Engineering:Longest trains

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Mauritania Railway iron ore train at the station in Nouadhibou.

The length of a train may be measured in number of wagons (for bulk loads such as coal and iron ore) or in metres for general freight. Train lengths and loads on electrified railways, especially lower voltage 3000 V DC and 1500 V DC, are limited by traction and power considerations. Drawgear and couplings can also be a limiting factor, along with curves, gradients and crossing loop lengths.

Very long freight trains with a total length of 3 km (1.9 mi) or more are possible with the advent of distributed power, or additional locomotive units between or behind long chains of freight cars (referred to as a "consist"). Additional locomotive units enable much longer, heavier loads without the increased risks of derailing that stem from the stress of pulling very long chains of train-cars around curves.

Bulk

A BHP Billiton Iron Ore train with 264 cars heads out of Port Hedland on the Mount Newman railway towards Newman, Western Australia, with lead units at right, and distributed power units at left.[1]
  • Australia
    • BHP iron ore train has typically 268 cars and a train weight of 43,000 tonnes carrying 24,200 tonnes of iron ore, 2.8 km long, two SD70ACe locomotives at the head of the train and two remote controlled SD70ACe locomotives as mid-train helpers.[2]
      • BHP used to run 44,500-tonne, 336-car long iron ore trains over 3 km long, with six to eight locomotives including an intermediate remote unit. This operation seems to have ceased since the trunk line was fully double tracked in May 2011.[3]
      • The record-breaking ore train from the same company, 682 cars and 7,300 m or 7.3 km long, once carried 82,000 metric tons of ore for a total weight of the train, largest in the world, of 99,734 tonnes. It was driven by eight locomotives distributed along its length to keep the coupling loads and curve performance controllable.[4]
    • Leigh Creek coal—2.8 km, formerly ran as 161 wagons and three locomotives.[5][6]
    • Cane tramway – 75 wagons (610 mm (2 ft) gauge).[7]
  • Brazil
    • Carajás Railway 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge iron ore trains are typically 330 cars long, totaling 3 km in length.[8]
    • VLI 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) Grain with 160 hopper cars, or 80 hoppers plus 72 FTTs (for pulp transport) totaling about 3.2 km (2 miles) long.[9]
  • China
    • Datong–Qinhuangdao railway is a dedicated coal-transport railway. Each typical train hauls 20,000 tons of coal using 210 wagons and two HXD1 locomotives, with total length 2.614 km (1.624 mi). [10]
  • India
    • Indian Railways operated the longest train in India on 15 August 2022. The 'Super Vasuki' freight train was 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long had a total of 6 locomotives pulling 295 wagons of coal.[11]
  • Indonesia (proposed)
    • Muara Wahau coal to Bengalon port – 2.196 km[12]
  • Mauritania
    • Iron ore trains on the Mauritania Railway are up to 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in length. They consist of 3 or 4 diesel-electric EMD locomotives, 200 to 210 cars each carrying up to 84 tons of iron ore, and 2-3 service cars.
  • South Africa
    • Sishen–Saldanha railway line ore trains on 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) – 4.1 km[13]
  • Ukraine

General

A BNSF train of loaded well cars (or double-stack cars) at Caliente, California, United States.
A Canadian National Railway double-stack container train.
  • 4,300 metres (14,000 ft) – United States – According to the AAR, approximately 1% of trains run in the US in 2021 and 2022 have lengths over 14,000 feet.[15]
  • 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) – France – intermediate locomotive – trial[16]
  • 1,222 metres (4,009 ft) – The Bangalore–Dharmavaram goods train (India)[17]
  • 1,000 metres (3,300 ft)
    • The Netherlands–Germany—trial trains of this length[18]
    • Saudi Arabia 1000 m double stack[19]
  • 835 metres (2,740 ft) — In Denmark and to Hamburg, Germany; 2 locomotives and 82 waggons.[20][21]

Passenger

Two DB AG ICE 3 trains combined, on the Fils Valley Railway, near Lonsee, Germany.
  • Australia – The Ghan, running the 2,979 km from Adelaide to Darwin, was lengthened to 44 coaches totalling 1,096 m for nine weeks from May 2016.[22]
  • Canada - Canadian (Via Rail) runs 4,466 km from Toronto to Vancouver and can be as long as 30 cars in the summer months, though more regularly it operates with 18 to 22 cars with up to three F40PH-2D locomotives.[23]

Special test runs

These are one-off runs, sometimes specifically to set records.

Bulk (ore, coal etc)

  • Australia BHP run on 21 June 2001, comprising 682 wagons and hauled by eight 6000 hp General Electric GE AC6000CW diesel-electric locomotives controlled by a single driver with a total length of 7.352 km (4.57 mi) on the 275 km (170.88 mi) iron ore railway to Port Hedland in Western Australia – total weight 99,734 tons on a 1,435 mm gauge line.[24]
  • China Datong–Qinhuangdao railway, China. On 2 April 2014, an experimental train ran with 320 wagons and six locos hauling a 31,500 ton load, with a total length of 3.971 km (2.467 mi).[25]
  • South Africa Sishen–Saldanha, South Africa. Run on 26–27 August 1989, comprising 660 wagons, 7.302 kilometres (4.537 mi) long and a total weight of 71,765 tons on a 1,067 mm gauge line. The train comprised 16 locomotives (9 Class 9E 50 kV AC electric and 7 Class 37 diesel-electric).[26][27]
  • Soviet Union Bulk coal train from Ekibastuz to the Urals, Soviet Union, 20 February 1986. The train consisted of 439 wagons and several diesel locomotives distributed along the train with a total mass of 43,400 tonnes and a total length of 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi).[28]
  • United Kingdom A 1991 test train pulled by two British Rail Class 59 diesel locomotives, weighing 12,108 tonnes and approximately 1.65 km (1.03 mi) long, was pulled with moderate success from Merehead Quarry to Witham Friary.[29]
  • United States Norfolk and Western Railway unit coal train from Iaeger, West Virginia to Portsmouth, Ohio, 15 November 1967. The train consisted of 500 cars and six EMD SD45 diesel-electric locomotives distributed throughout the train for a total weight of 48,170 tons and total length of 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi).[30]

General cargo

  • United States Union Pacific, United States. Run from 8–10 January 2010, consisting of 296 container cars and hauled by nine diesel-electric locomotive spread through the train with a total length of 18,000 feet (3.4 mi; 5.5 km), from a terminal in Texas to Los Angeles. Around 618 double-stacked containers were carried at speeds up to 70 mph/112 km/h. 14,059 t.[31][32]
  • United States BNSF, United States, 10 July 2009—3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi; 12,000 ft), 458 container units powered by seven locomotives[33]

Passenger

  • Netherlands Kijfhoek–Eindhoven, Netherlands. In 1989, the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways) celebrated their 150th anniversary. On 19 February 1989, NS ran a test train with 60 passenger cars (1,602 metres (5,256 ft) long and weighing 2,597 tons), of which only the first 14 cars held actual passengers, pulled by one 1500 V DC locomotive.[34] Twenty years later, in 2009, Railz Miniworld repeated the stunt on a smaller scale, inside their exhibition in Rotterdam.[35]
  • Belgium Ghent–Ostend, Belgium. On 27 April 1991, one electric locomotive and 70 passenger cars (totalling 1,733 m (5,685.70 ft) and 2786 tons, excluding the locomotive) held a charity run for the Belgian Cancer Fund, exceeding the Dutch record.[34]
  • Switzerland Rhaetian Railway, Switzerland. On 29 October 2022, the Rhaetian Railway celebrated the 175th anniversary of Swiss railways with an hour-long, 25-kilometre (16 mi) journey from Preda to Alvaneu in southeast Switzerland. The train had 25 4-car ABe 4/16 "Capricorn" EMUs, totalling 100 coaches with a total length of 1,910 metres (6,270 ft); it ran on a narrow-gauge railway over several switchbacks and long curves.[36][37]

See also

  • Distributed power—Where operational considerations or economics require it, trains can be made longer if intermediate locomotives are inserted in the train and remotely controlled from the leading locomotive.
  • High-speed rail
  • Track gauge
  • Extreme Trains on the History Channel 2009
  • List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways
  • International Heavy Haul Association
  • Longest road trains

References

  1. ↑ According to count of visible cars in the pic and Google Earth imagery of 2011.
  2. ↑ According to count of visible cars in Google Earth imagery of April 2015.
  3. ↑ "BHP RGP5 Railway. Pilbara Region. Australia". http://www.laingorourke.com/our-work/all-projects/bhp-rgp5-railway.aspx. 
  4. ↑ "BHP breaks its own 'heaviest train' record". http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/bhp-breaks-its-own-39heaviest-train39-record.html. Retrieved 2016-01-07. 
  5. ↑ "The longest coal train in the world?". Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080908081006/http://www.pomgonewalkabout.com/Page3.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-18. 
  6. ↑ "Leigh Creek Coal Now Major Asset.". The Advertiser (Adelaide): p. 3. 7 October 1954. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47597445. Retrieved 3 October 2012. 
  7. ↑ Light Railways October 2013, pg 22
  8. ↑ "Estrada de Ferro Carajás" (in pt). http://www.vale.com/pt-br/o-que-fazemos/logistica/ferrovias/estrada-de-ferro-carajas/paginas/default.aspx. 
  9. ↑ "VLI começa operar frota de locomotivas da Ferrovia Norte Sul" (in pt). http://www.oprogressonet.com/geral/vli-comeca-operar-frota-de-locomotivas-da-ferrovia-norte-sul/47105.html. 
  10. ↑ "2万吨重载！中国最长火车有多难开？全国只有600多人有资格". 凤凰网. 2022-03-30. https://tech.ifeng.com/c/8EnbR8ZLo2N. 
  11. ↑ "Meet Indian Railways' Super Vasuki: India's longest 3.5 km train with 6 Locos and 295 wagons". zeenews.india.com. 2022-08-17. https://zeenews.india.com/railways/meet-indian-railways-super-vasuki-indias-longest-3-5-km-train-with-6-locos-and-295-wagons-2498063.html. 
  12. ↑ Railway Gazette International November 2010, p56
  13. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.ihha2011.org/doc-pdf/heavy_haul_operations_south_africa.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Heaviest UA
  15. ↑ Ohlhaber, Kathy (2023-03-14). "Freight Train Length" (in en-US). https://www.aar.org/article/freight-train-length/. 
  16. ↑ Railway Gazette International May 2014, pg9
  17. ↑ India's longest goods train - 1.2 km long - Indian Railways.
  18. ↑ Modern Railways Jan 2009, p71
  19. ↑ Railway Gazette International April 2011
  20. ↑ "835 m lange Güterzüge zwischen Padborg (DK) und Maschen geplant". http://fahrweg.dbnetze.com/fahrweg-de/start/technik/innovationen/2359020/laengere_gueterzuege.html. 
  21. ↑ Modern Railways November 2012, p78
  22. ↑ "All Aboard the Longest Ghan". 7 October 2016. https://www.greatsouthernrail.com.au/news/2016/10/07/all-aboard-the-longest-ghan. 
  23. ↑ "The Canadian in N Scale | Rapido Trains Inc.". https://rapidotrains.com/products/n-scale/complete-trains/the-canadian. 
  24. ↑ "Hamersley Freight Line". ailway Technology. http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/. Retrieved 2011-10-17. 
  25. ↑ "我国铁路成功实现3万吨重载列车试验运行". 新华网. 2014-04-08. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2014-04/08/c_126365538.htm. 
  26. ↑ "Four world rain records shattered by the SA Transport Services (1989)". http://www.rra.co.za/?p=7614. 
  27. ↑ Forsyth, David (19 December 1996). "Re: Longest freight train in the U.S." Newsgroup: misc.transport.rail.americas. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  28. ↑ "Kazakhstan railways". http://www.railways.kz/en/node/509. 
  29. ↑ Peaty, Ian P. (2014). Stone by rail. Kettering: Silver Link Publishing. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-185794-422-8. 
  30. ↑ "Norfolk Southern Corp" (in en). https://www.facebook.com/norfolksouthern/posts/10155920735527548. 
  31. ↑ "Safety, traffic concerns raised when 3.5-mile-long freight train rolls through L.A. Basin". LA Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/01/safety-traffic-concerns-raised-when-35mile-freight-train-rolls-through-la-basin.html. Retrieved 2011-10-17. 
  32. ↑ Railway Gazette International March 2010, p7.
  33. ↑ "Long BNSF Trains". 27 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100810083629/http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/08/long-bnsf-trains/. Retrieved 2010-06-03. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "De langste reizigerstrein ter wereld" (in nl). http://www.feijenoordsemeesters.nl/LRtW/index.html. 
  35. ↑ "De langste reizigerstrein ter wereld in Railz Miniworld in Rotterdam" (in nl). http://www.feijenoordsemeesters.nl/LRT_RailZ/LRT_RailZ.htm. 
  36. ↑ "Swiss claim record for the world's longest passenger train" (in en). SwissInfo. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/swiss-claim-record-for-the-world-s-longest-passenger-train/48015720. 
  37. ↑ Jones, Ben (31 October 2022). "Why Switzerland built a 2-kilometer-long train". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/world-record-train-switzerland/index.html. Retrieved 31 October 2022. 



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