Engineering:Modal share
From HandWiki
Short description: Share of mode of transport
A modal share (also called mode split, mode-share, or modal split) is the percentage of travelers using a particular type of transportation or number of trips using said type.[1] In freight transportation, this may be measured in mass.
Modal share is an important component in developing sustainable transport within a city or region. In recent years, many cities have set modal share targets for balanced and sustainable transport modes, particularly 30% of non-motorized (cycling and walking) and 30% of public transport. These goals reflect a desire for a modal shift, or a change between modes, and usually encompasses an increase in the proportion of trips made using sustainable modes.[2]
Comparability of data
Modal share data is usually obtained by travel surveys, which are often conducted by local governments, using different methodologies. Sampling and interviewing techniques, definitions, the extent of geographical areas and other methodological differences can influence comparability. Most typical surveys refer to the main mode of transport used during trips to work.[3] Surveys covering entire metropolitan areas are preferred over city proper surveys which typically cover only the denser inner city.
Modal split of journeys to work
The following tables present the modal split of journeys to work. Note that it is better to use a measure of all trips on a typical weekday, but journey to work data is more readily available. It would also be beneficial to disaggregate private motor vehicles figures to car driver, car passengers and motorbikes (especially relevant for Asian cities).
Metropolitan areas with over 1,000,000 inhabitants
| Metro area | walking | cycling | public transport | private motor vehicle | year | Survey Area | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Adelaide |
3% | 1% | 11% | 85% | 2016[4] | GCCSA | Australia |
 Atlanta
|
1% | 0% | 3% | 86% | 2016[5] | UA | USA |
 Mexico City |
1% | 1% | 71% | 22% | 2019[6] | Mexico | |
 Athens |
8% | 2% | 37% | 53% | 2006[7] | Greece | |
 Auckland |
5% | 1% | 12% | 81% | 2018[8] | MUA | New Zealand |
| Austin, Texas
|
2% | 1% | 3% | 83% | 2019[9] | USA | |
| Baltimore
|
3% | 0% | 7% | 84% | 2016[10] | UA | USA |
 Barcelona |
34.35% | 2.28% | 37.33% | 26.04% | 2018[11] | Spain | |
 Beijing |
21% | 32% | 26% | 21% | 2005/2011[12] | China | |
| Template:Country data SER Belgrade | 23% | 1% | 49% | 27% | 2015 | Serbia | |
 Berlin |
30% | 18% | 27% | 26% | 2018 | Germany | |
| Brisbane |
4% | 1% | 14% | 81% | 2016[13] | GCCSA | Australia |
 Brussels |
36% | 9% | 24% | 29% | 2022[14] | Belgium | |
 Bogota |
15% | 2% | 64% | 19% | 2008[12] | Columbia | |
| Boston |
5% | 1% | 14% | 73% | 2016[15] | UA | USA |
 Bucharest |
31% | 2% | 27% | 36% | 2015[16] | Other(Taxi): 4% | Romania |
 Budapest |
32% | 1% | 47% | 20% | 2011 | Hungary | |
 Calgary
|
4% | 1% | 8% | 84% | 2021 [17] | CMA | Canada |
| Chicago |
3% | 1% | 13% | 77% | 2016[18] | UA | USA |
| Cologne |
25% | 19% | 21% | 35% | 2017[19] | Germany | |
| Dallas |
1% | 0% | 2% | 90% | 2016[20] | UA | USA |
 Daejeon |
26% | 2% | 28% | 44% | 2012[21] | South Korea | |
 Delhi |
21% | 12% | 48% | 19% | 2008/2011[12] | India | |
| Detroit
|
1% | 0% | 2% | 92% | 2016[22] | USA | |
| Denver
|
2% | 1% | 4% | 81% | 2020[23] | UA | USA |
| Template:Country data BGD Dhaka | 19% | 39% | 29% | 13% | 2009[24] | Bangladesh | |
 Dublin
|
18% | 7% | 15% | 59% | 2020[25] | Ireland | |
| Edmonton
|
3% | 1% | 6% | 87% | 2021 [26] | CMA | Canada |
| Hamburg |
22% | 22% | 24% | 32% | 2022[27] | Germany | |
 Helsinki |
10.99% | 9.34% | 32.42% | 46% | 2016[28] | MA, Other: 0.5% | Finland |
 Hong Kong |
11% | 0.5% | 77% | 12% | 2011[29] | China | |
| Houston |
1% | 0% | 2% | 91% | 2016[30] | UA | USA |
| Indianapolis |
1% | 0% | 1% | 91% | 2016[31] | UA | USA |
 Jakarta |
1% | 0.2% | 20% | 78%* | 2019[32] | UA *67% motorbike | Indonesia |
 Kuala Lumpur |
6.6% | 0.9% | 36.8% | 48.3% | 2019[33] | Taxi 1% | Malaysia |
| Las Vegas |
1% | 0% | 4% | 90% | 2016[34] | UA | USA |
 London |
26% | 2.5% | 44.5% | 27% | 2020[35] | UK | |
| Los Angeles |
3% | 1% | 5% | 85% | 2016[36] | UA | USA |
| Madrid |
34% | 0.5% | 25% | 40% | 2018[37] | Spain | |
 Manila |
9% | 2% | 44% | 45% | 2019[12] | Philippines | |
| Melbourne |
4% | 2% | 19% | 76% | 2016[13] | GCCSA | Australia |
| Miami
|
2% | 1% | 4% | 87% | 2016[38] | UA | USA |
 Milan |
18% | 10% | 41% | 29% | 2014[39] | Italy | |
 Minsk |
13% | 1% | 63% | 20% | 2016[40] | Belarus | |
| Montreal |
5% | 2% | 22% | 70% | 2016[41] | CMA | Canada |
| Mumbai |
27% | 6% | 52% | 15% | 2008/2011[12] | India | |
| Munich |
24% | 18% | 24% | 34% | 2017 | Germany | |
 Nagoya |
15% | 13% | 30% | 43% | 2011[42] | Japan | |
| New York City |
30.7% | 1.1% | 32.1% | 30.2% | 2019[43] | UA | USA |
| Osaka |
7% | 19% | 61% | 13% | 2010[44] | Japan | |
| Ottawa
|
8% | 2% | 18% | 72% | 2016[45] | CMA | Canada |
 Paris |
15% | 5% | 59% | 20% | 2010[46] | France | |
| Perth |
3% | 1% | 12% | 84% | 2016[13] | GCCSA | Australia |
| Philadelphia |
4% | 1% | 10% | 80% | 2016[47] | UA | USA |
| Phoenix |
2% | 1% | 2% | 87% | 2016[48] | UA | USA |
| Portland, Oregon |
3% | 3% | 7% | 78% | 2016[49] | UA | USA |
 Prague |
35% | 1% | 37% | 25% | 2021[50] | Czech Republic | |
 Rio de Janeiro |
29% | 3% | 43% | 25% | 2012[51] | UA | Brazil |
| Rome |
4% | 1% | 29% | 66% | 2014[52] | Italy | |
| San Antonio |
2% | 0% | 3% | 90% | 2016[53] | UA | USA |
| San Diego |
3% | 1% | 3% | 85% | 2016[54] | UA | USA |
| San Francisco |
5% | 2% | 20% | 64% | 2016[55] | UA | USA |
| San Jose |
2% | 2% | 5% | 84% | 2016[56] | UA | USA |
 Santiago |
34.5% | 4% | 29.6% | 25.7% | 2012[57] | UA | Chile |
| São Paulo |
32% | 1% | 36% | 31% | 2017[58] | UA | Brazil |
| Seattle |
4% | 1% | 10% | 77% | 2016[59] | UA | USA |
| Seoul
|
N/A | 4% | 66% | 23% | 2014[60] | South Korea | |
| Shanghai |
27% | 20% | 33% | 20% | 2009/2011[12] | China | |
 Singapore |
22% | 1% | 44% | 33% | 2011[12] | Singapore | |
 Sofia
|
N/A | N/A | 73%[lower-alpha 1] | 27% | 2010[61] | Bulgaria | |
 Stockholm |
14% | 7% | 47% | 32% | 2011[62] | Sweden | |
| Sydney |
5% | 1% | 27% | 67% | 2016[13] | GCCSA | Australia |
 Taipei |
13% | 4% | 43% | 40% | 2016[63] | Taiwan | |
| Tokyo |
23% | 14% | 51% | 12% | 2008/2009[12] | Japan | |
| Toronto |
5% | 1% | 16% | 76% | 2021[64] | CMA | Canada |
| Toronto |
8% | 2% | 26% | 61% | 2021[65] | City | Canada |
| Vancouver |
6% | 2% | 15% | 75% | 2021[66] | CMA | Canada |
| Vancouver |
13% | 5% | 23% | 56% | 2021[67] | City | Canada |
 Vienna |
35% | 9% | 30% | 26% | 2021/2022[68] | Austria | |
 Warsaw |
18% | 3% | 47% | 32% | 2015[69] | Poland | |
| Washington, D.C. |
3% | 1% | 6% | 56% | 2022[70] | UA | USA |
Metropolitan areas with over 250,000 inhabitants
| Metro area | walking | cycling | public transport | private motor vehicle | year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Aarhus |
7% | 27% | 19% | 43% | 2004 |
| Alicante |
18% | 0% | 13% | 69% | 2004 |
 Amsterdam |
5% | 30% | 19% | 42% | 2020[71] |
| Bari |
13% | 1% | 14% | 72% | 2001 |
 Basel |
33% | 17% | 27% | 22% | 2015[72] |
| Bern |
30% | 15% | 32% | 22% | 2015[72] |
| Bilbao |
23% | 0% | 34% | 43% | 2004 |
| Birmingham |
1% | 1% | 25% | 66% | 2001 |
| Bologna |
8% | 4% | 21% | 67% | 2001 |
| Bonn |
28% | 15% | 17% | 41% | 2017[73] |
 Bratislava |
26.7% | 1.6% | 32.6% | 37.7% | 2014[74] |
| Template:Country data CZ Brno | 5% | 2% | 57% | 32% | 2012[75] |
| Buffalo |
6% | 1% | 14% | 79% | 2012 |
| Bremen |
25% | 25% | 15% | 36% | 2018 |
| Bristol |
19% | 8% | 12% | 55% | 2011[76] |
| Canberra |
5% | 3% | 8% | 85% | 2016[13] |
| Christchurch |
4% | 6% | 5% | 84% | 2018[8] |
| Copenhagen |
30% | 26% | 18% | 26% | 2021[77] |
| Córdoba |
18% | 1% | 10% | 71% | 2004 |
| Dortmund |
19% | 10% | 22% | 49% | 2019 |
| Dresden |
26% | 18% | 20% | 36% | 2018 |
| Dublin |
13.2% | 7.6% | 21.5% | 48.5% | 2016[78] |
| Düsseldorf |
34% | 13% | 18% | 35% | 2017[79] |
| Edinburgh |
19% | 7% | 30% | 42% | 2009–2010[80] |
| Eindhoven |
3% | 24% | 8% | 65% | 2004 |
| Essen |
19% | 7% | 19% | 55% | 2019 |
| Florence |
8% | 4% | 21% | 69% | 2001 |
| Frankfurt |
11% | 15% | 30% | 44% | 2015 |
| Freiburg im Breisgau |
29% | 34% | 16% | 21% | 2017 |
| Gent |
15.6% | 33.8% | 11.2% | 39% | 2021[81] |
| Gdańsk |
20.8% | 5.9% | 32.1% | 41.2% | 2016[82] |
| Gijón |
24% | 0% | 17% | 59% | 2004 |
| Gothenburg |
12% | 14% | 21% | 52% | 2004 |
| Graz |
19% | 19% | 20% | 42% | 2018[83] |
| The Hague |
5% | 22% | 30% | 43% | 2004 |
| Halifax |
8% | 1% | 12% | 78% | 2016[84] |
| Hamilton |
4% | 1% | 10% | 84% | 2016[85] |
| Hanover |
26% | 19% | 19% | 36% | 2017 |
| Kraków |
28.4% | 1.2% | 36.3% | 33.7% | 2013 |
| Las Palmas |
15% | 0.42% | 13% | 68% | 2011[86] |
 Lisbon |
15.6% | 2.5% | 30.8% | 50.2% | 2020[87] |
| Málaga |
12% | 0% | 11% | 77% | 2004 |
| Malmö |
14% | 26% | 25% | 34% | 2018[88] |
| Murcia |
18% | 1% | 7% | 74% | 2004 |
| Naples |
13% | 0% | 26% | 60% | 2001 |
| Nuremberg |
24% | 14% | 23% | 39% | 2019 |
 Oslo |
29% | 6% | 30% | 34% | 2013 |
| Palermo |
12% | 1% | 9% | 78% | 2001 |
| Poznań |
20.6% | 8.4% | 33.7% | 37.3% | 2019 |
| Quebec City |
2% | 6% | 11% | 80% | 2016[89] |
| Rotterdam |
5% | 14% | 25% | 56% | 2004 |
 Tel Aviv |
16% | 13% | 28% | 43% | 2015[90] |
| Seville |
13% | 7% | 18% | 62% | 2014 |
| Stuttgart |
29% | 8% | 23% | 40% | 2017[91] |
 Tallinn |
14% | 2% | 34% | 49% | 2020[92] |
| Tampere |
10% | 10% | 14% | 66% | 2021[93] |
| Turin |
12% | 3% | 5% | 79% | 2004 |
| Valencia |
16% | 1% | 21% | 62% | 2004 |
| Valladolid |
22% | 1% | 20% | 57% | 2004 |
| Vigo |
19% | 0% | 13% | 68% | 2004 |
 Vilnius |
36% | 0% | 26% | 38% | 2011[94] |
| Wellington |
21% | 4% | 23% | 49% | 2018[8] |
| Victoria (CMA)
|
10% | 7% | 11% | 70% | 2016 |
| Winnipeg |
5% | 2% | 14% | 79% | 2016[95] |
| Wrocław |
24.2% | 6.3% | 27.6% | 41.4% | 2018 |
| Zaragoza |
45.91% | 2.90% | 23.71% | 26.88% | 2017[96] |
| Zürich |
33% | 12% | 32% | 21% | 2015[72] |
| Mean ± SD | 13±8% | 8±9% | 24±13% | 55±17% |
Notes: European data is based on the Urban Audit[97]
The Charter of Brussels, signed by 36 cities including Brussels, Ghent, Milan, Munich, Seville, Edinburgh, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Gdansk, and Timișoara, commits the signatories to achieve at least 15% of bicycling modal share by 2020, and calls upon European institutions to do likewise.[98] The cycling modal share is strongly associated with the size of local cycling infrastructure.[99]
The Canadian city of Hamilton adopted a similar modal share target plan in 2005.[100]
The modal share differs considerably depending on each city in the developing world.[101][102][103]
According to UNECE, the global on-road vehicle fleet is to double by 2050 (from 1,2 billion to 2,5 billion,[104] see introduction), with most future car purchases taking place in developing countries. Some experts even mention that the number of vehicles in developing countries will increase by 4 or 5-fold by 2050 (compared to current car use levels), and that the majority of these will be second-hand.[13][105]
Through legislation (i.e. taxing and conditions on new car purchases), ... car ownership can be discouraged. This could help in achieving a modal shift.[106]
See also
- Air travel demand reduction
- Car ownership
- Circulation plan
- Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
- Intermodal passenger transport
- Mobility transition
- Mode choice (the decisions that determine Modal share, especially in traffic analysis and forecasting)
- Mode of transport
- Rail usage statistics by country
- Road reallocation
- Environmental aspects of the electric car
- Smart mobility
Notes
- ↑ Result achieved using the percentage of commuters using PT (63%) plus Taxi (3%) and additionally marshrutkas (7%).
External links
- Epomm – Modal share data for more than 300 Cities with more or less than 100,000 inhabitants, mostly in Europe
- [2] – Modal share data and trends over the past 20 years for Australian cities (unpublished paper by David Ashley)
References
- ↑ Glossary (Engineering Services – Transportation, City of Vancouver website. Accessed 2009-06-04.)
- ↑ "Page cannot be found - Ramblers". https://www.ramblers.org.uk/sitecore/content/Great%20Britain/Technical%20Pages/Error%20Pages/Page%20cannot%20be%20found.aspx?item=%2fwalking%2fpolicy%2ftransport%2ftransportleisure&user=extranet%5cAnonymous&site=ramblers.
- ↑ "Singapore Land and Transport Authority: Journeys, issue 7, November 2011". http://app.lta.gov.sg/ltaacademy/doc/JOURNEYS_Nov2011%20Revised.pdf.
- ↑ "Trends in journey to work mode shares in Australian cities to 2016 (second edition)" (in en-US). Charting Transport. 2017-10-24. https://chartingtransport.com/2017/10/24/trends-in-journey-to-work-mode-shares-in-australian-cities-to-2016/.
- ↑ "Census profile: Atlanta, GA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US03817-atlanta-ga-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Deloitte City Mobility Index: Mexico City". Deloitte Insights. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/4331_Deloitte-City-Mobility-Index/Mexico_GlobalCityMobility_WEB.pdf.
- ↑ "TEMS - the EPOMM Modal Split Tool". http://www.epomm.eu/tems/result_city.phtml?city=221.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Main means of travel to work by age group and sex, for the employed census usually resident population count aged 15 years and over, 2018 Census". http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8298.
- ↑ "Census profile: Austin, TX Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US4805000-austin-tx/.
- ↑ "Census profile: Baltimore, MD Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US04843-baltimore-md-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Pla de Mobilitat Urbana 2024". https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PMU-abstract-final-Premsa-20201201-v1-lowres.pdf.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 "Passenger Transport Mode Shares in World Cities". http://app.lta.gov.sg/ltaacademy/doc/J11Nov-p60PassengerTransportModeShares.pdf.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Charting Transport , retrieved 27 October 2017
- ↑ https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2023/05/23/brusselaar-fietst-meer-en-rijdt-minder-met-de-auto/
- ↑ "Census profile: Boston, MA--NH--RI Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US09271-boston-ma-nh-ri-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "IMAGE: Bucharest estimated modal share 2015. Source: Bucharest SUMP". https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Bucharest-estimated-modal-share-2015-Source-Bucharest-SUMP_fig2_329168365.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2022-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population" (in en). https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=calgary&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021S0503825&HEADERlist=50.
- ↑ "Census profile: Chicago, IL--IN Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US16264-chicago-il-in-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ Klein, Benjamin. "Mobilität in Köln". City of Cologne. http://www.mobilitaet-in-deutschland.de/pdf/MiDInK%C3%B6ln.pdf.
- ↑ "Census profile: Dallas--Fort Worth--Arlington, TX Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US22042-dallas-fort-worth-arlington-tx-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ [KOTI, "2013 National Transportation DB Report" 2013], retrieved 2013-12-31
- ↑ "Census profile: Detroit, MI Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US23824-detroit-mi-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Census profile: Denver--Aurora, CO Urbanized Area" (in en). http://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US23527-denver-aurora-co-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Dhaka Urban Transport Network Development Study". Japan International Cooperation Agency. March 2010. https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11996782_01.pdf.
- ↑ "Deloitte City Mobility Index 2020". Deloitte Insights. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/4331_Deloitte-City-Mobility-Index/Dublin_GlobalCityMobility_WEB.pdf.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2022-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population" (in en). https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=edmonton&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021S0503835&HEADERlist=50.
- ↑ "68 Prozent aller Wege wurden 2022 im Umweltverbund absolviert". https://www.hamburg.de/bvm/medien/17104782/2023-05-08-bvm-mobilitaetswende/.
- ↑ "Page 18: Kulkutapojen käyttö matkan tarkoituksen mukaan vuositasolla". https://www.traficom.fi/sites/default/files/media/file/Seutujulkaisu-HLT2016-Helsingin-seutu.pdf.
- ↑ "Transport Department - Travel Characteristics Survey 2011 - Final Report *Free copy can only be downloaded from this website". https://www.td.gov.hk/en/publications_and_press_releases/publications/free_publications/travel_characteristics_survey_2011_final_report/index.html.
- ↑ "Census profile: Houston, TX Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US40429-houston-tx-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Census profile: Indianapolis, IN Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US41212-indianapolis-in-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Badan Pusat Statistik". https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2019/12/04/eab87d14d99459f4016bb057/statistik-komuter-jabodetabek-2019.html.
- ↑ "Realities of Modal Choice in Kuala Lumpur: Transport Planning for the Disadvantaged". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316471672.
- ↑ "Census profile: Las Vegas--Henderson, NV Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US47995-las-vegas-henderson-nv-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Transport Statistics Great Britain 2020". Department for Transport. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/945829/tsgb-2020.pdf.
- ↑ "Census profile: Los Angeles--Long Beach--Anaheim, CA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US51445-los-angeles-long-beach-anaheim-ca-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Encuesta de movilidad de la Comunidad de Madrid 2018 - Documento de síntesis". https://www.crtm.es/media/712934/edm18_sintesis.pdf.
- ↑ "Census profile: Miami, FL Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US56602-miami-fl-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Piano Urbano per la Mobilità Sostenibile (PUMS) della Città metropolitana di Milano". Città metropolitana di Milano. p. 150. https://www.cittametropolitana.mi.it/export/sites/default/PUMS/doc/Quadro_Conoscitivo-PUMS-Cm_di_Mi.pdf.
- ↑ "Опрос: минчане добираются до работы или учебы примерно за полчаса". http://news.tut.by/society/513013.html.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Montréal [Census metropolitan area, Quebec and Quebec [Province]"] (in en). http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Journey%20to%20work&TABID=1.
- ↑ "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). City of Nagoya. https://www.ido.city.nagoya.jp/machidukuri/genjo/traffic.html. - ↑ "Mobility Report". 2019. https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/mobility-report-singlepage-2019.pdf.
- ↑ "大阪市における人の動き：平成 22 年 第５回近畿圏パーソントリップ調査集計結果から". Osaka City Hall. pp. 8. https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/toshikeikaku/cmsfiles/contents/0000177/177205/hitonougoki.pdf.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Ottawa – Gatineau [Census metropolitan area, Ontario/Quebec and Ontario [Province]"] (in en). http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=505&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Journey%20to%20work&TABID=1.
- ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Fiche_Paris_BD_cle5316c5.pdf.
- ↑ "Census profile: Philadelphia, PA--NJ--DE--MD Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US69076-philadelphia-pa-nj-de-md-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Census profile: Phoenix--Mesa, AZ Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US69184-phoenix-mesa-az-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Census profile: Portland, OR--WA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US71317-portland-or-wa-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ (in cs) Ročenka dopravy 2021. Prague: Technická správa komunikací hl. m. Prahy, a.s.. 2022. pp. 19. https://www.tsk-praha.cz/static/udi-rocenka-2021-cz.pdf.
- ↑ "Page 41 in Monografia UFRJ 2015". João Victor Costa. http://www.peu.poli.ufrj.br/arquivos/Monografias/Joao_Vitor.pdf.
- ↑ FGM-AMOR. "ENDURANCE :: Countries/Cities". http://www.epomm.eu/endurance/index.php?id=2809&city=344.
- ↑ "Census profile: San Antonio, TX Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US78580-san-antonio-tx-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Census profile: San Diego, CA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US78661-san-diego-ca-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Census profile: San Francisco--Oakland, CA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US78904-san-francisco-oakland-ca-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Census profile: San Jose, CA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US79039-san-jose-ca-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Encuestas de Movilidad SECTRA". http://www.sectra.gob.cl/encuestas_movilidad/encuestas_movilidad.htm.
- ↑ "Page 39 in Pesquisa OD 2017". Metrô. http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/pesquisa-od/arquivos/Ebook%20Pesquisa%20OD%202017_final_240719_versao_4.pdf/.
- ↑ "Census profile: Seattle, WA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US80389-seattle-wa-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Public Transport in Seoul Metropolitan – K-Developedia". 2014. https://www.kdevelopedia.org/download.do?timeFile=/mnt/idas/asset/2017/02/08/DOC/PDF/04201702080147174073584.pdf&originFileName=%5BPT5%5D%20%EA%B9%80%EC%B0%BD%EA%B7%A0%20%EA%B5%90%EC%88%98%EB%8B%98_KDI%EB%B0%9C%ED%91%9C(%EB%8C%80%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%90%ED%86%B5201611).pdf.
- ↑ "The World Bank | Fare Collection Systems - Sofia, Bulgaria". https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/Toolkits/Fares%20Toolkit%20content/case-studies/sofia,-bulgaria.html.
- ↑ Koglin, Till (January 2018). "Experiencing Networked Urban Mobilities". Experiencing Networked Urban Mobilities. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315200255-20.
- ↑ Taipei City Hall. "市政統計週報". http://w2.dbas.taipei.gov.tw/news_weekly/S4_2/106934.htm.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2022-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population" (in en). https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=toronto&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021S0503535&HEADERlist=50.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2022-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population" (in en). https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00053520005&HEADERlist=50&SearchText=toronto.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2023-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population" (in en). https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=vancouver&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021S0503933&HEADERlist=50.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2023-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population" (in en). https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055915022&HEADERlist=50&SearchText=vancouver.
- ↑ "Wiener Linien: 2022 mehr Stammkund*innen als je zuvor". Presse-Service Wien. https://presse.wien.gv.at/2023/03/23/wiener-linien-2022-mehr-stammkund-innen-als-je-zuvor., (German)
- ↑ [1] , (Polish) retrieved 2016-01-20
- ↑ "Census profile: Washington, DC--VA--MD Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/40000US92242-washington-dc-va-md-urbanized-area/.
- ↑ "Amsterdam Global City Mobility Index 2020". https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/4331_Deloitte-City-Mobility-Index/Amsterdam_GlobalCityMobility_WEB.pdf.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 "Städtevergleich Mobilität Vergleichende Betrachtung der Städte Basel, Bern, Luzern, St.Gallen, Winterthur und Zürich im Jahr 2015". https://www.mobilitaet.bs.ch/dam/jcr:aa8aa166-f637-49ac-afd5-831744c3e74c/staedtevergleich_2015.pdf.
- ↑ "Aktuelle Ergebnisse zur Alltagsmobilität". 2019-02-21. https://www.agfs-nrw.de/fileadmin/Events-Kampagnen/AGFS-Kongress/2019/AGFS-Kongress_2019_MiD-2017_Follmer.pdf.
- ↑ "Územný generel dopravy hl. mesta SR Bratislavy" (in sk). Centrum dopravního výzkumu, v.v.i.. 2015-12-18. https://bratislava.blob.core.windows.net/media/Default/Dokumenty/UGD_zhrnutie.pdf.
- ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.brno.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/sprava_mesta/magistrat_mesta_brna/OD/dokumenty_OKD/delba_prepravni_prace/Delba_prepravni_prace_2012.pdf.
- ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.bristol.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/environment/greener_living/transport/Overall%20Commuter%20Count%20Results%202013.pdf.
- ↑ "Copenhagen Mobility". https://www.kk.dk/sites/default/files/2023-06/Mobilitetsredeg%C3%B8relsen%202023.pdf.
- ↑ "How We Travelled - CSO - Central Statistics Office". https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-nts/nts2016/hwt/.
- ↑ "Aktuelle Ergebnisse zur Alltagsmobilität". 2019-02-21. https://www.agfs-nrw.de/fileadmin/Events-Kampagnen/AGFS-Kongress/2019/AGFS-Kongress_2019_MiD-2017_Follmer.pdf.
- ↑ "Archived copy". https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/24509/local-transport-strategy-2014---2019.
- ↑ "Verplaatsingsgedrag van de Gentenaar in 2021 2021". https://stad.gent/nl/mobiliteit-openbare-werken/mobiliteit/plannen-projecten-subsidies-cijfers-scholenwerking/mobiliteit-cijfers.
- ↑ "Gdańskie Badania Ruchu 2016". http://www.brg.gda.pl/planowanie-przestrzenne/inne-opracowania-urbanistyczne/282-gdanskie-badania-ruchu-2016.
- ↑ "Verkehrsmittelaufteilung - Modal Split". https://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10192604/8032890/Mobilitaetsverhalten.html.
- ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Halifax [Census metropolitan area, Nova Scotia and Nova Scotia [Province]"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=205&Geo2=PR&Code2=12&SearchText=halifax&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Journey%20to%20work&TABID=1&type=1.
- ↑ "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Hamilton [Census metropolitan area], Ontario and Ontario [Province]". https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=537&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&SearchText=hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Journey%20to%20work&TABID=1&type=1.
- ↑ "Asistencia técnica para la elaboración de una estrategia de movilidad sostenible en el municipio de las palmas de gran canaria programa de actuaciones". p. 142. https://www.laspalmasgc.es/export/sites/laspalmasgc/es/online/sede-electronica/Planes-Gestion-ambiental-/ProgramaActuaciones-PMUS.pdf.
- ↑ "Observatórios Lisboa". https://observatorios-lisboa.pt/info_mobilidade.html.
- ↑ "Travel Habits of Residents". https://malmo.se/Fakta-och-statistik/Facts-and-statistics-in-english/Travel-habits-of-residents.html.
- ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Québec [Census metropolitan area, Quebec and Quebec [Province]"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=421&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&SearchText=quebec&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0.
- ↑ "Archived copy". http://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/tel_aviv-yafo_evolution_of_cycling_patterns_in_tel_aviv_benjamin_maor_haggai_yaron.pdf.
- ↑ "Motorisierter Individualverkehr (MIV)". https://www.stuttgart-steigt-um.de/mobilitaetsformen/motorisierter-individualverkehr/.
- ↑ "Statistical Yearbook Of 2021". Tallinn City Government. https://www.tallinn.ee/est/g2677s140714.
- ↑ "Henkilöliikennetutkimus 2021: Tampereen kaupunkiseutu". Traficom. https://www.traficom.fi/sites/default/files/media/file/HLT%202021%20seutujulkaisu%20Tampereen%20kaupunkiseutu.pdf.
- ↑ Naujų transporto rūšių diegimo Vilniaus mieste specialusis planas , retrieved 2013-07-03
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Winnipeg [Census metropolitan area, Manitoba and Manitoba [Province]"] (in en). http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=602&Geo2=PR&Code2=46&Data=Count&SearchText=Winnipeg&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Journey%20to%20work&TABID=1.
- ↑ "Revisión del plan de movilidad urbana sostenible Zaragoza". https://www.zaragoza.es/contenidos/movilidad/PMUS/abril2019/PMUS-ZGZ_PROPUESTAS_MEMORIA-FINAL_A3.pdf.
- ↑ Urban Audit , retrieved 2009-10-03
- ↑ Charter of Brussels , retrieved 2009-10-03
- ↑ Mueller, N (2018). "Health impact assessment of cycling network expansions in European cities.". Preventive Medicine 109: 62–70. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.011. PMID 29330030. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/148599/1/Health-impact-assessment-of-cycling-network-expansions-in-European-cities.pdf.
- ↑ "Archived copy". http://www2.hamilton.ca/NR/rdonlyres/4929A56F-4222-4A62-B399-5E3860F7A764/0/AppendixB.pdf.
- ↑ "Figure 9.9 | Passenger transport modal shares of several cities in...". https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Passenger-transport-modal-shares-of-several-cities-in-developing-countries-Source_fig3_261129842.
- ↑ "Energy End Use Transport report". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261129842.
- ↑ "How do people move around?". https://res.mdpi.com/d_attachment/world/world-01-00003/article_deploy/world-01-00003.pdf.
- ↑ "Used vehicle background overview". https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2017/itc/UNEP-ITC_Background_Paper-Used_Vehicle_Global_Overview.pdf.
- ↑ "Regulation for 2nd hand vehicles". https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/45362/wp7_regulation_for_2nd-hand_vehicles-lr.pdf.
- ↑ "Green light for sustainable mobility". https://www.greens-efa.eu/en/article/document/green-light-for-sustainable-mobility/.
 |  |
