Engineering:OTR-21 Tochka

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Short description: Soviet/Russian tactical ballistic missile


OTR-21 Tochka
SS-21 Scarab
Tochka-U rep parad Yekat.jpg
Missiles systems Tochka-U at a Russian Federation rehearsal for the parade in Yekaterinburg
TypeTactical ballistic missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1976–present (Scarab A)
1989–present (Scarab B)
Used bySee Operators
WarsYemeni Civil War (1994)
First Chechen War
Second Chechen War
Syrian Civil War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Production history
ManufacturerKBM (Kolomna)
Unit cost$300,000 [1]
Produced1973
Specifications
Mass2,000 kg (4,400 lb) Scarab A
2,010 kg (4,430 lb) Scarab B
Length6,400 mm (250 in)
Diameter650 mm (26 in)
Crew3
Maximum firing range70 km (43 mi) Scarab A
120 km (75 mi) Scarab B
WarheadChemical, 100 kt nuclear warhead, EMP, or fragmentation filling
Main
armament
1 × OTR 21/9K79 Tactical Ballistic Missile
EngineSingle-stage solid-propellant rocket
96kN[2]
Speed1.8 km/s (1.1 mi/s; Mach 5.3)
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance, Tochka-R added passive radar against radar installations
Accuracy150 m (Tochka)
95 m (Tochka-U)
Launch
platform
BAZ-5921 (ru) Mobile TEL

OTR-21 Tochka (Russian: оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс (ОТР) «Точка», romanized: operativno-takticheskiy raketnyy kompleks (OTR) "Tochka", lit. 'Tactical Operational Missile Complex "Point"') is a Soviet tactical ballistic missile. Its GRAU designation is 9K79; its NATO reporting name is SS-21 Scarab. One missile is transported per 9P129 vehicle and raised prior to launch. It uses an inertial guidance system.[3][4]

The OTR-21 forward deployment to East Germany began in 1981[citation needed], replacing the earlier Luna-M series of unguided artillery rockets. The system was scheduled to be decommissioned by the Russian Armed Forces in 2020 in favour of the 9K720 Iskander,[5] but they have been observed in use against Ukrainian targets during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[6][7]

Description

The OTR-21 is a mobile missile launch system, designed to be deployed along with other land combat units on the battlefield. While the 9K52 Luna-M is large and relatively inaccurate, the OTR-21 is much smaller. The missile itself can be used for precise strikes on enemy tactical targets, such as control posts, bridges, storage facilities, troop concentrations and airfields. The fragmentation warhead can be replaced with a nuclear, biological or chemical warhead. The solid propellant makes the missile easy to maintain and deploy.

OTR-21 units are usually managed in a brigade structure.[where?] There are 18 launchers in a brigade; each launcher is provided with two or three missiles.[8]

The vehicle is completely amphibious, with a maximum road speed of 60 km/h (37 mph) and 8 km/h (5.0 mph) in water. The vehicle is NBC-protected. The system began development in 1968. Three variants were developed.[9]

Tochka

The initial version, Tochka (NATO reporting name Scarab A) entered service with the Soviet Army in 1975.[8] It carried one of four types of warhead:

  • 9M123F unitary High explosive warhead. Weight 420 kilograms (930 lb).[8]
  • 9M123K submunitions warhead. Anti-personnel, anti-armour and anti-runway submunitions available.[8]
  • 9M79B nuclear. Selectable yield of 10 or 100 kT.[8]
  • 9N123R EMP warhead.[8]

The minimum range was about 15 km (9.3 mi), maximum range was 70 km (43 mi); its circular error probable (CEP) is estimated to be about 150 m (490 ft).[8]

9M79K missile for 9K79 Tochka missile system

Tochka-U

The improved Tochka-U (NATO reporting name Scarab B) passed state tests from 1986 to 1988 and was introduced in 1989.

A new motor propellant increased the range to 120 km (75 mi). CEP significantly improved, to 95 m (312 ft).[10] Six warhead options have been reported, a unitary high explosive warhead, an anti-personnel submunition dispenser, an anti-radar warhead, an EMP warhead and two nuclear warheads.[11]

Scarab C

An unconfirmed[9] third variant, designated Scarab C by NATO, may have been developed in the 1990s, but was likely never operational.[9] Again, range increased to 185 km (115 mi), and CEP decreased to less than 70 m (229 ft). Scarab C weighs 1,800 kg (4,000 lb).

Configuration

  • 9M79 missiles with various types of warheads (-9M79-1 for Tochka U Complex).
  • Launcher 9P129 or 9P129-1M (SPU);
  • Transport and loading machine 9T218 or 9T128-1 (TZM);
  • Transport vehicle 9T222 or 9T238 (TM);
  • Automatic testing machine 9V819 or 9V819-1 (AKIM);
  • Technical service vehicle 9V844 or 9V844M (MTO).
  • Set of weapon equipment 9F370-1 (KAO);
  • Simulator 9F625M;
  • Missile overall weight model (such as 9M79K-GVM).
  • 9M79-UT training missile and 9N123F (K) -UT, 9N39-UT warhead. 9H123F-R UT;
  • 9M79-RM missile and 9N123K-RM missile split training model.

Operational history

  • In 1994, the Yemeni government used Tochka missiles against southern forces during the 1994 Yemen civil war.[12]
  • In 1999, Russia used the missiles in the Second Chechen War.[13]
  • At least 15 Tochka missiles were deployed by Russian forces from 8 to 11 August 2008 during the 2008 South Ossetia war.[14]
  • CNN reported that at least one was used in 2014 near Donetsk during the War in Donbass by either the Ukrainian Army or the Russian-backed separatist forces. The Ukrainian army issued a statement in which they denied the use of the ballistic missile.[15][16]

Syrian civil war (2011–present)

  • In early December 2014, the Syrian Army fired at least one Tochka against Syrian rebels during the Siege of Wadi al-Deif (near Maarat al-Numan, in Idlib province) .[17]
  • On 26 April 2016, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka at Syrian rebels in the Syrian Civil Defense Center in west Aleppo[18]
  • On 14 June 2016, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka at Syrian rebel groups Al-Rahman Legion and Jaysh Al-Fustat in Eastern Ghouta, killing several fighters.[19]
  • On 20 March 2018, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka towards the Turkish Hatay province, which fell in the border district of Yayladağı without causing any casualties or damage.[20][21]
  • On 23 July 2018, the Syrian Army fired two Tochka missiles near the Israeli border. Initially thought to be inbound to Israel near the Sea of Galilee, two David's Sling interceptors were fired by Israel. A few moments later it became clear they were going to strike within Syria, as such one interceptor was detonated over Israel while the other one fell inside Syria.[22] One Tochka missile landed 1 kilometer inside Syria.[23]
  • On 5 March 2021, the Syrian Army reportedly fired a KN-02 Toksa, a North Korean copy, solid fuelled short ranged missile against a major oil facility in the country’s Idlib governorate, which is currently under the control of Turkish-backed insurgents.[24][25] The strike near oil facilities ignited major blazes and killed one and wounded 11 people.[25]

Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

  • On 4 September 2015, Houthi forces fired a Tochka missile at Safir base in Marib killing over 100 Saudi-led coalition personnel.[26][27][28]
  • On 14 December 2015, Houthi forces fired another Tochka missile at Bab Al Mandab base killing over 150 Saudi-led coalition personnel stationed there.[29][30][31]
  • On 16 January 2016, Houthi forces fired a Tochka at Al Bairaq base in Marib killing dozens of Saudi-led coalition personnel [32][33]
  • On 31 January 2016, Houthi forces fired a Tochka at Al Anad base in Lahj killing and wounding over 200 Saudi-led coalition personnel[34][35][36]

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

  • Azerbaijan claimed Armenia fired Tochka-U rockets at its territory during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Armenia denied this, stating that Azerbaijan is making "disinformation to justify the use of a similar system or a system of a higher caliber."[37]

Russo-Ukrainian War

  • On 24 February 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a missile attack on Russian Millerovo Airbase in Rostov Oblast, using two Tochka-U ballistic missiles in response for the Russian invasion of Ukraine and to prevent further air strikes by the Russian air force against Ukraine.[38] The attack left one Su-30SM destroyed on the ground.[39]
  • On 24 February 2022, a 9M79 Tochka missile fired by Russian forces struck near a hospital building in Vuhledar, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine , killing 4 civilians and wounding 10. An Amnesty International investigation confirmed that the hospital was not a military target.[40]
  • On 14 March 2022, the Russian Federation and the government of the separatist Donetsk People Republic blamed Ukrainian forces of launching a Tochka-U missile which killed 23 civilians and wounded 28 in Donetsk.[41] The housing facility was supposedly used as a barracks for separatists forces.[42]
  • On 19 March 2022, Russian forces claimed that they shot down a Ukrainian-fired missile near the Port of Berdiansk.[42]
  • On 24 March 2022, the Russian Navy landing ship Saratov, docked in Berdyansk port in Ukraine, caught fire and sunk.[43] On 3 July, a Russian official confirmed the sinking of the Saratov, a Soviet era Tapir-class landing ship. The ship was hit by a Tochka-U missile. Russia claims that the ship was scuttled by its crew to prevent its munitions from exploding and that the ship has been salvaged since.[44]
  • On 8 April 2022, the railway station in Kramatorsk under Ukrainian control was hit by two Russian Tochka-U ballistic missiles. The attack killed at least 52 civilians and injured at least 87 more. Later, Russia falsely blamed Ukraine for the strike.[45] The message in Russian "Za detei", meaning on behalf of the children, had been daubed on the missile in white.[46][47][48]
  • On 16 June 2022, a Russian ammunition warehouse in the occupied Ukrainian city of Khrustalnyi was report to have been hit by a Ukrainian Tochka-U missile.[49][self-published source?]
  • On 13 January 2023, Ukraine claims to have killed over 100 Russian soldiers in the Soledar area using various special forces, artillery and a Tochka-U missile.[50]

Operators

Map of OTR-21 operators in blue with former operators in red. (Note: Russian Tochka-U ballistic missiles were returned to service amid Ukraine war in March 2022).[51]
Armenian OTR-21 during the Independence Day parade in Yerevan, 2016
Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka missiles during the Independence Day parade in Kyiv, 2008

Current operators

 Armenia
3+[52]
 Azerbaijan
4[53]
 Belarus
36[54] (operated by 465th Missile Brigade)[55]
 Bulgaria
18[56]
 Kazakhstan
12[57]
 North Korea
Unknown numbers of KN-02 Toksa variant.
 Russia
In 2010, the Russian Army had more than 200 surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs) of various types in service; these included the Tochka[58] which had undergone a modernization program in 2004 with the installation of a new automatic control system.[59] As of 2019, Russia possessed 24 launchers.[60] Russian missile systems have been upgraded since 2004 (replacing the onboard automated control systems)[61][62] and were scheduled to be replaced by the 9K720 Iskander missiles.[63][64] It was reported that in late 2019, the 448th Rocket Brigade, last rocket brigade operating the Tochka ballistic missiles was rearmed with the 9K720 Iskander missiles, marking the end of operation of the type with the Russian Armed Forces. However, some systems are expected to remain in use at the Kapustin Yar missile test range.[65][66][67] Despite these claims, Russian news reports and social media footage show Russian army still displaying Tochkas at public events in 2021, including at Victory Day parade in Krasnodar.[68]
 Ukraine
According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, as of April 2022, Ukraine possess 38–90 Tochka missile launchers and several hundred missiles.[67] The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) states that Ukraine has 500 Tochka-U missiles in its arsenal in 2022.[69]
 Syria
Inherited unknown numbers of KN-02 Toksa variant from North Korea.[24] In February 2017, according to a Fox news report, US officials claimed Russia has also supplied 50 Tochka-U missiles to Syria.[70] Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov claimed that Russia has no such information, and the Russian Ministry of Defense denied it.[71]
 Yemen
Inherited from North Yemen.[72] Used during the 1994 civil war and the ongoing civil war.[73]

Former operators

 Czechoslovakia
Passed on to successor states.
 Czech Republic
Inherited from Czechoslovakia, retired.
 East Germany
Passed on to Germany.
 Germany
Retired; was never operational.
 North Yemen
Ordered 12 launchers and around 100 missiles. Declared operational in 1988.[74] They were used during the 1994 civil war,[75] and were passed on to unified Yemen after.[76]
 Poland
4[77] retired in 2005, because of lack of rockets and service parts.
 Slovakia
Inherited a small number from Czechoslovakia, all retired.
 Soviet Union
Passed on to successor states.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Landa, Volodymyr; Gnenny, Konstantin. "Over the weekend, Russia launched missiles worth about $200 million over Ukraine., Росія за вихідні випустила по Україні ракет вартістю близько $200 млн." (in uk). Forbes. https://forbes.ua/inside/rosiya-za-vikhidni-vipustila-po-ukraini-raket-vartistyu-blizko-200-mln-otsinka-forbes-27062022-6838?utm_source=Telegram&utm_medium=post. 
  2. ↑ Some important Soviet solid fuel missiles & 9M79M (Totchka)
  3. ↑ Dullum, Ove (30 June 2010). "The Rocket Artillery Reference Book". Norwegian Defence Research Establishment. https://ffi-publikasjoner.archive.knowledgearc.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12242/2257/09-00179.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "Technikkatalog - Taktische Rakete (TR) 9M79B,F,K". Rocket and Weapons Technical Service, Leipzig. http://www.rwd-mb3.de/pages/9m79.htm. 
  5. ↑ "Artillery units of Russia will replace Tochka-U tactical missile with Iskander-M TASS 12811162 | November 2016 Global Defense Security news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2016 | Archive News year". https://www.armyrecognition.com/november_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/artillery_units_of_russia_will_replace_tochka-u_tactical_missile_with_iskander-m_tass_12811162.html?utm_content=cmp-true. 
  6. ↑ Williams, Ian (16 August 2023) (in en). Putin's Missile War: Russia's Strike Campaign in Ukraine. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-5381-7067-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=P3fREAAAQBAJ. 
  7. ↑ Alberque, William. "What has the war revealed about Russia's non-strategic missiles?" (in en). https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/03/what-has-the-war-revealed-about-russias-non-strategic-missiles/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Lennox 2003, p. 147.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "OTR-21 Tochka". 2022-03-31. https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-21/. 
  10. ↑ Lennox 2003, pp. 147–148.
  11. ↑ Lennox 2003, p. 148.
  12. ↑ Zaloga, Steven J. Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955-2005, page 39.
  13. ↑ "It Was No Spontaneous, But Planned War". Novaya Gazeta. http://en.novayagazeta.ru/data/2008/59/01.html. 
  14. ↑ Fulghum, David A.; Douglas Barrie; Robert Wall; Andy Nativi (2008-08-15). "Georgian Military Folds Under Russian Attack". Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/aw081808p2.xml&headline=Georgian%20Military%20Folds%20Under%20Russian%20Attack. 
  15. ↑ "Ukraine denies using ballistic missiles". Deutsche Welle. 2 August 2014. http://www.dw.de/ukraine-denies-using-ballistic-missiles/a-17827342. 
  16. ↑ Tim Lister (3 September 2014). "Wrecked tanks, deserted playgrounds: Inside the kill zone of eastern Ukraine". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/03/world/europe/ukraine-kill-zone-lister/. "In a burned field south of Ilovaisk, on what was the frontline of combat a few days ago, we found a large green tube amid bushes and trees. Military experts have identified it as the rocket motor section of a Russian-made SS-21 "Scarab" ballistic missile. But both the Ukrainian and Russian militaries have the SS-21." 
  17. ↑ "( + ) -". 2014-12-15. http://www.aksalser.com/?page=view_articles&id=ef75454e424b20770be9b3f3fdae7fe1. [failed verification]
  18. ↑ "Tochka-U fired by regime in West Aleppo". http://syria.liveuamap.com/en/2016/26-april-tochkau-fired-by-regime-in-west-aleppo. 
  19. ↑ Fadel, Leith (16 June 2016). "Islamist offensive in the East Ghouta turns disastrous". Al Masdar News. https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/rebel-offensive-turns-disastrous-east-ghouta/. 
  20. ↑ "SAA has fired a Tochka Ballistic missile at open area of Turkish town of Yayladagi/Antioch. No casualties. Hatay". https://syria.liveuamap.com/en/2018/20-march-saa-has-fired-a-tochka-ballistic-missile-at-open. 
  21. ↑ "Russian-made OTR-21 Tochka missile that has fallen in Yayladağı district of Hatay Hatay". https://syria.liveuamap.com/en/2018/20-march-russianmade-otr21-tochka-missile-that-has-fallen. 
  22. ↑ "Second David's Sling-missile fell in Syria without hitting target" , The Jerusalem Post, 25 July 2018
  23. ↑ "2 Syrian missiles with half-ton warheads trigger Israel's anti-missile system". https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrian-missiles-with-half-ton-warheads-triggered-anti-missile-system-army-says/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Military Watch Magazine". https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/syrian-army-destroys-jihadist-oil-facility-in-precise-ballistic-missile-strike. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Missile strikes hit oil refineries in northern Syria, killing one" (in en). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/5/missile-strikes-hit-oil-refineries-in-north-syria-killing-one. 
  26. ↑ "Toll From Yemen Rebel Attack Rises as 10 Saudi Troops Killed". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/toll-yemen-rebel-attack-rises-10-saudi-troops-33555915. 
  27. ↑ "UAE soldier deaths in Yemen rise to 52". Al Bawaba. http://www.albawaba.com/news/uae-soldier-deaths-yemen-rise-52-742716. 
  28. ↑ "TSG IntelBrief: The Endless Fight for Yemen". The Soufan Group. 9 September 2015. https://thesoufancenter.org/tsg-intelbrief-the-endless-fight-for-yemen/. 
  29. ↑ Gould, Joe (2015-12-14). "united-arab-emirates". Defensenews.com. http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2015/12/14/united-arab-emirates/77289732/. 
  30. ↑ "Yemen conflict: Gulf commanders 'killed in missile strike'". BBC News. 2015-12-14. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35091675. 
  31. ↑ "Cease-fire in Yemen Ushers In Talks to End War". Wall Street Journal. 2015-12-14. https://www.wsj.com/articles/senior-saudi-military-commander-killed-in-yemen-1450100887. 
  32. ↑ ""توشكا" جديد يقصم ظهر "التحالف" | الأخبار". Al-akhbar.com. http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/250124. 
  33. ↑ "Dozens of Saudi-led Forces Killed in Yemen New Tochka Attack- Al Manar TV Website Archive". Almanar.com.lb. 2016-01-18. http://www.almanar.com.lb/english/adetails.php?fromval=1&cid=23&frid=23&eid=250292. 
  34. ↑ Leith Fadel. "Over 200 Saudi-led Coalition fighters killed in Tochka missile strike". Al-Masdar News. http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/26597/. 
  35. ↑ "Yemen's Tochka Attack Kills Blackwater Commander, Saudi Mercenaries- Al Manar TV Website Archive". Almanar.com.lb. 2016-01-31. http://www.almanar.com.lb/english/adetails.php?eid=252844&frid=23&cid=23&fromval=1&seccatid=31. 
  36. ↑ "Defense Digest on Twitter: "Updated #Tochka strike damage in Al Anad in #Yemen, 120 Sudanese dead out of the 145 killed & more than 250 injured"". postskriptum.org.com. 31 January 2016. https://postskriptum.org/2016/01/31/alanad/. 
  37. ↑ Yerevan debunks reports of Tochka-U missile system use in Nagorno-Karabakh Tass, 30 Sept 2020.
  38. ↑ "Ukrainian forces launch missile attack on Russia's military airfield". EuroMaidan Press. 25 February 2022. https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/02/25/ukrainian-forces-launch-missile-attack-on-russias-military-airfield/. 
  39. ↑ Jennings, Gareth (25 February 2022). "Ukraine reportedly strikes Russian airbase" (in en). https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-reportedly-strikes-russian-airbase. 
  40. ↑ "Russia commits indiscriminate attacks during the invasion of Ukraine" (in en). Amnesty International. 2022-02-25. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/russian-military-commits-indiscriminate-attacks-during-the-invasion-of-ukraine/. 
  41. ↑ Tondo, Lorenzo (2022-03-14). "Russia accuses Kyiv of deadly missile attack on Donetsk". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/14/russia-accuses-kyiv-of-deadly-missile-attack-on-donetsk. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Tochka: The Missile Ukraine Could Use To Attack Russia?". 19fortyfive. 2022-03-30. https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/03/tochka-the-missile-ukraine-could-use-to-attack-russia/. 
  43. ↑ "Russian Landing Ship Destroyed In Massive Explosion In Captured Ukrainian Port City". The Drive. 24 March 2022. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44904/russian-landing-ship-destroyed-in-massive-explosion-in-captured-ukrainian-port-city. 
  44. ↑ "Russia dredges up landing ship hit by Ukraine missile fire" (in en). BBC. 3 July 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62022476. 
  45. ↑ Digital Forensic Research Lab, Russian War Report: Russia makes false claims while blaming Ukraine for Kramatorsk railway station attack. Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research Lab, April 8, 2022 .
  46. ↑ Harding, Luke; Walker, Shaun (8 April 2022). "Russia accused of 'monstrous' war crime in Kramatorsk station attack" (in en). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/08/kramatorsk-train-station-ukraine-russia-rockets. 
  47. ↑ "Ukraine seeks tough reply after missile kills 52 at station" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-seeks-tough-reply-missile-kills-52-station-83977967. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  48. ↑ "Kramatorsk station attack: What we know so far" (in en). BBC. 9 April 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61036740. 
  49. ↑ @Osinttechnical (22 June 2022). "Footage on the ground from Krasnyi Luch near the Russian ammunition depot that was hit by a Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka-…". https://twitter.com/Osinttechnical/status/1539427449397813250. 
  50. ↑ "Ukraine claims to have killed more than 100 Russians in missile strike". 12 January 2023. https://www.news.com.au/world/europe/ukraine-claims-to-have-killed-more-than-100-russians-in-missile-strike/news-story/249629d542860d8cf3d8ea24b1f9204e. 
  51. ↑ Елина Рощина, В Беларуси заметили активное движение военной техники и наемников из РФ. (tr. "Elina Roshchina, Active movement of military equipment and mercenaries from the Russian Federation was noticed in Belarus")8 март 2022, Украинская правда.
  52. ↑ The Military Balance 2021, P.179
  53. ↑ The Military Balance 2021, P.181
  54. ↑ The Military Balance 2021, P.184
  55. ↑ Muzyka, Konrad (August 2021). The Belarusian Armed Forces: Structures, Capabilities, and Defence Relations with Russia. International Centre for Defence and Security. p. 8. ISSN 2228-2076. https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Belarusian-Armed-Forces.pdf. Retrieved 2022-05-30. 
  56. ↑ Milev, Momchil (2014-04-11). "Da izkovem ot plugovete mechove". Economedia. p. 2. http://www.capital.bg/politika_i_ikonomika/bulgaria/2014/04/11/2280244_da_izkovem_ot_plugovete_mechove/. 
  57. ↑ The Military Balance 2021, P.187
  58. ↑ Haryanto, Dedi. "Military Balance 2010". pp. 223. https://www.academia.edu/7427329. "200 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka)" 
  59. ↑ "24.02.12 СМИ: Минобороны отказалось ремонтировать тактические ракеты "Точка-У"" (in Ru). 2012-02-24. http://www.militaryparitet.com/ttp/data/ic_ttp/173/. 
  60. ↑ The Military Balance 2019, P.197
  61. ↑ "24.02.12 СМИ: Минобороны отказалось ремонтировать тактические ракеты "Точка-У"". militaryparitet.com. 24 February 2012. http://www.militaryparitet.com/ttp/data/ic_ttp/173/. 
  62. ↑ The Military Balance 2010. P. 223.
  63. ↑ "Великий воин и защитник "Искандер"". vpk.name. 12 February 2014. http://vpk.name/news/105125_velikii_voin_i_zashitnik_iskander.html. 
  64. ↑ Денис Тельманов (23 February 2012). "Сухопутные войска теряют тактические ракеты". Известия. http://izvestia.ru/news/516291. 
  65. ↑ "Сухопутные войска завершили перевооружение на оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс "Искандер"". Russian Defence Ministry. 22 November 2019. https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12263177@egNews. Retrieved 9 April 2022. 
  66. ↑ ""Принудительная дипломатия»: почему НАТО опасается «Искандеров"". 13 April 2020. https://www.gazeta.ru/army/2020/04/13/13047013.shtml?updated. Retrieved 9 April 2022. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Fragments of Tochka-U missile used by Ukrainian army found on Kramatorsk strike site". 2022-04-08. https://tass.com/world/1434717. 
  68. ↑ "Russia's Kramatorsk 'Facts' Versus the Evidence". Bellingcat. 14 April 2022. https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2022/04/14/russias-kramatorsk-facts-versus-the-evidence/. 
  69. ↑ "OTR-21 Tochka (SS-21)" (in en-US). 2022-03-31. https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-21/. 
  70. ↑ Litovkin, Nikolai; RBTH (2017-02-10). "Are Russia's SS-21 missiles in use in Syria against Islamic extremists?" (in en-US). https://www.rbth.com/defence/2017/02/09/are-russias-ss-21-missiles-in-use-in-syria-against-islamic-extremists_699118. 
  71. ↑ "Russian Defense Ministry rejects reports of alleged use of Tochka-U missiles in Syria". 2017-02-09. https://tass.com/defense/929981. 
  72. ↑ Cooper, Tom (2018). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-911628-18-7. 
  73. ↑ Cooper, Tom (2018). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-911628-18-7. 
  74. ↑ Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2. 
  75. ↑ Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2. 
  76. ↑ Cooper, Tom (2018). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-911628-18-7. 
  77. ↑ MILITARIUM – Wojsko Polskie – Uzbrojenie
  • Lennox, Duncan, ed (2003). Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems (38 ed.). Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-71060880-2. 

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