ||
Jubilee Line Extension | Rapid transit line | United Kingdom | London | 6.83[60] | 1993 | 1999 | 3.5 billion GBP
6.83 billion USD is for 2010 prices[60] | ||
Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project | Bridges
17 bridges connecting the islands of Honshū and Shikoku |
Japan | Japan | 48[61] | 1978 | 1999 | 4 trillion Yen | ||
Øresund Bridge | Bridge–tunnel (rail/road) | Denmark, Sweden | Denmark - Sweden | 5.7[62] | 1995 | 1999 | (DKK30.1bn) | ||
Great Belt Fixed Link | Bridge–tunnel (rail/road) | Denmark | Denmark | Undefined year "1988" | 1988 | 1998 | (DKK21.4bn)[63] | ||
Vasco da Gama Bridge | Bridge (road) | Portugal | Lisbon | 1.3[64] | 1995 | 1998 | (€897m / 180bn PTE) | ||
Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge | Bridge (road) | Japan | Kobe | 5[65] | 1988 | 1998 | |||
Channel Tunnel | Tunnel (undersea, rail) | Strait of Dover, English Channel between the United Kingdom and France | 15.4[66] | 1988 | 1994 | (GBP9.5bn) | |||
Interstate Highway System | Highway Network | United States | United States | 114[67] | 1956 | 1992[68][69] | 425 billion in 2006 dollars[70] 548 billion in 2021 dollars[71] | ||
Baikal–Amur Mainline | Railway | Soviet Union (modern-day Russia) | Sovetskaya Gavan to Tayshet (modern-day Russia ) | 15[72] | 1974 | 1984 | |||
Bay Area Rapid Transit | Rapid transit | United States | San Francisco Bay Area | 1.586[73] | 1964 | 1976 - continues expansion | $9.69 billion adjusted for inflation | ||
St. Lawrence Seaway | Canal system | United States, Canada | St Lawrence River and North American Great Lakes between the United States and Canada | 0.470[74] | 1954 | 1959 | |||
Caracas-La Guaira highway | Highway | Venezuela | Greater Caracas | 0.06[75][76] | 1950 | 1953 | |||
Trans-Siberian Railway | Railway | Russian Empire (modern-day Russia) | Moscow to Russian Far East (Vladivostok) (modern-day Russia ) | 0.770[77] | 1891 | 1916 | |||
Panama Canal | Canal | Panama | Panama | 0.375[78] | 1881 | 1914 | |||
First transcontinental railroad | Railway | United States | Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California | 0.1[79] | 1863 | 1869 | $1.76 billion adjusted for inflation | ||
Suez Canal | Canal | Template:Country data Khedivate of Egypt (modern-day Egypt) | Sinai Peninsula, Khedivate of Egypt (modern-day Egypt) | 0.082[80] | 1859 | 1869 | |||
Suez Canal expansion | Canal expansion | Egypt | Sinai Peninsula | 8[81] | 2014 | 2015 | |||
Silver Line | Rapid transit | United States | Northern Virginia | 6[82] | 2009 | 2014 (Phase 1)
2022 (Phase 2) |
While the Silver Line runs through Maryland and through Washington, D.C., the actual new sections of railway were all located in Northern Virginia. | ||
Mid-Coast Extension of the Blue Line (San Diego Trolley) | Light rail | United States | San Diego | 2.17[83][84] | 2016 | 2021 | |||
Green Line Extension | Light rail | United States | Greater Boston | 2.28[85] | 2012 | 2022 | |||
Highway Vespucio Oriente | Tunnel (road) | Chile | Santiago | 1.1 | 2017 | 2022 | |||
East Side Access project (including Grand Central Madison station) | Transit center, commuter rail | United States | New York City | 11.1[86] | 2007 | 2023 | The East Side Access project, including Grand Central Madison station, allows Long Island Rail Road service to Grand Central Terminal. | ||
Taichung Metro | Rapid transit | Taiwan | Taichung | 2.08[87] | 2009 | 2021 | |||
Almaty Metro | Rapid transit | Kazakhstan | Almaty | 1[88] | 1988 (was temporarily suspended as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union) | 2011 | |||
Dubai Metro | Rapid transit | United Arab Emirates | Dubai | Template:To USD/data/2009[89] | 2009 | ||||
Canada Line | Rapid transit | Canada | Greater Vancouver | Template:To USD/data/2009[90] | 2005 | 2009 | $2.05 billion CAD – set as the value for 2009, though estimate was originally made in 2006 | ||
Second Avenue Subway, Phase 1 | Rapid transit | United States | New York City | 4.4[91] | 2007 | 2017 | Inflation is based on 2016, as the line opened on January 1 of 2017; construction was thus technically completed before then. | ||
Silicon Valley BART extension, Phase I | Rapid transit | United States | San Francisco Bay Area | 2.3[92] | 2012 | 2020 | |||
Algiers Metro (original section of Line 1) | Rapid transit | Algeria | Algiers | 1.2[93] | 1982 (was suspended for a time) | 2011 | |||
Changsha Metro, Line 2 | Rapid transit | China | Changsha | 1.8[94] | 2009 | 2014 | |||
Doha Metro | Rapid transit | Qatar | Doha | 36[95][96] | 2013 | 2019 | |||
Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway | Railway | Kenya | Mombasa
NairobiNaivasha |
5.3[97] | 2013 | 2019 | Original phase: $3.8bn and extension: 1.5bn[97] | ||
Edinburgh Trams | Light rail | United Kingdom | Edinburgh | 1.72[98] | 2008 | 2014 | (£1.043bn)[98] | ||
Padma Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | Bangladesh | Padma River | 3.6[99] | 2014 | 2022 | |||
Woodrow Wilson Bridge | Bridge (Bascule) | United States | Washington metropolitan area | 2.357[100] | 2000 | 2013 | |||
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge (original/upper deck) | Bridge (road) | United States | New York City | 0.320[101] | 1959 | 1964 | |||
AirTrain JFK | People mover | United States | New York City | 1.9[102] | 1998 | 2003 | While it does serve passengers within JFK, it was primarily built for transport between the airport and the city. | ||
Taiwan High Speed Rail | High-speed rail | Taiwan | Taiwan | 14.63[103] | 2000 | 2007 | 480.6 billion converted to USD in 2007 dollars is $14.63 billion.[104] | ||
Goethals Bridge (replacement) | Bridge (road) | United States | New York City and New Jersey | 1.25[105] | 2014 | 2017 (New eastbound span)
2018 (New westbound span) |
|||
Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge | Bridge (rail) | China | Shanghai and Nanjing | 8.5[106] | 2006 | 2011 (construction ended in 2010; opened in 2011) | |||
Bolshaya Koltsevaya line | Rapid transit | Russia | Moscow | 8.59[107] | 2011 | 2023 | |||
Seikan Tunnel | Tunnel (undersea, rail) | Japan | Tsugaru Strait | Undefined year "1988"[108] | 1971 | 1988 | |||
Rennes Metro Line B | Rapid transit | France | Rennes | 1.405[109] | 2014 | 2022 | €1.342 billion converted to USD based on average rate for 2022 | ||
Paris Métro Line 14 (original segment) | Rapid transit | France | Paris | 1.2682[110] | 1993 | 2007 | Inflation clock starting in 2004 | ||
Crossrail 1 | Commuter rail, Rapid transit | United Kingdom | Greater London | 23.0[111] | 2007 | 2023[112] | A new 73m (117 km) railway line in England, serving London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Essex.
Core section opened May 24, 2022, full integration of routes and completion expected by May 2023.[112] | ||
Regional Connector | Light rail tunnel | United States | Downtown Los Angeles | 1.8[113] | 2014 | 2023 | |||
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line | Rapid transit | United States | New York City | 0.06[114] | 1900 | Complete line: 1908 | |||
Lekki Port | Seaport | Nigeria | Lekki | 1.5[115] | 2015 | 2023 |
Partially completed and open
Project | Description | Country | Location | Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion | Est. cost (in billions United States dollar ), adjusted for inflation | Start of construction | Year of completion | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confederation Line | Rapid transit | Canada | Ottawa | 5.2[116] | 2013[117] | Completed 2019 (stage 1) Expected 2026 (stage 2) |
$2.1 billion + $4.66 billion CA$[116] | ||
Milan Metro Line 4 | Rapid transit | Italy | Milan | Undefined year "2020"[118] | 2014[119] | Completed
2022 (Phase One) 2023 (Phase Two) Expected 2024 (Phase Three) |
Roughly €1.9 billion (As of April 2020). | ||
Lusail Tram | Light rail | Qatar | Lusail | 2.65 (As of 2014)[120] | 2016 | Completed
2022 (First part of orange line) Expected Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations |
|||
Hyderabad Metro | Rapid transit | India | Hyderabad | 2.4 (As of November 2017)[121] | 2012 | Completed
2018 (First stretch) 2020 (Second stretch) Expected Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations |
|||
Trans-Sumatra Toll Road | Highway | Indonesia | Sumatra | 33.2[122] | Completed Several segments at varying times (2019-2022) Expected 2023, 2024 (Remaining segments) |
||||
K Line | Light rail | United States | Los Angeles | 2.1[123] | 2014 | Completed 2022 (first section) Expected 2024 (rest of line) |
|||
WestConnex | Tunnel (road) | Australia | Sydney | Template:ToUSD[124] | 2015 | Completed Several segments at varying times (2016-2023) Expected 2023 (Remaining segments) |
($16.8 billion AUD) | ||
Skyline | Railway | United States | Oʻahu | 12.4[125] | 2011 | Completed 2023 (Phase 1) Expected 2025 (Phase 2) 2031 (Phase 3) |
|||
Sydney Metro | Rapid transit | Australia | Sydney | Undefined year "2022"[126] | 2013 | Completed 2019 (Phase 1) Expected 2030 (remaining phases) |
AUD $20.5 billion (Stage 1 and 2)[126] | ||
El Insurgente | Commuter rail | Mexico | State of Mexico; Mexico City | Undefined year "2020"[127] | 2015 | Completed 2023 (Zinacantepec to Lerma) Expected 2024 (Lerma to Observatorio) |
|||
Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway | Highway | Turkey | Tekirdağ to Balıkesir | 2[128] | 2017 | Completed 2023 (Malkara-Lapseki) Expected 2024 (remaining phases) |
|||
Lagos Rail Mass Transit | Rapid transit, Commuter rail | Nigeria | Lagos | 3.6[129][130] | 2009 | Completed 2023 (Blue Line) Expected 2024 (Red Line) |
|||
A-1 motorway | Highway | Montenegro | Montenegro | 3.7[131][132] | 2015[133] | Completed 2023 (first 43 km section) Expected |
(2.77 billion €) |
Under construction
Project | Description | Country | Location | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Start of construction | Planned year of completion | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silver Line | Commuter rail | United States | Dallas | 1.9[134] | 2020 | 2025 | Also known as the "Cotton Belt Line" | |
Purple Line | Light rail | United States | Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. | 3.4[135] | 2017 (halted in 2020); resumed in 2022 | 2027[136] | ||
Red & Purple Modernization | Rapid transit | United States | Chicago | 2.1[137] | 2019 | 2025 | ||
Thessaloniki Metro | Rapid transit | Greece | Thessaloniki | 1.83[138] | 2006 | 2024[139] | ||
Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link | Tunnel (undersea, rail/road) | Denmark, Germany | Fehmarn to Lolland | 8.57[140] | 2019[140] | 2028[140] | ||
Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway | Railway | Nigeria | From Lagos to Kano | 8.3[141][142] | 2011 | TBA | ||
Badagry Deep Sea Port | Seaport | Nigeria | Badagry | 2.3[143] | 2024[144] | TBA | ||
Fourth Mainland Bridge | Bridge (road) | Nigeria | Across the lagoon to connect Ikorodu and Lekki | 4.2[145] | 2024 | TBA | ||
California High-Speed Rail | High-speed rail | United States | California | 80.3[146] | 2015 | 2033 (Phase I) |
Lua error in Module:Location_map/multi at line 27: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/California" does not exist. | |
China Pakistan Economic Corridor | Economic corridor | Pakistan, China | Gwadar to Kashgar | 65[147] | 2015 | 2030 | ||
Barcelona Metro line 9 | Rapid transit line | Spain | Barcelona | 2009 | 2027[148] | (€19bn) | ||
Santiago Metro Line 7 | Rapid transit line | Chile | Santiago | 2.5[149] | 2022[150] | 2027 | ||
Cross River Rail | Commuter rail tunnel | Australia | Brisbane | Undefined year ""[151] | 2017 | 2026[151] | AUD $6.3 billion | |
Metro Tunnel | Commuter rail tunnel | Australia | Melbourne | 9.68[152] | 2018 | 2025 | AUD $12.58 billion | |
Suburban Rail Loop | Rapid transit | Australia | Melbourne | 23.85-44.62[153] | 2022 | 2035-2053[lower-alpha 1] | AUD $31–58 billion | |
NHDP/ Bharatmala | Highway upgrade | India | India | 207.6 (total)
(NHDP: Undefined year "2007", 64.6 in 2023)[154] (Bharatmala: Undefined year "2022")[155] |
2000 | 2018: (NHDP)
2026: Bharatmala Phase I[156] Phase II was set to start in 2024, but now is uncertain[157] |
(INR 4.5 trillion).This project was partially completed by 2018 and was then subsumed under the Bharatmala project. | |
Agua Negra Tunnel | Tunnel (road) | Argentina, Chile | San Juan, Argentina, & Coquimbo Region | 1.5[158] | 2018 | 2027 | ||
Fastracks | Light rail, Commuter rail | United States | Denver | 6.5[159] | 2006 | 2044 | ||
City Rail Link | Commuter rail | New Zealand | Auckland
</ref> |
2015 | 2025 | (NZD$5.5bn) | ||
Line 5 Eglinton | Light rail | Canada | Toronto | 9.86[160] | 2010 | 2024 | ||
Grand Paris Express | Rapid transit | France | Île-de-France (Paris region) | Undefined year "2020"[161] | 2016 | 2030 | 4 new lines, 200 km, 72 new stations | |
Scarborough Subway Extension | Rapid transit | Canada | Toronto | 3[162] | 2022 | 2029-2030 | ||
Ohio River Bridges Project | Bridges and interchange reconfiguration | United States | Louisville metropolitan area | 2.3[163] | 2014 | 2024 | ||
Tehran-Shomal Freeway, 121 km | Highway | Iran | Tehran Province and Mazandaran Province | 1.7[164] | 1996 | 2024?
(sections 1,2, & 4 are already complete) |
(HUF 452bn) | |
Stuttgart 21 | Railway & Urban Development | Germany | Stuttgart | Undefined year "2021"[165] | 2010 | 2025 | €9.15 billion[165] | |
Birmingham Northern Beltline (I-422) | Highway | United States | Birmingham, Alabama | 5.4[166] | 2014 | 2047 | ||
Brenner Base Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | Austria, Italy | Innsbruck to Franzensfeste | 11[167] | 2008 | 2032 | ||
Koralm Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | Austria | Styria / Carinthia | Undefined year "2020"[168] | 2009 | 2026 | (€5.4 bn) | |
Semmering Base Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | Austria | Lower Austria / Styria | Undefined year "2021"[169] | 2012 | 2024 | (€3.9 bn) | |
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor | High-Speed Rail | India | From Ahmedabad to Mumbai | 20[170] | 2019 | 2026 (partial), 2027 (complete) | (₹1.6 lakh crore) | |
Sagarmala | Seaport | India | Coastal areas of India | Undefined year "2022"[171] | 2017 | 2035 | (₹6.5 lakh crore, only counting current projects) | |
Réseau express métropolitain | Light rail, Rapid transit | Canada | Montreal | 5.7[172] | 2018 | 2025[173] | 67 km of rails, 26 stations, automated light metro. Cost estimated in June 2021 to be $CDN 6.9bn; in June 2021, that was equivalent to $USD 5.7bn. | |
High Speed 2 | High Speed Railway | United Kingdom | England | 106.4[174] | 2017[175] | 2033 | 330 mi/530 km of High Speed track,[176] 5 stations and West Coast Mainline integration | |
Northern Powerhouse Rail | Railway & Urban renewal | United Kingdom | England | 39[177] | 2018[178] | 2026 | Links Liverpool, Sheffield, Kingston-upon-Hull & Newcastle-upon-Tyne to High Speed 2. | |
Link light rail 2 Line | Light rail line | United States | Eastside King County, Washington | 3.7[179] | 2016 | 2025 | ||
Bogotá Metro
(line 1) |
Rapid transit | Colombia | Bogotá | 4.5[180] | 2020 | 2028 | ||
Brussels Metro line 3 | Rapid transit | Belgium | Brussels | 1.86[181] | 2020[182] | 2030 | ||
Chūō Shinkansen | High-speed rail, Maglev | Japan | Japan | 64.35[183] (As of May 2021) | 2014 | Unknown[184] | ||
Tel Aviv Light Rail | Light rail | Israel | Tel Aviv | Undefined year "2021"[185][186] | 2011 | 2028 | NIS18.8 billion | |
Tel Aviv Metro | Rapid transit | Israel | Tel Aviv metro area | 39.4[187] | 2025 | 2032 | ||
Panama Metro Line 3 | Rapid transit line (monorail) | Panama | Panama City | 2.7154[188] | 2021 | 2025 | The Panamanian balboa is tied to the United States dollar . | |
Millennium Line Broadway Extension ("Broadway Subway Project") | Rapid transit | Canada | Vancouver | 2.35[189] | 2021[189] | 2026[190] | Cost estimated in May 2021 to be 2,830,000,000 Canadian dollars; in roughly May 2021, that was roughly equivalent to 2,350,000,000 United States dollars. | |
Penn Station Access | Commuter rail | United States | New York City and Westchester County, New York | 2.87[191] | 2022 | 2027 | ||
South Coast Rail | Commuter rail | United States | Southeastern Massachusetts | 3.42[192] | 2019[193] | 2030 | ||
Trillium Line Expansion | Light rail | Canada | Ottawa | 3.5[194] | 2019 | 2024 | 4.72 billion CAD | |
Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway | High-speed rail | Thailand | Thailand | 4.65[195] | 2020 | 2026 | 179 billion baht (As of October 2022) | |
Oslo Metro Line T6 | Rapid transit line | Norway | Oslo and Bærum | 1.57[196] | 2020 | 2027 | Cost is (As of January 2017) | |
Caltrain Modernization Program (CalMod) | Commuter rail | United States | San Francisco Bay Area | 2.44[197] | 2017 | 2024 | ||
Lima Metro Line 2 | Rapid transit | Peru | Lima | 5.8[198] | 2014 | 2025 | ||
Line 4 (Athens Metro) | Rapid transit | Greece | Athens | Undefined year "2021" | 2021 | 2029-30 | €1.6 billion[199] | |
Cairo Metro Line 3, Phase 3 | Rapid transit | Egypt | Cairo | Undefined year "2021"[200] | 2023 (last extensions) | Entire Line 3 costs more | ||
São Paulo Metro, Line 6 | Rapid transit | Brazil | Greater São Paulo | 2.6[201] | Resumed in 2020 | 2025 | ||
Toulouse Metro, Line C | Rapid transit | France | Toulouse Métropole | 3.65[202] | 2022 | 2028 | €3.4 billion as of February 7, 2023 | |
Abidjan Metro | Rapid transit | Ivory Coast | Abidjan | 1.46[203] | 2022 | 2025 | €1.36 billion as of December 20, 2022 | |
Ho Chi Minh City Metro, Line 1 | Rapid transit | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | 2.5[204] | 2012 | 2023[204] | ||
Vienna U-Bahn, U2xU5 Project | Rapid transit | Austria | Vienna | Undefined year "2021"[205] | 2018[206] | 2030 | ||
Riyadh Metro | Rapid transit | Saudi Arabia | Riyadh | 22.5 (As of July 2013)[207] | 2014 | 2024 | There were disputes regarding at least $1 billion in 2022; (As of January 2023), it is unclear if/how that affected the overall cost.[208] | |
Xiong'an–Xinzhou high-speed railway | High-speed rail | China | Xiong'an–Xinzhou | 8.86[209] | 2022 | 2027 | ||
Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway | Railway | Tanzania | Tanzania | At least 7.6[210] | 2017 | Unclear (does vary based on phase) | ||
Portal Bridge replacement | Bridge (rail) | United States | New Jersey | 1.5[211] | 2022 | 2025 (first line of track)[212] | ||
Rogfast | Tunnel (road) | Norway | Rogaland | Undefined year "2020"[213] | 2018 (paused 2019; unclear if/when resumed, but it is still expected to be constructed) | 2033 | ||
Gordie Howe International Bridge | Bridge (road) | United States, Canada | Detroit to Windsor, Ontario | 5.4[214] | 2018 | 2025 | ||
D Line Extension | Rapid transit | United States | Greater Los Angeles | 9.5[215] | 2014 (Section 1) 2018 (Section 2) 2021 (Section 3) |
2027 (final section: Section 3)[215] | ||
Belgrade Metro | Rapid transit | Serbia | Belgrade | 5.35[216] | 2021 | 2028 | ||
Ontario Line | Rapid transit | Canada | Toronto | 7.3-8.7[217] | 2022 | 2031 | 16 km, 15 stop line with at-grade, elevated and underground sections operated with driverless trains.[218] | |
São Paulo Metro Line 2 extension | Rapid transit | Brazil | São Paulo | 1.4[219] | 2020 | 2026 | ||
Valley Metro Rail: South Central Extension | Light rail | United States | Phoenix, Arizona | 1.35[220] | 2019 | 2024 | ||
Hamburg U5 | Rapid transit | Germany | Hamburg | 1.75[221] | 2022 | 2030 | ||
Project Connect | Public transit[lower-alpha 2] | United States | Austin, Texas | 10.3 for the light rail components; unclear for the rest[222] | 2021 | Unclear | Measure approved by Austin voters. Construction of at least one bus rapid transit corridor has begun; light rail construction has not begun. | |
Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel Expansion Project | Bridge–tunnel (road) | United States | Hampton Roads (Virginia) | 3.9[223] | 2020 | 2025 | ||
Frederick Douglass Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | United States | Baltimore | 6[224] | 2023 | 2033 | Replacement for old Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel) |
Suspended or abandoned
Project | Description | Country | Location | Status (suspended or abandoned) | Approximate cost (in billions USD) and year of cost estimate | Start of construction | Year suspended | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Latitudinal Railway | Railway | Russia | Labytnangi (Obskaya) - Korotchaevo | Suspended | 3.03 (2018)[225] | 2018 | 2022 |
Proposed
Project | Description | Location | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Proposed start of construction | Proposed year of completion | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Great Istanbul Tunnel | Railway, Undersea tunnel | Istanbul, Turkey | 3.5[226] | TBD | TBD | After Marmaray and Eurasia Tunnel's, it will be the third tunnel to connect Istanbul's sides. |
Arctic Railway | Railway | Finland, Norway | 3.42[227] | TBD | TBD | A connecting line between Kirkenes port and the Finnish railway network. |
Bridge of the Horns | Bridge (rail/road) | Djibouti, Yemen | 20 | TBD | TBD | A bridge across the Red Sea. |
Crossrail 2 | Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit | Greater London, United Kingdom | 49.36 in 2014 money[228] | 2023 | 2030s[citation needed] | A new railway line in England, serving London, Surrey & Hertfordshire to interlink with Crossrail (above). |
Helsinki City Rail Loop | Commuter Rail | Finland | 1.77[229] | TBD | TBD | An underground rail loop in Helsinki. |
Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel | Railway, Undersea tunnel | Finland, Estonia | 17.7[230] | TBD | TBD | |
Irish Sea Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | United Kingdom | 19.23[231] | TBD | TBD | A proposed bridge between Scotland and Northern Ireland, supported by the Johnson ministry.[232] |
Lentorata | Railway tunnel | Finland | 6.49[233] | 2030 | TBD | An airport rail link for Helsinki Airport. |
Malacca Strait Bridge | Bridge (road) | Indonesia, Malaysia | 14[234] | TBD | TBD | A proposed 48 kilometer bridge over the Strait of Malacca. |
MetroLink (Dublin) | Rapid transit | Greater Dublin Area, Ireland | 9.83[235] | 2025 | 2031-2034 | |
Saudi–Egypt Causeway | Causeway | Saudi Arabia, Egypt | 4 | TBD | TBD | |
Strait of Messina Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | Italy | 6.6 | TBD | TBD | |
Sunda Strait Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | Indonesia | 18.87[236] | TBD | TBD | The project has been indefinitely postponed.[237] |
Singapore Strait crossing | Tunnel (undersea) | Singapore, Indonesia | TBD | TBD | TBD | A proposed tunnel between Singapore and Indonesia. |
Qatar–Bahrain Causeway | Causeway | Qatar, Bahrain | 5 | TBD | TBD | |
Brightline West | High-speed rail | California and Nevada | 10[238] | 2023 | 2027 | |
Texas Central Railway | High-speed rail | Texas | 5.9 | TBD | TBD | Would operate between Dallas and Houston, with a stop in the Brazos Valley region |
LinkUS | Rapid transit | Columbus, Ohio | 8[239] | 2024 | 2030 | Cost includes three rapid-transit corridors set to open by 2030, and two more by 2050.[239][240] |
Second Avenue Subway, Phase 2 | Rapid transit | New York City | 6.39[241] | TBD | TBD | Project was moved to the engineering stage in January 2022.[242] |
Gateway Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | New York City to New Jersey (Hudson River) | 16.1[243] | TBD | TBD | |
Interborough Express | Light rail | New York City | 5.5[244] (in 2027 dollars)[245] | TBD | TBD | New light rail line, built largely along existing tracks, connecting Brooklyn and Queens. Still in planning stages. |
Rio de Janeiro Light Rail Expansion | Light rail | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 3[246] | 2023 | 2025 (at least first sections) | Would add 145.5 km (90.4 mi) to existing light rail network |
Bagamoyo Port | Seaport | Bagamoyo, Tanzania | 10[247] | 2023 | ||
Valparaíso–Santiago rail replacement | Railway | Valparaíso and Santiago, Chile | 1.32[248] | 2025 | 2030 | |
D2 Subway | Light rail | Dallas | TBD | 2028 | ||
City Centre–Māngere Line | Light rail | New Zealand | 8.7[249] | TBD | TBD | In the detailed planning phase. Would connect Auckland Airport to the CBD, terminating at Wynyard Quarter |
Airport projects
Airport | Primary market(s) served | Country | IATA Code | Type of project | Passengers (total) | Year completed | Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion | Est. cost (in billions United States dollar ), adjusted for inflation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abu Dhabi International Airport | Abu Dhabi | United Arab Emirates | AUH | New airport | 20,000,000 | 1982 | 6.8 | |
Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas International Airport Terminals 4 and 4S | Madrid | Spain | MAD | New terminals | 57,891,340 | 2006 | 8.7 | |
Al Maktoum International Airport | Dubai | United Arab Emirates | DWC | New airport | 410,278 (expected: 260 million) | 2010 | 32 | |
Athens International Airport | Athens | Greece | ATH | New airport | 16,225,885 | 2001 | 3 | |
Auckland Airport | Auckland | New Zealand | AKL | New terminal, new runway | 2028-2029 (expected) | 2.4[250] | ||
Bahrain International Airport expansion | Bahrain | Bahrain | BAH | New terminal | 2021 | 1.1[251] | ||
Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 | Beijing | China | PEK | New terminal | 50,000,000 | 2008 | 3.8[252] | |
Beijing Daxing International Airport | Beijing | China | PKX | New airport | 25,051,012 | 2019 | 17 | |
Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport | Berlin | Germany | BER | New airport | 28,000,000 (expected)[253] | 2020 | 10 ((As of 2018))[254] | |
Central Transport Hub | Warsaw | Poland | N/A | ≈45,000,000 (expected) | 2027 (expected) | 4.2-5.0 (expected, without rail component and road component) | ||
Changi Airport Terminal 3 | Singapore | Singapore | SIN | New terminal | 22,000,000 | 2008 | 1.4[255] | |
Changi Airport Terminal 4 | Singapore | Singapore | SIN | New terminal | 65,628,000 | 2017 | 1[256] | |
Charles de Gaulle Airport | Paris | France | CDG | New airport | 26,196,575 (As of 2021)[257] | 1973 | 0.27[258] | |
Chengdu Tianfu International Airport | Chengdu | China | TFU | New airport | 4,354,758 (As of 2021) | 2021 | 10.8[259] | |
Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur | Chennai | India | N/A | New airport | 100,000,000 (expected) | Unclear | 2.5 (₹20,000 crore)[260] | |
Ciudad Real Central Airport | Ciudad Real | Spain | CQM | New airport | Ceased operations in 2012 (expected: 10 million) | 2009 | 1.41 | |
Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport: International Terminal | Santiago | Chile | SCL | New terminal | 30,000,000 | 2022[261] | 0.99 | |
Dallas Fort Worth International Airport | Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex | United States | DFW | New airport | 62,465,756 (As of 2021) | 1973 | 0.7[262] | |
Dallas Fort Worth International Airport Terminal F; overhaul | Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex | United States | DFW | New terminal; terminal expansion; renovations | 2028 or 2033 (expected) | 4.8[263] | ||
Denver International Airport | Denver | United States | DEN | New airport | 50,167,485 | 1995 | 4.8[264] | |
Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 | Dubai | United Arab Emirates | DXB | New terminal | 2008 | 4.5[265] | ||
Felipe Ángeles International Airport | Mexico City | Mexico | NLU | New airport | 2022 | Undefined year "2021"[266] | ||
George Bush Intercontinental Airport, international terminal construction | Houston | United States | IAH | Terminal redevelopment and/or expansion | Unclear | 1.2[267] ((As of October 2019)) | ||
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport | Guangzhou | China | CAN | New airport | 59,732,147 | 2004 | Undefined year "2004" | |
Hamad International Airport | Doha | Qatar | DOH | New airport | 2014 | 15.5[268] | ||
Harry Reid International Airport (then McCarran International Airport), Terminal 3 | Las Vegas | United States | LAS | New terminal | 2012 | 2.4[269] | ||
Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport Terminal 3 | Dhaka | Bangladesh | DAC | New terminal | Additional 12,000,000 (expected) | 2.65[270] ((As of 2019)) | ||
Hong Kong International Airport | Hong Kong | HKG | ||||||
Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 | London | United Kingdom | LHR | New terminal | 32,100,000 (As of 2018) | 2008 | Template:To USD/data/2008[271] | |
Incheon International Airport | Seoul | South Korea | ICN | New airport | 28,677,161 | 2001 (Phase 1)
2008 (Phase 2) 2017 (Phase 3) |
5 (Phase 1)
2.6 (Phase 2) 3.54 (Phase 3) |
7 (Phase 1)
3.1 (Phase 2) 3.7 (Phase 3) |
Istanbul Airport | Istanbul | Turkey | IST | New airport | 52,578,008[272] | 2018 | 29 (including side projects)[273] | |
John F. Kennedy International Airport, (New) Terminal One | New York City | United States | JFK | New terminal | Expected:
2026 (Phase 1) 2030 (Full completion) |
9.5[274] | ||
John F. Kennedy International Airport, (New) Terminal 6 | New York City | United States | JFK | New terminal | Expected:
2026 (Phase 1) 2028 (Full completion) |
4.2 (Phase 1)[275] | ||
Kansai International Airport | Osaka | Japan | KIX | New airport | 27,987,564 | 1994 | 20 ((As of 2008)) | 23.8 (starting inflation calculation in 2008) |
Kansas City International Airport | Kansas City | United States | MCI | New terminal (replacement) | 2023 | 1.5[276] | ||
Kertajati International Airport | Majalengka Regency | Indonesia | KJT | New airport | 29,000,000 (expected) | 2018 | 15 | |
King Abdulaziz International Airport | Jeddah | Saudi Arabia | JED | New airport | 18,000,000 | 1981 | 7.2[277] | |
King Shaka International Airport | Durban | South Africa | DUR | New airport | 7,500,000 | 2010 | 1 | |
Kuala Lumpur International Airport | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | KUL | New airport | 52,643,511 | 1998 | 3.5 | |
Kualanamu International Airport | Medan | Indonesia | KNO | New airport | 12,245,116 | 2013 | 4.4[278] | |
Kuwait International Airport, Terminal 2 | Kuwait City | Kuwait | KWI | New terminal | 25,000,000 additional passengers (estimated) | 2024 (expected) | 5[279] | |
LaGuardia Airport | New York City | United States | LGA | Renovation | 15,601,063 | 2025 (expected) | 8[280] | |
Long Thanh International Airport | Ho Chi Minh City | Vietnam | N/A | New airport | 100,000,000 (expected) | 2025 (expected) | 10 | |
Los Angeles International Airport | Los Angeles | United States | LAX | Renovation and expansion | 14 | |||
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (new terminal) | New Orleans | United States | MSY | New terminal | 2019 | 1.3[281] | ||
Manchester Airport Transformation Programme | Manchester | United Kingdom | MAN | New terminal | 2025 (expected) | 1.6[282] (equivalent to £1.3 billion (As of February 2023)) | ||
Munich Airport | Munich | Germany | MUC | New airport | 1992 | 5.17[283] | ||
Nashville International Airport, BNA Vision | Nashville, Tennessee | United States | BNA | Airport overhaul[lower-alpha 3] | 2023 (expected) | 1.5[284] | ||
Nashville International Airport, New Horizon | Nashville, Tennessee | United States | BNA | Terminal expansion; other improvements[lower-alpha 4] | 2028 (expected) | 1.4[285] | ||
Navi Mumbai International Airport | Mumbai | India | NMU | New airport | 60,000,000 (expected) | 2024 (expected) | 2 | |
New Islamabad International Airport | Islamabad | Pakistan | IBD | New airport | 5,140,585 | 2018 | 3.91 | |
New Lisbon Airport | Lisbon | Portugal | N/A | 50,000,000 (expected) | 2035 (expected) | 4.5 | ||
New Mexico City International Airport | Mexico City | Mexico | Ceased operations in 2018 (expected: 125 million) | 2018 | 13 | |||
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal A | Newark, New Jersey; New York City | United States | EWR | Terminal replacement | 2023 | 2.7[286] | ||
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal C | Newark, New Jersey; New York City | United States | EWR | Terminal renovation and expansion | 33,399,207 | 2003 | 1.2 | |
O'Hare International Airport | Chicago | United States | ORD | Expansion | 2028 (expected) | 8.7[287] ((As of March 2019)) | ||
Orlando International Airport, Terminal C | Orlando, Florida | United States | MCO | New terminal | 2022 | 2.8[288] | ||
Salt Lake City International Airport | Salt Lake City | United States | SLC | Renovation and expansion | 2024 (expected) | 4.1[289] ((As of January 2020)) | ||
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, replacement terminal | Shenzhen | China | SZX | Terminal replacement | 2013 | 1.4[290] | ||
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, third runway | Shenzhen | China | SZX | New runway | 2025 (expected) | 1.76[291] | ||
Suvarnabhumi Airport | Bangkok | Thailand | BKK | 55,892,428 | 2006 | 3.8 | 5 | |
Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 3 | Taipei | Taiwan | TPE | New terminal | First stage: 2024 (expected)[292] | 3.13 ((As of November 2022))[293] | ||
Western Sydney Airport | Sydney | Australia | WSI (provisional) | New airport | 10,000,000 (initially) 82,000,000 (by 2036) | 2026 (expected) | 3.3 |
Notes
- ↑ SRL East 2035
SRL North 2043-2053 - ↑ This plan includes multiple light rail lines, a new commuter rail line, and multiple bus rapid transit routes.
- ↑ The project includes terminal lobby renovation, an international arrivals facility (including six new international gates and a new Customs and Border Protection area), a new tarmac terminal apron and taxilane expansion, an on-airport hotel and corresponding garage, a satellite concourse, the creation of Concourse D, multiple new terminal garages, and roadway updates to accommodate the changes.
- ↑ The project includes expanding multiple concourses, as well as constructing a new air freight building, making terminal roadway improvements, and making baggage system handling improvements.
References
- ↑ Flyvbjerg, Bent (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management. Oxford University Press. pp. 2. ISBN 978-0198732242.
- ↑ Briginshaw, David (October 10, 2014). "Shinkansen: half a century of speed". International Railway Journal. https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/shinkansen-half-a-century-of-speed/.
- ↑ "Landmark Canakkale bridge to be completed in 2022". January 19, 2019. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/invesments/landmark-canakkale-bridge-to-be-completed-in-2022/23125.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 SCMP Editorial (May 11, 2022). "Sha Tin-Central link must lead to costly lessons being learned". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3177362/sha-tin-central-link-must-lead-costly-lessons-being-learned.
- ↑ "Colombia opens South America's longest road tunnel" (in en-US). Reuters. 2020-09-05. https://www.reuters.comarticle/idUSKBN25W046/.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "DfT evaluation strategy and programme 2022" (in en). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dft-monitoring-and-evaluation-programme/dft-evaluation-strategy-and-programme-2022.
- ↑ Grace, Amanda (January 17, 2019). "Seattle tunnel construction avoided costly mistakes of Boston's Big Dig". https://www.king5.com/amp/article/news/local/seattle-tunnel-construction-avoided-costly-mistakes-of-bostons-big-dig/281-508ef2fe-9892-4b95-873b-c57339cb6482.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Newman, Ian Thomson (2017-12-01). "Chilean capital's metro network enters an era of expansion: Santiago is already home to South America's most extensive metro, and with two new lines nearing completion and a third planned, the network is set to expand to eight lines totalling 174km" (in English). International Railway Journal 57 (12): 24–27. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=07445326&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA523062214&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 International2023-10-17T11:00:00+01:00, Metro Report. "Santiago metro Line 3 reaches Plaza Quilicura" (in en). https://www.railwaygazette.com/metros/santiago-metro-line-3-reaches-plaza-quilicura/65119.article.
- ↑ Newman, Ian Thomson (December 15, 2017). "Chilean capital's metro network enters an era of expansion". International Railway Journal. https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/chilean-capitals-metro-network-enters-an-era-of-expansion/.
- ↑ Bennett, Mia (May 18, 2018). "The Cost of the Bridge to Crimea". https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/the-cost-of-the-bridge-to-crimea#gs.O17sajM.
- ↑ "Xinhua Headlines: World's longest cross-sea bridge opens, integrating China's Greater Bay Area". October 23, 2018. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/23/c_137553194.htm.
- ↑ Campbell, Jon (November 22, 2019). "Tappan Zee builders claim state owes them an extra $900M for bridge project". lohud. https://www.lohud.com/story/news/2019/11/22/tappan-zee-builders-claim-state-owes-money/4270436002/.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Officials finally inaugurate Jerusalem-Tel Aviv fast train to 'connect country'". 18 December 2019. https://www.timesofisrael.com/officials-finally-inaugurate-jerusalem-tel-aviv-fast-train-to-connect-country/.
- ↑ "China Exim Bank to bankroll $1.79bn Abuja light rail - The Sun News". March 23, 2017. http://sunnewsonline.com/china-exim-bank-to-bankroll-1-79bn-abuja-light-rail/.
- ↑ "Finish Amsterdam metro line, committee advises". NRC Handelsblad. June 4, 2009. http://vorige.nrc.nl/international/article2260797.ece/Finish_Amsterdam_metro_line%2C_committee_advises.
- ↑ "Archives". thestar.com.my. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/12/19/nation/7652655&sec=nation.
- ↑ "8ος ΚΑΤΑΛΟΓΟΣ ΜΕ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΑΛΑ ΕΡΓΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ, Σεπτέμβριος 2014, O ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ". ypodomes.com. http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/alles-upodomes/afieromata/item/26931-8%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%83-%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CF%84%CE%B1-%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1-%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B1-%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82-2014-o-%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83.
- ↑ Unal, Arife Yildiz (August 1, 2019). "New Istanbul-Izmir highway cuts travel time in half". https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/new-istanbul-izmir-highway-cuts-travel-time-in-half/1547021.
- ↑ "Gebze-Izmir Motorway Project - Verdict Traffic". https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/gebze-izmir-motorway-project/.
- ↑ "BMVI - Verkehrsprojekte Deutsche Einheit" (in de). http://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Artikel/K/deutscheeinheit_rueckblick_bilanz.html.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mount, Ian (April 30, 2014). "In Spain, government-backed trains overtake planes". http://fortune.com/2014/04/30/in-spain-government-backed-trains-overtake-planes/.
- ↑ "İçtaş-Astaldi win third Bosphorus bridge bid". Hürriyet Daily News. May 30, 2012. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ictas-astaldi-win-third-bosphorus-bridge-bid.aspx?pageID=238&nid=21881.
- ↑ Schlosser, Kurt (March 30, 2016). "Inside the world's longest floating bridge: How engineers made Seattle's new Lake Washington span bigger, better and safer". https://www.geekwire.com/2016/behind-scenes-520-floating-bridge/.
- ↑ "Eurasia Tunnel Project, Istanbul, Turkey". https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/eurasia-tunnel-project-istanbul/.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Thomas Müller; Isidor Baumann (29 April 2016). "Oberaufsicht über den Bau der Neat im Jahre 2015: Bericht der Neat-Aufsichtsdelegation der eidgenössischen Räte zuhanden der Finanzkommissionen, der Geschäftsprüfungskommissionen und der Kommissionen für Verkehr und Fernmeldewesen" (in de, fr, it). Bundesblatt (NRLA supervisory board of the federal councils) 2016 (16.005): 6686. BBl 2016 6665 (-6732). http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/federal-gazette/2016/6665.pdf. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ↑ Golding, Bruce (March 24, 2014). "All-white new WTC transit hub costs a mint to clean". New York Post. https://nypost.com/2014/03/24/all-white-new-wtc-transit-hub-costs-a-mint-to-clean/.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Účet za Blanku bude 43 miliard korun - Novinky" (in cs). https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-ucet-za-blanku-bude-43-miliard-korun-266770.
- ↑ "Russia's $9.4B road to Sochi latest in long line of Olympic boondoggles". Fox News. February 7, 2014. http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2014/02/07/sochi-olympic-price-tag-soars-critic-slams-road-that-could-have-been-paved-with/.
- ↑ "Views Of Budapest's Metro Line 4". November 7, 2012. http://www.xpatloop.com/news/71504.
- ↑ "M4 main information". 2012. http://www.metro4.hu/m4_fobb_adatok.php?lang_id=en.
- ↑ Loh, Dylan (November 13, 2013). "Marina Coastal Expressway to open on Dec 29". Channel NewsAsia. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/marina-coastal-expressway/884730.html.
- ↑ Tan, Christopher (November 13, 2013). "Undersea road opens in Dec, ECP to be cut off". The Straits Times. http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/singapores-first-undersea-road-marina-coastal-expressway-set-open-dec-.
- ↑ Saifulbahri Ismail (December 29, 2013). "Smooth-flowing traffic as Marina Coastal Expressway opens". Channel Newsasia. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/smooth-flowing-traffic-as/936926.html.
- ↑ "Marmaray Railway Engineering Project". April 16, 2021. https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/marmaray/.
- ↑ Jaffe, Eric (October 13, 2015). "From $250 Million to $6.5 Billion: The Bay Bridge Cost Overrun". CityLab. https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/10/from-250-million-to-65-billion-the-bay-bridge-cost-overrun/410254/.
- ↑ Elder, Miriam (July 2, 2012). "Russian city of Vladivostok unveils record-breaking suspension bridge". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/02/russian-vladivostok-record-suspension-bridge.
- ↑ "Mexico Receives Guinness Record For Highest Suspension Bridge". Fox News Latino. January 6, 2012. http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/01/06/mexico-receives-guinness-record-for-highest-suspension-bridge/.
- ↑ Setterfield, Catherine (March 12, 2010). "Calderón inspects Baluarte bridge works". http://www.bnamericas.com/news/infrastructure/Calderon_inspects_Baluarte_bridge_works.
- ↑ "China's record-breaking Jiaozhou bridge 'is safe'". BBC News. July 7, 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14060160.
- ↑ "China unveils Shanghai-Hangzhou high-speed railway; eyes network extension". http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-10/26/c_13575584.htm.
- ↑ Corkill, Michael (May 24, 2006). "Tunnel price tops $3b". The Courier-Mail. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/tunnel-price-tops-3b/story-e6freoof-1111112118304.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 "CBD South East Sydney Light Rail: follow-up performance audit | Audit Office of New South Wales" (in en). 2019-07-02. https://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/our-work/reports/cbd-south-east-sydney-light-rail-follow-up-performance-audit.
- ↑ "Record-breaking Chinese rail opening piles pressure on airlines". The Independent (London). December 25, 2009. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/recordbreaking-chinese-rail-opening-piles-pressure-on-airlines-1850149.html.
- ↑ "Η Ταυτότητα του Έργου" (in el). http://www.egnatia.eu/page/default.asp?la=1&id=24.
- ↑ Ramstad, Evan (October 19, 2009). "Longest Bridge in Korea Opens to Traffic Monday". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125588852605092657.
- ↑ "Seattle Central Link Light Rail Financial Summary by Jim MacIsaac, P.E.". https://bettertransport.info/pitf/linkfinancialsummary.htm.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Beria, Paolo; Grimaldi, Raffaele (2016). An ex-post cost benefit analysis of Italian High Speed train, five years after. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34092.87689. http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.34092.87689.
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Work performed as part of the $2.1 billion RPM Phase One project will make commuting better for all CTA riders with improved service and modern rail stations that are fully accessible to people with disabilities.
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- ↑ "Egypt builds Cairo Metro Line III at $6bln cost". Zawya (Refinitiv). January 27, 2021. https://www.zawya.com/en/business/egypt-builds-cairo-metro-line-iii-at-6bln-cost-e6d8iwnh.
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- ↑ Martin, Matthew; Nereim, Vivian (August 24, 2022). "Saudi Arabia Nears Deal to Settle Billion-Dollar Metro Dispute". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-24/saudi-arabia-nears-deal-to-settle-billion-dollar-metro-dispute.
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- ↑ Teivainen, Aleksi (February 4, 2019). "Finland earmarks funds for new rail links between Helsinki, Turku and Tampere". Helsinki Times. https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/16167-finland-earmarks-funds-for-new-rail-links-between-helsinki-turku-and-tampere.html.
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- ↑ Schleicher, Rebecca (June 13, 2022). "Exclusive: a look inside the Nashville International Airport renovation". News Channel 5 Nashville. https://www.newschannel5.com/news/exclusive-a-look-inside-the-nashville-international-airport-renovation.
- ↑ "Nashville International Airport Announces New Construction and Renovation Plan, "New Horizon"" (Press release). Nashville, TN: Metropolitan Nashville Airport Authority. June 10, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- ↑ Rahmanan, Anna (January 17, 2023). "See inside the expensive new Terminal A at Newark Airport". Time Out. https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/see-inside-the-expensive-new-terminal-a-at-newark-airport-011723.
- ↑ "Chicago's $8.7 billion O'Hare Airport expansion underway". Associated Press. March 20, 2019. https://apnews.com/article/c64d9613ae3341a5acece9837424391f.
- ↑ Waldek, Stefanie (September 13, 2022). "Orlando International Airport's CEO Shares How Its New Terminal Will Affect Travelers". https://www.travelandleisure.com/orlando-international-airport-new-terminal-c-6651257.
- ↑ Davidson, Lee (January 15, 2020). "Salt Lake City International Airport remodel cost grows to $4.1B". The Salt Lake Tribune. https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2020/01/15/price-new-salt-lake-city/.
- ↑ Cooperstein, Paige (March 13, 2014). "China's Futuristic New Airport Terminal Looks Like A Manta Ray [PHOTOS"]. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/new-terminal-at-chinas-shenzhen-airport-photos-2014-3.
- ↑ Han Ximin (August 3, 2022). "World-class airport cluster on fast track". Shenzhen Daily. http://www.szdaily.com/content/2022-08/03/content_25286652.htm.
- ↑ Mehta, Manik (August 11, 2022). "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport in Expansion Mode". Aviation Pros. https://www.aviationpros.com/ground-handling/article/21274804/taiwan-taoyuan-international-airport-in-expansion-mode.
- ↑ Shan, Shelley (November 10, 2022). "TIAC drawing pricing plan for Terminal 3". Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/11/10/2003788646.
Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of transport megaprojects.
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