Engineering:Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops

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Short description: Military equipment

Template:Infobox military gear Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT, pronounced /ˈpæzɡət/ PAZ-gət) is a combat helmet and ballistic vest that was used by the United States military from the early 1980s until the mid-2000s, when the helmet and vest were succeeded by the Lightweight Helmet (LWH), Modular Integrated Communications Helmet (MICH), and Interceptor Body Armor (IBA) respectively.

Designed in the mid-1970s as a replacement for the M1 helmet and previous fragmentation vests, prototypes of the PASGT were tested in the late 1970s before being fielded in the early 1980s. In the early 2000s, the PASGT vest began being replaced by the IBA and the PASGT helmet was replaced soon thereafter with the LWH and MICH. As of 2018, the only remaining U.S. military users of PASGT in any capacity are the U.S. Army Reserve and the U.S. Navy, the latter of which retains the PASGT helmet for use by sailors aboard its warships, in addition to a PASGT-derived vest known as the "U.S. Navy Flak Jacket".

Name

PASGT is an acronym, standing for Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops. When used by itself, PASGT refers to both the vest and helmet together.[1]

In the U.S. military, the PASGT helmet was most commonly known by its wearers as simply the "Kevlar". The nickname has since been adopted for usage with other helmets. The PASGT helmet was also referred to by its wearers in the U.S. military as the "K-pot", similar in name to the colloquial nickname "steel pot" for the steel M1 helmet, which was in widespread U.S. military usage from the 1940s to the 1980s, including the Vietnam War. The PASGT helmet was also, but less commonly, known by its wearers as the "Fritz" helmet for its resemblance to the Stahlhelm, which was the standard helmet used by the German military forces in the First and Second World Wars.

On the other hand, the PASGT vest was colloquially known as the "flak jacket" or "flak vest" by its wearers in the U.S. military, a continuation of the nickname from earlier nylon and fiberglass-based protective vests.

Helmet

An early prototype variant of the PASGT helmet and vest in the ERDL pattern

The PASGT helmet is a combat helmet first employed by the U.S. military in 1983 and eventually adopted by many other military and law enforcement agencies internationally. The shell is made from 19 layers of Kevlar, a ballistic aramid fabric treated with a phenolic resin system, and is rated at Threat Level IIIA. The helmet offers protection against shrapnel and ballistic threats. It meets the 1800 requirement of MIL-STD-662 E. It weighs from 3.1 lb (1,410 g) (size extra small) to 4.2 lb (1,910 g) (extra large).

Overview

The PASGT helmet is typically painted olive drab, though other colors such as tan, grey, and black could also be used. Camouflage was available in the form of cloth helmet covers with varying camouflage patterns, such as woodland, six-color desert, and three-color desert. Some PASGT helmets were retrofitted with newer camouflage colors, such as the Universal Camouflage Pattern and MultiCam.

Outside military use, the PASGT helmet has been used by SWAT teams, where it is often painted black. It has also been used by United Nations peacekeepers, where it is often painted United Nations blue.

When worn with a helmet cover, the PASGT helmet is often fitted with a band around it that has two light recharging glow patches (sometimes known as "cat eyes") on the rear, intended to reduce friendly fire incidents. These bands are also used to hold vegetation or small personal items, as with the M1 helmet before it. These bands can have names and blood types printed on them to identify the wearer and their blood type in the event of a casualty. In the U.S. Army, PASGT helmets often featured a patch with the wearer's rank insignia on it stitched onto the front, and/or a second patch showing the symbol of the wearer's unit on the sides. The U.S. Marines wore the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor insignia on the front of the helmet as an iron-on transfer, similar to the one worn by Marines on the breast pocket of the BDU. This practice continued with the adoption of the LWH, but fell out of use and was discontinued because the mounting base for night vision devices covered the emblem, and required a hole in the fabric to attach, defacing the symbol.

Development

The PASGT helmet was developed by the U.S. Army Soldier Systems Center[2] after the Vietnam War during the mid-to-late 1970s.[2] It completely replaced the steel M1 helmet in U.S. military service by the end of the 1980s. It first saw use in combat in 1983 during Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada, became standard issue for the U.S. military in 1985, and completely replaced the M1 helmet for frontline troops by the end of the decade. Army units stationed in Alaska were the last to receive the helmets, some not getting the PASGT until 1988.[citation needed]

Accessories

Various add-on accessories were developed for the PASGT helmet, including an improved chinstrap to keep the helmet stable when worn by paratroopers conducting airborne operations, as well as a helmet mount assembly to attach night vision goggles, and a riot protection helmet visor mount.

Replacement

U.S. Navy sailors in January 2017 wearing PASGT helmets

The PASGT helmet was replaced in U.S. military service by the Lightweight Helmet for the U.S. Marine Corps and the Modular Integrated Communications Helmet by the U.S. Army, which was in turn replaced by the Advanced Combat Helmet.

Both were eventually replaced by the Enhanced Combat Helmet (ECH) around 2012 and 2014.

The PASGT system is still used by some U.S. allies and still sees some continued limited use in the U.S. military as of 2017, serving as one of the options available for sailors assigned to duty aboard U.S. Navy vessels.

Vest

A U.S. Navy sailor in 2016 wearing a PASGT vest. Although it has been discontinued in the rest of the U.S. military, the U.S. Navy was still using the PASGT vest aboard its warships as late as June 2016.
A U.S. Navy sailor in April 2017 wearing the PASGT-derived "U.S. Navy Flak Jacket". Although it is derived from the PASGT and is similar in appearance, the "U.S. Navy Flak Jacket" is actually a different model of vest altogether.

The PASGT vest was the U.S. military's standard upper torso body armor from the mid-1980s up until the early 2000s, when it was replaced by the Outer Tactical Vest of the Interceptor body armor system. The PASGT vest replaced the M-69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor nylon vest used by the Army, and the M-1955 Fragmentation Protective Body Army nylon and doron plate vest used by the Marine Corps.

The PASGT vest used Kevlar for the first time in the U.S. military's body armor, unlike the ballistic nylon that was used in the models of body armor that preceded it. While generally incapable of stopping rifle bullets, the PASGT vest provided better protection against shrapnel and reduced the severity of injuries from small arms fire when compared to the M-69. Despite its ability to stop pistol rounds, including 9×19mm Parabellum FMJ,[3] the vest was only ever designed or intended to stop small fragments without injury to the user. The PASGT vest weighs approximately 9 lb (4.1 kg), a small increase over the previous model. Based on testing conducted for the Brass Fetcher Ballistic Testing Company, former ARDEC research engineer John Ervin stated that the PASGT vest is equivalent to NIJ level II or IIA protection: able to stop multiple 124-grain 9x19mm FMJ pistol rounds to its main torso panels (front and back), but susceptible to several closely spaced rounds or shots to the thin neck and shoulder panels.[4][3] Another independent test, featured in the magazine GunNews, claimed that the PASGT vest could stop .357 Magnum Federal 125 grain JHP, .357 Magnum S&W 158 grain JSP, 9mm Federal 115 grain FMJ, and 9mm +P+ Corbon 115 grain FMJ at a range of 10 yd (9.1 m), though was penetrated by a second closely spaced shot of 9mm Federal FMJ after the first.[5]

Appearance

The PASGT vest is typically covered with woodland pattern nylon fabric, either the ERDL pattern or U.S. Woodland. A very limited number of vests were made in olive drab, but only woodland versions were issued to U.S. forces.[6] Like the PASGT helmet, camouflage covers were available to be worn atop the vest in various patterns. Early camouflage covers were in DBDU but later came in the DCU pattern.[7]

Development

The PASGT vest was designed in 1975[8][9][7] and was tested by in the late 1970s before being fielded in the early 1980s.[2]

U.S. Navy Flak Jacket

In January 2000, the U.S. Navy began using a derivative variant of the PASGT vest known as the "U.S. Navy Flak Jacket Mk 1, Mod 0".[10] This vest was still being used by the U.S. Navy as late as April 2017.[10][11] The USN Flak Jacket is sage green or brown in color. Although this vest is quite similar in appearance to the PASGT vest, it actually is a different model of vest altogether.[12]

Accessories and usage

In order to provide protection against high velocity bullets, the PASGT vest was, in 1996, combined with the Interim Small Arms Protective Overvest (ISAPO) pending the adoption of Interceptor body armor.[13] The ISAPO weighed about 16.5 lb (7.5 kg) and consisted of a carrier to hold two protective ceramic plate inserts. A PASGT armor system with overvest weighed more than 25.1 lb (11.4 kg)[14] and was criticized by many U.S. troops as unacceptably cumbersome in combat. The ballistic fill consists of 13 plies of 14 oz (400 g). water repellent treated Aramid (Kevlar 29) fabric. The inner and outer cover, shoulder pads and front closure flap of the vest are water repellent treated 8 oz. ballistic nylon cloth.

While it had been phased out as frontline body armor by the start of the Iraq War in 2003, the PASGT vest saw some limited wear and usage by U.S. military personnel during the early stages of the war, where it was worn behind the frontlines by rear-echelon support personnel and navy sailors such as Seabees. Some U.S. Army soldiers used old PASGT vests as makeshift armor for their vehicles in the absence of actual up-armor kits.

Replacement

The PASGT vest was succeeded in U.S. military service by the Outer Tactical Vest of the Interceptor Body Armor system, which was, in turn, partly replaced by the Modular Tactical Vest, Improved Outer Tactical Vest, and Scalable Plate Carrier. However, the PASGT vest still sees some limited use in the U.S. military as of 2016, where it serves as one of many vests for sailors assigned to duty on board U.S. Navy vessels.

Users

A member of the U.S. Army 1st Battalion, 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment, explaining the M252 mortar to Saudi Arabian national guardsmen; the American soldiers are wearing PASGT helmets.

Current

  •  Afghanistan: Uses ArmorSource-made PASGT helmets provided through FMS sales.[15]
  •  Argentina: Used by the Argentine Army.[16]
  •  Brazil: Uses both U.S. and Brazilian-made PASGT helmets.[17]
  •  Bolivia: Adopted by the Bolivian Armed Forces in the 1990s.[18]
  •  Bosnia and Herzegovina: Both the vest and helmet are used by the Bosnian armed forces.
  •  Costa Rica: Used since 1990s by various Costa Rican public security units.[19]
  •  Dominican Republic: Used by the Dominican military, replacing all M1 helmets.[20]
  •  Ecuador: Ecuadorian-made PASGT helmets in use by the military.[21]
  •  El Salvador: Used in El Salvadorian military to replace M1 helmets.[22]
  •  Estonia: PASGT vests used by reservists.[23]
  •  Greece: Used by Hellenic Army.[24]
  •  Haiti: Used by Haitian National Police.[25]
  •  Indonesia: Locally made PASGT helmets, Standard issue for Indonesian Armed Forces and the Indonesian Police.[26]
  •  Iraq: Used by Iraqi commandos operating under Counter-Terrorism Service mandate.[27]
  •  Israel: Used by the Israeli military, most supplied by the U.S. with some made by Orlite.[28][29]
  •  Kazakhstan: PASGT helmet and vest used by Kazakh Ground Forces.
  •  Lebanon: Standard issue helmet of the Lebanese Armed Forces
  •  Mexico: Mexican military uses both American and Mexican-made PASGT helmets.[30]
  •  Moldova:[31] PASGT helmets and vests have been used since 2000s.
  •  Nicaragua: PASGT helmets have been used since the 1990s by the Nicaraguan military.[32]
  •  Philippines: Standard issue for Philippine Army and Philippine Marine Corps.[33]
  •  Portugal: Used by Portuguese Army.[34]
  •  Saudi Arabia: Used by Saudi Arabian Army and Saudi Arabian National Guard.[35]
  •  Slovenia: Used by the Slovenian Special Police Unit (Specialna Enota Policije).[36]
  •  Taiwan: Taiwanese-made PASGT helmets made for the Taiwanese military.[37]
  •  Thailand: PASGT Used by Royal Thai Army and Royal Thai Marine Corps Since 1984 [38]
  •  Turkey: PASGT vests were used by Amphibious Marine Brigade.[39]
  •  United States
  •  Ukraine: Used by Aidar/Donbas Battalions.[45]
  •  Uruguay: Mostly used by Uruguayan UN peacekeepers.[46] Some are used by the National Police of Uruguay.[47]
  •  Venezuela: Uses PASGT helmets made in China for the Venezuelan military.[48]
  •  Vietnam: Uses Vietnamese-made PASGT helmets, as well as imported Israeli ones.[49]

Former

  •  Australia: Australian-made M91 variant produced by RBR Armor Systems and American-made helmets used by the Australian Defence Force from the 1990s until 2005. Replaced by the Enhanced Combat Helmet.[50][51]
  •  Canada: PASGT helmets were first seen trialed by troops during Exercise Reforger 83[52] but only saw limited adoption by the Canadian Army in the early 1990s to replace the M1 helmet during United Nations peacekeeping activities in the Balkans, Somalia and Rwanda.[53][54] The PASGT helmets were phased out by the mid 2000s[55] with the adoption of the CG634 in 1997[53] and full production and acquisition of the helmet for active service. Canadian Forces also used body armour based on the PASGT[56] to replace the older M69 fragmentation vests as early as 1990, seen during the Oka Crisis and would be used till the mid 2000s when it was fully replaced by the CTS Body Armour System from Pacific Safety Products.[57]
  •  Georgia: PASGT helmets replaced by Delta manufactured combat helmets.[58]
  •  Singapore: PASGT helmets formerly used by the Singapore Armed Forces made by International Scientific Pte Ltd.[59] with some refurbished by All Defense Technology Pte Ltd.[59]
  •  United States[2][60]

PASGT helmet variants and derivatives

Name Origin Notes
M91 helmet  Australia Australian PASGT derived helmet made by RBR Armour Systems Pty Ltd. In service with all branches of the Australian Defence Force from the 1990s to 2005. Identical to the American PASGT helmet with the exception of having a 4-point chin strap.
CABAL II  Argentina Argentine PASGT derived helmet.
Capacete Combate Ballistico  Brazil Brazilian PASGT derived helmet.
GOLFO  Chile Chilean PASGT-derived helmet. The helmet is locally made by Baselli Hermanos S.A of kevlar and was introduced in 2000. It is capable of stopping a 9×19mm round at 310 m (1,020 ft).
Gefechtshelm Schuberth B826 helmet  Germany German military helmet, used primarily by the German Bundeswehr, Swiss Armed Forces, Dutch Army, and the Estonian Defence Forces.
SPECTRA helmet  France French military helmet, used primarily by the Danish Army, French Army and the Canadian military.
Type 88 helmet [ja]  Japan Japanese military helmet, used by the Japanese Self-Defense Forces and the Japanese Coast Guard.
JK 96a light Light Steel Helmet  China Chinese military light steel helmet. PASGT-derivative replica helmet, made of light steel and not Kevlar. Used primarily by the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.
JK 96b Light Steel Helmet  China Chinese military light steel helmet. PASGT-derivative replica helmet, made of light steel and not Kevlar. Used primarily by the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.
NDH 2001 helmet  China Chinese helmet, produced by the China North Industries Corporation. Norinco produces two types of these PASGT-derivative replica helmets, designed towards civilian police usage.
NDH 2006 helmet  China Chinese helmet, produced by the China North Industries Corporation. Norinco produces two types of these PASGT-derivative replica helmets, designed towards civilian police usage.
OE Tech Tactical helmet  China Replica helmet only.
ST-4 helmet  Romania Romanian PASGT derived helmet.[62]
M97 Helmet  Serbia Serbian PASGT derived helmet.
C-1 Kevlar helmet  Singapore Used primarily by the Singaporean Armed Forces.
M87 Kevlar helmet  South Africa South African helmet issued to the SADF. Made by South African Pith Helmet Industries.
Kevlar VestGuard helmet  United Kingdom The British VestGuard helmet comes in two different variants, the M88 version, and the Kevlar version. Also made by LBA International Ltd.
M88 VestGuard helmet  United Kingdom The British VestGuard helmet comes in two different variants, the M88 version, and the Kevlar version. Also made by LBA International Ltd.
Advanced Combat Helmet  United States Used primarily by the United States Army and United States Air Force , although it sees widespread usage throughout the U.S. military and is widely used among civilian law enforcement throughout the United States. The ACH helmet is based upon the design of the Modular Integrated Communications Helmet, offering increased ballistic protection over the MICH helmet on which it is based. The ACH helmet has replaced the PASGT helmet in United States Army usage, and is the successor to the MICH helmet.
Lightweight Helmet  United States Used primarily by the United States Marine Corps and the United States Navy. Abbreviated to LWH, the Lightweight Helmet is heavily based upon the PASGT helmet design, being nearly identical in appearance, however it offers increased ballistic protection and wearer comfort over the preceding PASGT helmet. The Lightweight Helmet has replaced the PASGT helmet in United States Marine Corps and United States Navy service.
Modular Integrated Communications Helmet  United States Used primarily by the United States Army and United States Air Force , although it sees widespread usage throughout the U.S. military and is widely used among civilian law enforcement throughout the United States. The Modular Integrated Communications Helmet is the predecessor to the Advanced Combat Helmet, which is an improved design, based upon the design of the MICH helmet.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pike, John. "Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT) Vest". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/pasgtv.htm. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Kevlar PASGT Helmet". http://olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_kevlar_helmet.php. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Brass Fetcher (10 December 2011). "PASGT Vest Ballistic Resistance and NIJ Threat Level". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qq6LOvTaMyU. 
  4. ↑ Ervin, John. Brass Fetcher Ballistic Testing: Profile. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  5. ↑ Boch, John. "PASGT Torture Test." GunNews Magazine. Mayview, Illinois. September 2003 Issue.
  6. ↑ "Green PASGT flak jacket - NOT camouflaged ? - BODY ARMOR". U.S. Militaria Forum. 4 September 2011. http://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/topic/120618-green-pasgt-flak-jacket-not-camouflaged/#entry914051. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Kevlar helmet + body armor, front viewa". 1975. https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:ks65hh889. 
  8. ↑ "CEMEL, body armor, vest & helmet, infantry, new - field test - sitting w/bazooka". 1975. https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:n8710h58k. 
  9. ↑ "Cemel, kevlar helmet with camouflage cover". https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:ks65hh76h. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Album Archive - US Navy Flak Vest". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230607180035/https://get.google.com/albumarchive/115676485434952435604/album/AF1QipP7r8aLDO7-wprR1HqZIsZ7pHLTDaAXe6u30gij?source=pwa. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Morris, Tyrell K. (April 12, 2017). "170412-N-NB178-035". United States Navy. United States Department of the Navy. http://www.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/170412-N-NB178-035.JPG. "Bristol Rollins, right, and Cryptologic Technician (Collection) Seaman Jonathan Christian man a .50-caliber machine gun aboard the guided-missile destroyer USS Truxtun (DDG 103)." 
  12. ↑ "Green PASGT flak jacket - NOT camouflaged ? - BODY ARMOR". U.S. Militaria Forum. 4 September 2011. http://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/topic/120618-green-pasgt-flak-jacket-not-camouflaged/#entry901628. 
  13. ↑ "Interim Small Arms Protective Overvest". 21 December 2001. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/isapo.htm. 
  14. ↑ "Biting the Bullet". http://ciehub.info/References/www.natick.army.mil/about/pao/pubs/warrior/99/septoct/bitingthebullet.htm. 
  15. ↑ Private Military Contractor International May 2016, pages 30-31
  16. ↑ "Argentine Soldier with PASGT at a firing range". 14 March 2018. https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4202/33919717604_a2970203c8_o.jpg. 
  17. ↑ "Brazil". http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/brazil/. 
  18. ↑ "Bolivia". http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/bolivia/. 
  19. ↑ "Costa Rica". http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/costa-rica/. 
  20. ↑ "Dominican Republic". http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/dominican-republic/. 
  21. ↑ "Ecuador". http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/ecuador/. 
  22. ↑ "El Salvador". http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/el-salvador/. 
  23. ↑ "Photos - Estonian Armed Forces Photos". 1 July 2017. https://militaryimages.net/threads/estonian-armed-forces-photos.6821/page-11#post-295240. 
  24. ↑ "Two Greek soldiers wearing PASGT equipment". 14 March 2018. https://farm1.staticflickr.com/540/31876908915_f68891356e_o.jpg. 
  25. ↑ "Haiti". Maharg Press. http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/haiti/. 
  26. ↑ Budiman, Andy; Benzow, Gregg (June 21, 2012). "Indonesia's battle for hearts and minds". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20221209213447/https://www.dw.com/en/indonesia-struggles-to-win-jihadist-hearts-and-minds/a-16039381. 
  27. ↑ "Justification for FY 2018: Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO); COUNTER-ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS); TRAIN AND EQUIP FUND (CTEF)". United States Department of Defense. 30 May 2017. http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2018/fy2018_CTEF_J-Book_Final_Embargoed.pdf. 
  28. ↑ "Composite Helmet, Ballistic helmets, Military helmets ISRAEL, ISRAELI helmet, Kevlar helmet". http://www.gostak.co.uk/composites/israel/. 
  29. ↑ "isayeret.com - The Israeli Special Forces Database". 13 September 2016. http://isayeret.com/content/gear/tactical/helmets/overview.shtml. 
  30. ↑ "Mexico". http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/mexico/. 
  31. ↑ "Moldovan soldiers conduct Administrative Boundary Line training during KFOR28" (in en). Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230416154505/https://www.dvidshub.net/image/6409289/moldovan-soldiers-conduct-administrative-boundary-line-training-during-kfor28. 
  32. ↑ "Nicaragua". http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/nicaragua/. 
  33. ↑ "Phil. Marines PASGT helmet". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405020034/http://www.oocities.org/pmcmssr/pmhelmet1.html. 
  34. ↑ "Three Portuguese soldiers wearing PASGT equipment dismount from a helicopter during a training exercise". 14 March 2018. https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4338/35874707493_9912fb05da_o.jpg. 
  35. ↑ Zavis, Alexandra (April 20, 2015). "Saudi Arabia signals a more muscular foreign policy less reliant on U.S.". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230209004910/https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-saudi-foreign-policy-20150420-story.html. 
  36. ↑ "Specijalne-jedinice.com - Special Police Unit of the Republic of Slovenia". https://specijalne-jedinice.com/Inostranstvo/Region/Specijalna-jedinica-policije-Republike-Slovenije-English.html#sthash.LGnIJ99k.dpbs. 
  37. ↑ "Casco Taiwan". http://www.cascoscoleccion.com/china/taipasgt.html. 
  38. ↑ "Royal Thai Army makes Stryker history at Cobra Gold". March 5, 2022. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20220327141939/https://www.army.mil/article/254479/royal_thai_army_makes_stryker_history_at_cobra_gold. 
  39. ↑ "Deniz piyadeleri elleri tetikte yeni yıla girdi Hakkari'de konuşlu Amfibi Deniz Piyade Tugay Komutanlığı Teröristle Mücadele Harekatı Görev Birlik Komutanlığından teröristle mücadelede kararlılık vurgusu Elleri tetikte vatan nöbeti tutan Mehmetçiğin morali yerinde". January 1, 2020. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://archive.today/20230607172955/https://www.haberturk.com/van-haberleri/74485984-deniz-piyadeleri-elleri-tetikte-yeni-yila-girdihakkaride-konuslu-amfibi-deniz-piyade-tugay. 
  40. ↑ "A Reservist wearing a US Woodland-pattern vest with a UCP uniform dismounts as part of a training exercise.". 14 December 2018. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Sep/14/2001966367/-1/-1/0/180813-A-VX503-348.JPG. 
  41. ↑ "A Reservist helps another Reservist dismount during a training exercise.". 14 December 2018. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Sep/14/2001966346/-1/-1/0/180813-A-VX503-056.JPG. 
  42. ↑ "A Reservist dismounts during a training exercise before acquiring a green training rifle.". 14 December 2018. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Sep/14/2001966347/-1/-1/0/180813-A-VX503-074.JPG. 
  43. ↑ "USS STOUT (DDG 55) TRAINING". https://www.dvidshub.net/image/2706458/uss-stout-ddg-55-training. 
  44. ↑ "170113-N-KP948-423". https://www.dvidshub.net/image/3102781/170113-n-kp948-423. 
  45. ↑ "70 helmets got into the hands of Donbas and Aidar battalions". 17 September 2014. http://en.odfoundation.eu/a/4896,70-helmets-got-into-the-hands-of-donbas-and-aidar-battalions1. 
  46. ↑ "Uruguay". Maharg Press. http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/uruguay/. 
  47. ↑ "Composite Helmet, Ballistic helmets, Military helmets URUGUAY URUGAUYAN helmet, Kevlar helmet". http://www.gostak.co.uk/composites/uruguay/. 
  48. ↑ "Venezuela". http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/venezuela/. 
  49. ↑ "Mũ chống đạn của Quân đội Việt Nam chịu được đạn 9mm". http://netnews.vn/Mu-chong-dan-cua-Quan-doi-Viet-Nam-chiu-duoc-dan-9mm-quan-su-150-0-1162817.html. 
  50. ↑ "PASGT Kevlar helmet : Sub Lieutenant J Flood, RAN Clearance Diving Team 3". https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1018183. 
  51. ↑ "Composite Helmet, Ballistic helmets, Military helmets AUSTRALIA, Australian helmet, Kevlar helmet". http://www.gostak.co.uk/composites/australia/. 
  52. ↑ "Canadian Forces PASGT Helmets during Reforger 83". https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/nato-military-exercise-1983.html. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "CANADIAN FORCES HELMETS". http://www.mpmuseum.org/securhelmet.html. 
  54. ↑ Off, Carol (2005-10-18). The Ghosts of Medak Pocket. Vintage Canada. ISBN 0861520416. https://books.google.com/books?id=NYGxSqwgUccC. 
  55. ↑ Kasurak, Peter (2020-02-01). Canada's Mechanized Infantry: The Evolution of a Combat Arm, 1920-2012. UBC Press. pp. 172–206. ISBN 978-0774862721. https://books.google.com/books?id=jDLNDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 29 March 2022. 
  56. ↑ "Canadian Forces Body Armour". http://mpmuseum.org/securarmor.html. 
  57. ↑ "Canadian Forces Body Armour Purchase". http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/Chief_Land_Staff/Clothe_the_soldier/hab/2/221_e.asp. 
  58. ↑ "Republic of Georgia Introduces Body Armor Manufacturing Capability - The Firearm Blog". 2 August 2017. http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/08/02/republic-georgia-introduces-body-armor-manufacturing-capability/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Composite Helmet, Ballistic helmets, Military helmets SINGAPORE, SINGAPOREAN helmet, Kevlar helmet". http://www.gostak.co.uk/composites/singapore/. 
  60. ↑ Pike, John. "Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops Helmet". https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/pasgt.htm. 
  61. ↑ "main". https://www.specwargear.com/retro/helmet-1.html. 
  62. ↑ "The bulletproof helmet NATO PASGT type ST-4". Stimpex. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20221005011922/https://stimpex.ro/products/defense-products/ballistic-protection-equipment/helmets-accessories/bulletproof-helmet-nato-pasgt-st-4/. 

Further reading

External links



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