Engineering:Philips PM5544

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Short description: TV test pattern, used to be widely used in European (PAL) countries
Recreation of Philips PM5544 television test pattern

The Philips PM5544 is a television pattern generator,[1] most commonly used to provide a television station with a complex test card commonly referred to as a Philips Pattern or PTV Circle pattern. The content and layout of the pattern was designed by Danish engineer Finn Hendil (da; 1939–2011) in the Philips TV & Test Equipment laboratory in Brøndby Municipality near Copenhagen under supervision of chief engineer Erik Helmer Nielsen in 1966–67. The equipment, the PM5544 Test Pattern Generator,[2] which generates the pattern, was made by engineer Finn Hendil and his group in 1968–69.[3] The same team would also develop the Spanish TVE colour test card in 1973.[4][5]

Since the widespread introduction of the PM5544 from the early-1970s, the Philips Pattern has become one of the most commonly used test cards, with only the SMPTE and EBU colour bars as well as the BBC's Test Card F coming close to its usage.

The Philips PM5544 pattern was later incorporated into other test pattern generators from Philips itself, as well as test pattern generators from various other manufacturers. Various configurations and modifications exist.[6] Other related test card generators and patterns by Philips are the PM5400 family (with support for widescreen and PALplus),[7][8] PM5515/16/18,[9] PM5519,[10] PM5520 (monochrome),[11][12][13] PM5522 (PAL),[11] PM5534,[14][15] PM5538[16] (see section below), PM5540 (monochrome), PM5543, PM5547,[17] PM5552, PM5631, PM5643, PM5644, PM5572/73/74[18][1] and PT5300 (Digital).

Operation

Components of the PM5544 pattern
Philips PM5544 generator (bottom left) used to display test pattern on a CRT television set, connected to a PM6645 frequency counter[19] (topmost left) and PM3400 sampling oscilloscope (bottom right)
A complete PM5544 setup showing all four pieces of equipment required for normal operation at the time of its introduction: Philips PM5544, PM5530, PM5555 and PM5554
The later PM5644 through its many variations is able to generate all types of Philips circle patterns both 4:3 and 16:9

Rather than previous test card approaches that worked by a live camera or monoscope filming a printed card, the Philips PM5544 generates the test patterns fully using electronic circuits, with separate paths for Y, R-Y and B-Y colour components[2] ([math]\displaystyle{ Y'U V }[/math]), allowing engineers to reliably test and adjust transmitters and receivers for signal disturbances and colour separation, for instance for PAL broadcasts.

In simple terms, the displayed pattern provides reference levels of black, white and colour saturation, to which a receiver can be set. Displayed image geometry (image centering, correct proportions of the circle, etc.) can also be corrected. More technical adjustments are also possible.

Main technical features of the test card:[1]

  • Circle with b/w and colour information
    • Square wave - Repeating black and white (75% amplitude) blocks (same amplitude as the color bar);
    • Colour bar - Yellow, cyan, green, magenta, red and blue with 100% saturation and 75% amplitude (EBU colour bars);
    • Crossed lines - at the center of the circle, they allow to check for proper interlace;
    • Definition lines - sine wave gratings with TV line frequencies corresponding to 0.8, 1.8, 2.8, 3.8 and 4.8 MHz;
    • Stair case - grayscale with 6 levels (can display up to 10);
    • White black step with needle pulse;
    • Colour step - Red on yellow background colours, 75% amplitude;
  • To the left of the Circle:
    • Vertical bar - line alternating positive and negative R-Y signal;
    • Vertical bars - positive and negative R-Y signal;
    • Two rectangles - G-Y signal;
  • To the right of the Circle:
    • Vertical bar - line alternating positive and negative B-Y signal;
    • Vertical bars - positive and negative B-Y signal;
    • Two rectangles - G-Y signal;
  • Background:
    • Grid - made from 14 horizontal x 19 vertical lines;
    • Background Level - adjustable between 0 to 80% amplitude;
    • B/W border castellations;

Variations

While the basic specifications of PM5544 normally remain consistent, there are often small variations to the Philips Pattern depending on the brand and type of generator used to produce it, as well as how the broadcaster has chosen to configure it. Some television stations have included a digital clock and/or date, as well as the station logo or ID, inside the "circle" of the PM5544 test card. This practice was common in Asia and some parts of Europe, as well as in South Africa.

SECAM

The Philips PM5544 pattern is geared towards the PAL colour-coding system, but SECAM versions exist (for example, it was used by TVP in Poland and TDF in France , without side bars, as well as ERT in Greece and VTV in Vietnam, with side bars). The most obvious difference is the absence of PAL specific test features (to two normally invisible outmost vertical bars). Less noticeable is the change to the multiburst gratings, due to the differing TV system.

NTSC

Likewise, there are 512-lines NTSC versions of the pattern. One of the NTSC variants, used in Philippines , Taiwan, Haiti and Japan (by NHK, with the multiburst gratings slightly modified for NTSC-J), has the checkerboard pattern near the top of the circle at 300 kHz and the multiburst gratings at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 MHz. (WNYW's configuration simply removed the side colour bars.) A second variation, used by CBC Montreal in Quebec, Canada , had different gratings and added extra colour bars.

PM5534

In the late-1970s Philips introduced the PM5534 which replaced the original PM5544. It was fundamentally a very similar design[20] using a mixture of analogue and digital circuitry to generate the pattern however it no longer required an external sync generator and colour encoder (typically a PM5532 or PM5530 and PM5545 or PM5554/PM5555).[21] reducing the rack footprint from 6RU/12RU to 3RU.

PM5644

Some time during the late-1980s Philips introduced a new design of colour pattern generator bearing the model number PM5644. The PM5644 improves further upon the PM5534 reducing the overall size to just 1RU.

It also differs from the PM5544/PM5534 in that its pattern generating circuitry is entirely digital, stored in EPROM chips allowing easy reprogramming and modification of patterns. This has an additional advantage that higher resolution text or graphics can appear in areas of the pattern designated for customisation by the Broadcaster whereas a standard PM5544 was typically restricted to 7 (top box) and 11 (bottom box) characters of text programmed by an array of physical links on a card inside the unit,[22] limiting what the broadcaster could display in these areas without specially designed assemblies.[23]

The PM5644 (and later generators) patterns' were defined by vectors in MS-DOS batch files, with individual components of the pattern rendered by an array of in-house tools.[24]

Many variations of the PM5644 are known to exist, each with different purposes and capabilities:

4:3 models

The earliest design shares a chassis and some modules with the PM5631 colour generator and has 576 KB of pattern ROM. The pattern generating circuitry employs the same approach as the equipment which generated the electronic form of BBC's Test Card F.[25] Samples are encoded using YUV 4:2:2 with the luminance signal sampled at 13.5 MHz and the colour difference signals at 6.75 MHz thus 4:3 versions of the PM5644 use around 700 visible digital samples per line.

It is also effectively hard-wired for 4:3 patterns typical of the earlier PM55xx series as it assumes that the edges of the pattern are composed of repeating sequences. The pattern produced by these units is nearly identical to the PM5544 however the reflection check in the bottom box is omitted. It can be reinstated by the PM8546 logo generator if installed. These units are able to display a minor variation of the pattern with cuts-outs for a clock, or a clock with date. The generation of the clock and date must be performed by either a PM8546 or an external teletext generator supplied by the Broadcaster. Variations exist for every video standard. This model is able to replace every type of PM55xx pattern generator.[26]

Another variation exists using 4.5 MB of pattern ROM which utilises around 1040 visible digital samples per line and can generate an arbitrary rasterised pattern with no restrictions. The only known example is a PAL model which is programmed with the “Indian head” pattern[27] however it can be programmed with a 16:9 colour circle pattern and was likely used for other customer specific patterns.[26]

FuBK models

Two variations bearing the model numbers PM5644G/50 (PAL B/G) and PM5644G/70 (YCbCr) were available programmed with the FuBK pattern.[28]

16:9 models

The 16:9 test card generated by widescreen versions of the PM5644 retains the signals present in the original, and features additional signals to test signal and picture quality, including Television lines resolution, corner circles and correct overscan and image centering. The Philips/Fluke PM5420 is able to generate a visually similar pattern.[29]

It was used by broadcasters such as RAI (Italy),[30] BRT (Belgium),[31][30][32] RTL-TVI (Belgium/Luxembourg),[33] Ned3 (Netherlands),[34] TVE (Spain ), KNR TV (Greenland).[35] and TVB J2 (Hong Kong).

The earliest known PM5644 16:9 hardware is the PM5644G/90 and PM5644G/924 which use the same chassis and PCB as the 4:3 models, however, both are programmed with the well-known 16:9 circle pattern alongside several other simple patterns. They generate an anamorphic signal thus both do not support PALplus.

The last known design has controls and a display on the front panel and is labelled PM5644 PALplus test pattern generator and bears the model number PM5644/85.[36] No other variations of this hardware are presently known. This design also generates the well known 16:9 colour circle pattern but unlike the previously mentioned G/90 and G/924 models, it is capable of encoding a PALplus signal. It also is capable of generating the 4:3 pattern of the original PM5544.

Although no transmissions are currently known to exist, an NTSC widescreen version of the PM5644 and later models were available.

Philips test cards in the digital era

Standard definition

While the Philips circle pattern is designed specifically for testing analogue transmission chains and televisions; it is known to have been used with digital transmissions. In the late 1990s Philips exited the TV test equipment business, leaving the analogue PALplus PM5644 as the last pattern generator exclusively bearing the Philips brand (some early PT5210's were branded Philips). The lab that originally developed the Philips pattern generators was spun off into a new business called ProTeleVision Technologies[37] who briefly continued to develop digital pattern generator products, with that product line eventually divested further to DK Technologies[38] also based in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Some examples are the PT5210/PT5230/PT5300 VariTime Sync Generators all of which feature SDI outputs. While these products are mostly focused on patterns for digital transmission, an optional hardware upgrade was available for the PT5210, PT5230 and PT5300 (PT8603/903[39] for the PT5210 and PT8633 for the PT5230/PT5300) which provides the traditional 4:3 and 16:9 circle patterns of the PM5644 (in standard definition only). In the case of the PT8633, options available include a 5 or 10 step grayscale staircase for both formats and the option to omit the corner circles for the 16:9 pattern[40][41] combined with digital specific features such a moving bar in the bottom box to test if the stream is live or frozen.[42] Pulsed audio can also be generated for synchronisation testing. Known transmissions include 2RN in Ireland[43][44][45][46][47] and ABC Australia.[48] Other digital pattern generators which generate patterns resembling that of the PM5644 are known such as those from Promax.[49]

High definition

An HD (1080p) version of the Philips circle pattern was developed for the PT5300 via the PT8612 HD Signal Generator add-on. It was never formally integrated into the PT8612 thus was not offered for sale.[50]

Squared version

A variation of the PM5544/34 pattern has been recorded where the circle generator is bypassed or faulty.[51] This reveals the full contents of the central pattern elements, which are normally cropped.[52] Anecdotally this pattern is referred to as PM5538,[citation needed] which was used in some parts of the Middle East like Dubai 33 in the UAE[53] and Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (JRTV) in Jordan.[citation needed]

PM5549 and GB2097 inspection chart

Starting from the late-1990s, China Central Television and some provincial Mainland Chinese broadcasters began using a heavily modified version of the PM5544 called the GB2097 inspection chart.[54][55][56][57][58][59] At around the same time, another modification, called PM5549, began to be used at the headends of some Mainland Chinese cable television providers.[60][61]

Variation gallery

  • Recreation of NTSC variant as used in Philippines, Taiwan and Haiti - Notice the dark green castellation square (left border, second from the top), absence of PAL specific signals, and different resolution gratings.

  • Recreation of NTSC variant as used by CBC Montreal in Canada.

  • Recreation of SECAM variant as used by TDF (France), with different resolution gratings and no side colour bars. TVP Poland's configuration was similar to this but with a black background grid, ERT Greece's and VTV Vietnam's configurations included side colour bars.

  • Recreation of Philips PM5538 (PM5544 squared variant).

  • PM5544 pattern featured in a simulated MAC transmission; from left to right: digital data, chrominance and luminance. Both fields (odd and even lines) are shown.

  • Digital reproduction of the pattern produced by a PM5644G/00 (PAL).

  • Digital reproduction of the pattern produced by a PM5644M/00 (NTSC).

  • Pattern generated by a Philips PM5644L (SECAM).

  • Digital reproduction of the pattern produced by a PM5644P/00 (PAL-M).

  • Digital reproduction of the pattern produced by a PM5644G/924 (PAL anamorphic). corner circles and diagonal lines differ from design used in PALplus model. A sixth set of sinusoidal definition lines at 5.8 MHz is included.

  • Components of the PM5644 widescreen pattern.

  • Widescreen NTSC pattern for PM5644 and later models.

  • Pattern generated by the PT5230/PT5300 with 10 step grayscale staircase.

  • Unreleased HD (1080p) pattern developed for the PT5300.

  • Recreation of Mainland China variant "GB2097 inspection chart".

  • 4:3 monochrome pattern resembling the RCA Indian-head extracted from a Philips PM5644 of likely European (PAL) origin.

Worldwide usage

PAL broadcasts

Many broadcasters that adopted the 625-line PAL system used some form of the Philips PM5544 pattern.

Africa

In South Africa , the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)[62][63] made use of the PM5544 pattern since it started testing its first television system in 1975,[64] but independent broadcasters M-Net, which launched in 1986, and e.tv, which launched in 1998, opted to use Telefunken FuBK instead.

In Zimbabwe, the PM5544 was used by Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC)[65] from the start of its regular colour broadcasts in the early-1980s, replacing the Indian-head test pattern.

In Niger, the PM5544 was used by Télé Sahel.[66]

In Western Sahara, a modified version of the PM5544 was used by RASD TV.

The PM5544 was also used in Algeria[67] and Kuwait.[68]

Asia

The PM5544 test card was first introduced by Radio Television Singapore (RTS; now Mediacorp) (in conjunction with a modified version of Test Card F) upon the start of regular colour broadcasts in Singapore in 1974.[69][70][71]

The PM5544 was later introduced in Malaysia by its public broadcaster Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM)[72][73] during its introduction of regular colour broadcasts in 1978–1980, replacing the monochrome Pye Test Card G, and was also used by said country's first commercial station TV3 from the launch of its television service in 1984 until it switched to a 24/7 schedule in 2014.[74]

The PM5544 was also used by the Indonesian national TV broadcaster TVRI, replacing its previous Telefunken FuBK test card, from the mid-1980s until it switched to a 24/7 schedule in 2021.[75]

In the China , the PM5544 was used by its national broadcaster CCTV[76] as well as some provincial/regional broadcasters such as Shenzhen Media Group[77] and Television Southern[78] in Guangdong Province, Xizang STV[79] in Tibet Autonomous Region, Yuyao TV in Zhejiang Province and Ningxia Television[80] in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. CCTV also later used a heavily modified version of the PM5544 called the GB2097 inspection chart.[58][59] Nowadays, many modern Mainland Chinese test card designs, like in Hong Kong, incorporate elements of the PM5544, PM5644 and Snell & Wilcox test card designs. In Hong Kong, the PM5544 was used by RTV/ATV[81][82] and TVB[83][84][85] from the 1970s (replacing the RMA 1946 Resolution Chart and EIA 1956 resolution chart) until approximately 2007–2009. TVB then switched to its own test card designs incorporating elements of the PM5544, PM5644 and Snell & Wilcox SW2 designs, although its sister channel TVB J2 has also used the widescreen PM5644.[86]

In Israel, the PM5544 was used by Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA)[87] and Israeli Educational Television (IETV) from their launch of colour broadcasts in the early-1980s, replacing its previous monochrome Philips PM5540 test card after a nearly decade-long delay in introducing colour television to said country for various sociopolitical reasons.

In Qatar, the PM5544 was used by Qatar TV.[88][89]

Saudi Broadcasting Authority (SBA) in Saudi Arabia used a heavily modified version of the Philips PM5544 pattern from 1982 until 2009, with the side "brackets" removed and 1/4 of the top half of the PM5544 "circle" replaced with a white and black background and colour bars.[90]

Oceania

The PM5544 was also in widespread use in Australia for many years, most notably with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)[91] from its launch of colour broadcasts in 1974–75 and Special Broadcasting Service (SBS)[92] from its launch of television services in 1980. Some commercial stations also used it.[93][94]

In New Zealand, it was used by TVNZ[95] from its launch of colour broadcasting in 1973.[96]

Europe

In Denmark , where the PM5544 was invented, it was used by its national broadcaster Danmarks Radio (DR) from its launch of regular colour broadcasts in 1970,[97] immediately replacing Test Card F and Philips PM5552,[98] and later on the monochrome Pye Test Card G and Philips PM5540; as well as its first nationwide commercial channel TV 2 during its pre-launch tests and its downtime hours and subsequently also on most of the latter's regional and themed channels.[99] DR, TV 2 and TV 2 Film also later used the widescreen PM5644 for widescreen broadcasts from the 1990s. In Greenland, the PM5544 are used by its public broadcaster Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (KNR) since its launch of television services in 1982. A modified variant of the PM5644 is used by the Faroese public broadcaster Kringvarp Føroya (KvF) alongside the EBU colour bars during off-air hours.[100]

The BBC in the United Kingdom occasionally used a slightly modified version called Test Card G[101] from 1971 until the late-1990s, in conjunction with Test Card F. The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) initially used this card in the 1970s, also in conjunction with Test Card F and EBU colour bars, but eventually abandoned Test Card G and developed a unique test card called the ETP-1, which was brought into use on ITV from 1979 onwards.[102] However, London Weekend Television (LWT)[103] and ITV Channel Television[citation needed], two constituent franchisee companies in the ITV network structure, continued to use Test Card G well into the 1980s and 1990s. Test Card G was also used on BFBS/SSVC Television's low-powered terrestrial broadcasts serving British Armed Forces personnel in West Germany and West Berlin in the 1980s and 1990s.[104] A modified version of Test Card G was also briefly used on Sky One alongside the Simplified Telefunken FuBK pattern in the early-1990s.[105]

The PM5544 was also used by Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ)[106] in the Republic of Ireland (in conjunction with the EBU colour bars shown after the Irish national anthem was played at closedown) from the start of its regular colour broadcasts in 1972 until they were replaced by overnight in-vision teletext in mid-1996.[107]

In the DACH countries, the PM5544 test card was used by the Germany commercial terrestrial channel RTL[108] and the German public-service channel Phoenix.[109][110] The Austrian public broadcaster ORF used a slightly modified version of the PM5544.[111] Use of the PM5544 in the DACH was solely confined to these broadcasters, as most TV stations in these areas instead preferred to use the Telefunken FuBK test card when they adopted colour television.

In Italy, its national broadcaster RAI[112] introduced the PM5544 test card in 1977 at the same time as it launched its first regular colour broadcasts, replacing heavily modified versions of the Indian-head test pattern. Later on, RAI then used the PM5644 widescreen variation for PALplus broadcasts. Telefriuli also used a heavily modified version of the PM5544 in the 1980s.[113]

In Spain , the PM5544 was introduced by the various autonomous and private channels[35] in the early-1980s notably by TV3, El 33, Telemadrid, Antena 3, EITB and Canal+ Spain, as well as on point-to-point terrestrial and satellite links operated by Retevisión and Telefónica Sistemas de Satélites. Spain's national public broadcaster TVE however instead primarily used its own TVE colour test card from 1975 until the mid-2000s, although in the 1990s it did also briefly used the widescreen PM5644 pattern.

In Iceland, the PM5544 was used by its national broadcaster RÚV[114][115] from its launch of colour broadcasts in 1973–76, only fully replacing its heavily modified monochrome Philips PM5540 test card after 1982. RÚV subsequently replaced its PM5544 with a widescreen PM5644 in 2009, then discontinued all their on-air test card broadcasts in 2011. However, the privately owned subscription channels Stöð 2, launched in 1986, and Sjónvarp Símans, launched in 1999, opted not to use the PM5544.

In the former SFR Yugoslavia, the PM5544 was used by its national broadcaster Yugoslav Radio Television (JRT)[116] in conjunction with the Telefunken FuBK test card. Use of the PM5544 continued for some time afterwards in some of its constituent successor countries.

In Bulgaria, the privately owned nationwide broadcaster bTV[117] introduced the PM5544 in November, 2000 with the start of its new program scheme, replacing the EBU colour bars, used from the bTV's start on June 1st, 2000. Use of the PM5544 was in its test card broadcasts to February 17th, 2001 between 12:00 AM and 06:00 AM (the next day, bTV started its 24-hour program), and 2 times a year during the prevention of broadcast transmitters to 2013.

The PM5544 was also used in Hungary,[118] Belgium,[119][120] Netherlands,[121][122][123][124] Norway ,[125][126] and Sweden.[127]

South America

In Argentina , the PM5544 was used by América TV,[128] El Nueve[129] and El Trece.

SECAM broadcasts

SECAM users of the Philips PM5544 test card included TDF (TF1, Antenne 2, FR3,[130] Canal+,[131] La Cinquième and M6[132]) in France , Iraqi TV[133] in Iraq, VTV[134] in Vietnam and SNRT[135] in Morocco. ERT[136] in Greece and TVP[137] in Poland started using the PM5544 for SECAM transmissions since the 1970s and continued using it after switching to PAL in the 1990s.[138]

NTSC broadcasts

NTSC users of the Philips PM5544 test card included CBFT[139] and CBMT[140][141] in Quebec, Canada , WBOY-TV and WNYW[142] in the United States, DZBB-TV in the Philippines , Myawaddy TV in Myanmar, KBS and MBC[143] in South Korea , TTV,[144] CTV,[145] CTS[146] and FTV[147] in Taiwan and RTNH in Haiti.[148][149] The Japan ese national broadcaster, NHK, also used a 525-line version of the test card, albeit with slight technical differences as compared to those used by the American and Canadian broadcasters so as to conform with the NTSC-J system.[150]

Usage gallery

  • Philips PM5544 generator with top lid opened.

  • MTV-1 (Budapest) broadcasting the PM5544 test pattern.

  • Off-air screen capture of the RAI PM5544 PAL testcard.

  • Off-air screen capture of a RTBF La Une PM5544 PAL test card (with border castellations cropped) transmitted from the Wavre transmitter in 1987.

  • Recreation of the RTL-TVI PM5544 PAL test card (with border castellations cropped) transmitted from the Dudelange transmitter in Luxembourg to the French Community of Belgium.

  • Philips PM5644 generator (NTSC variant).

  • Off-air screen capture of a PM5544 NTSC variant used by CTV Main Channel in Taiwan from the 1990s–2008.

  • Off-air screen capture of a PT5230 (in NTSC mode) used by TTV Main Channel transmitted in February 2014.[151]

  • Off-air screen capture of PM5544 PAL variant used by bTV transmitted with a digital clock between 2000 and 2002.

  • Off-air screen capture of Telefriuli variant.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Philips TV Measuring Equipment, 1980". https://frank.pocnet.net/other/sos/Philips_TV-MeasuringEquipment_1980.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hendil, F (1970). Sudar, T. ed. "Combined colour/monochrome pattern generator PM 5544". Electronic Measuring and Microwave Notes (Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Philips) 1970 (2): 1–6. ISSN 0374-4043. https://frank.pocnet.net/other/sos/Philips_PM5544_PM3400_Publication.pdf#page=3. Retrieved 4 March 2021. 
  3. ↑ "Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...". kulturstyrelsen.dk. http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf. Retrieved 2015-06-07. 
  4. ↑ Gallardo, F. A. (June 29, 2020). "Carte de ajuste para la cadena perpetua" (in Spanish). Diario de Cadiz. https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838. 
  5. ↑ "¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la "carta de ajuste" de la televisión?". October 19, 2017. http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/. 
  6. ↑ "PM5544". March 16, 2008. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mar128a/2336871797/. 
  7. ↑ "Fluke 1997/98 Catalog". https://www.testequipmenthq.com/datasheets/FLUKE-PM5420-Datasheet.pdf. 
  8. ↑ "PHILIPS PM5415/18 , Fluke 1994 Catalog". https://www.testequipmenthq.com/datasheets/PHILIPS-PM5418TXS-Datasheet.pdf. 
  9. ↑ "PM 5515/16/18, Fluke & Philips Catalog 1991". https://www.testequipmenthq.com/datasheets/PHILIPS-PM5515-Datasheet.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "Philips PM 5519 datasheet". https://www.testequipmenthq.com/datasheets/PHILIPS-PM5519-Datasheet.pdf. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Electronics, 1971-05-24". https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Electronics/70s/71/Electronics-1971-05-24.pdf#page=124. 
  12. ↑ "Philips TV Measuring Equipment, 1980, p.3". https://www.frank.mif.pg.gda.pl/other/sos/Philips_TV-MeasuringEquipment_1980.pdf#page=5. 
  13. ↑ "L'antenna n.1, Jan. 1972". http://www.introni.it/pdf/L'antenna%201972_01.pdf#page=12. 
  14. ↑ "Philips PM 5534 Pal colour pattern generator.". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14q5RilUvO0. 
  15. ↑ "Sweden". March 16, 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/tim_anderson/16836245641/. 
  16. ↑ "PM5538 test card". March 16, 2008. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mar128a/2336871741/. 
  17. ↑ "PHILIPS PM 5547 Pal test pattern generator". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwKn7BtKvao. 
  18. ↑ "Television & Video : Test Cards & Signals - Jerome Glick". http://www.jeromeglick.net/tv/test-cards.html?i=1. 
  19. ↑ "Frequency Counter PM6645 /01 /02 /03 Equipment Philips, Svenska AB". https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/philnz_frequency_counter_pm6645_04.html. 
  20. ↑ "test and measuring instruments catalog 1980/81". https://frank.pocnet.net/other/sos/Philips_TestAndMeasuringInstruments_1980.pdf. 
  21. ↑ "Philips PM5544 Faulty - Page 6 - UK Vintage Radio Repair and Restoration Discussion Forum". https://www.vintage-radio.net/forum/showthread.php?p=925036. 
  22. ↑ Plug-in text generator unit PM5544 manual. The Netherlands: Philips. 1971. https://vintage-radio.net/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=127090&d=1467830122. 
  23. ↑ "Ex BBC Scotland PM5544 Colour Pattern Generator Restoration – Black & White Television – VRAT Forum". https://www.radios-tv.co.uk/community/black-white-tvs/ex-bbc-scotland-pm5544-colour-pattern-generator-restoration/. 
  24. ↑ "DK-Audio GitHub". https://github.com/KarstenHervoeHansen/PTV/tree/main/PT5230/PT8633/TPD/BILLEDDATA/PHIL16X9/U_HCIRKL. 
  25. ↑ BBC Engineering at IBC-84. United Kingdom: BBC Research & Development. 1984. http://www.bbceng.info/additions/2016/IBC_Brochure_1984%20(large).pdf. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "A quick look at some pattern generators (PM5631/PM5644) – Matt's Tech Pages". https://www.mattmillman.com/a-quick-look-at-some-pattern-generators-pm5631-pm5644/. 
  27. ↑ "Philips PM5644 "PTV" Test Pattern generator. Anyone actually got one? - UK Vintage Radio Repair and Restoration Discussion Forum". https://www.vintage-radio.net/forum/showthread.php?p=1504893. 
  28. ↑ "Vraag over Testbeeld. - Pagina 3 - MFBfreaks.com". https://forum-mfbfreaks.nl/viewtopic.php?t=11612&start=30. 
  29. ↑ "Fluke PM5420 Application Note PALplus". https://assets.fluke.com/appnotes/it_products/B0291A-16U9509_NL_EN.pdf. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Television Graphics Around the World". http://www.meldrum.co.uk/mhp/testcard/around_world.html. 
  31. ↑ "BRT PALplus test card image". https://www.radio-tv-nederland.nl/rbrdx/BRT1%20pal%20plus.jpg. 
  32. ↑ "Canvas-ketnet testbeeld / VRT radio 1". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whHMHVzlHT8. 
  33. ↑ "RTL-TVI Fermeture Antenne Mai 1997 + Mire PALPlus". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNYEoTJ1r8A. 
  34. ↑ "Testbeeld NOZEMA Ned 3 PALplus met radio 18-9-1998". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYGxuIPByRU. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "greenland". http://ing-sat.what.hu/testcard-sat/greenland.htm. 
  36. ↑ "PM5644" (in en-GB). https://www.rosenkranz-elektronik.com/en/measuring-device/16625/pm5644. 
  37. ↑ "ProTeleVision Technologies" (in en-GB). http://www.ptv.dk/. 
  38. ↑ "About DK-Technologies". https://www.dk-technologies.com/pages/about/. 
  39. ↑ "SDI Test Signal Generator PT 8603/903". https://github.com/KarstenHervoeHansen/PTV/blob/main/900vers_suppl/5210%20SERIES/5210904/5210_904.DOC. 
  40. ↑ PT 5230 Digital Video Generator User's Manual. Denmark: DK-technologies A/S. 2004. https://www.dk-technologies.com/pages/documentation/spg/PT5230/PT5230%20Operating%20Manual%20-%20Prelim.pdf. 
  41. ↑ PT5300 Operating Manual. Denmark: DK-Technologies A/S. 2009. https://www.dk-technologies.com/pages/documentation/spg/PTmanualRev2009.pdf. 
  42. ↑ "PT 8633 Serial Digital pattern generator". https://github.com/KarstenHervoeHansen/PTV/blob/main/makelogo/PT8633_lip_sync.pdf. 
  43. ↑ "RTE NL Test Card". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYfGoPVHz3s. 
  44. ↑ "2RN Test Cards". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXvq-4sLx1I. 
  45. ↑ "2RN RTE NL Test Cards". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiAXOlA80Qs. 
  46. ↑ "Toshiba HD Ready LED TV How Get to Test card Channel on Saorview". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHXPKJxz7r4. 
  47. ↑ Team, The Clean Feed (November 26, 2021). "Test transmissions for Sky News on Saorview platform". https://cleanfeed.thetvroom.com/10714/news/test-transmissions-for-sky-news-on-saorview-platform/. 
  48. ↑ "ABC TV PM5644 Test Pattern - Loop.". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbrkSeuhSxw. 
  49. ↑ "TV and monitor pattern generators". https://www.promaxelectronics.com/downloads/catalogs/TVGenerators/2004-English.pdf. 
  50. ↑ "DK-Audio GitHub". https://github.com/KarstenHervoeHansen/PTV/tree/main/PT8612/Phillips%20Testsignal. 
  51. ↑ "Philips PM5544 Faulty - Page 2 - UK Vintage Radio Repair and Restoration Discussion Forum". https://www.vintage-radio.net/forum/showthread.php?t=131875&page=2. 
  52. ↑ "Electronic Measuring and Microwave Notes 1970". https://frank.pocnet.net/other/sos/Philips_PM5544_PM3400_Publication.pdf. 
  53. ↑ "UAE TV Dubai closedown (1980s)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFb1WqhwZFw. 
  54. ↑ "GB 2097-1997_English: PDF (GB2097-1997)". https://www.chinesestandard.net/PDF/English.aspx/GB2097-1997. 
  55. ↑ "GB/T 2097-2012_English: PDF (GB/T2097-2012)". https://www.chinesestandard.net/PDF/English.aspx/GBT2097-2012. 
  56. ↑ "国家标准 - 全国标准信息公共服务平台". https://std.samr.gov.cn/gb/search/gbDetailed?id=71F772D7A1B9D3A7E05397BE0A0AB82A&review=true. 
  57. ↑ "GB 2097-1997 彩色电视广播测试图 标准全文". https://www.antpedia.com/standard/334968-1.html. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "央视GB2097测试卡曲目1". https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1LQ4y1o7LV. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "PM5544款GB2097测试卡_哔哩哔哩_bilibili". https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mv411T7LF/. 
  60. ↑ "调试电视画面有诀窍 电视测试卡全解析-搜狐数码". http://digi.it.sohu.com/20120503/n342229633_1.shtml. 
  61. ↑ "1997淄博有线台2台（影视台）测试卡_哔哩哔哩_bilibili". https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1nz411B7zg/. 
  62. ↑ "7 December 1977 SABC TV Full News Broadcast into Epilogue and closing to test pattern". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnOGC5muuXU. 
  63. ↑ "SABC TV1 Sunday mid 1980's OPENING TESTCARD,SCHEDULE,CLOCK,PRESENTER". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AA84wliUlM. 
  64. ↑ "5 Mei 1975 – SAUK begin met TV toetsuitsendings – Kraal Uitgewers". 2022-06-29. https://www.kraaluitgewers.co.za/5-mei-1975-sauk-begin-met-toetsuitsendings/. 
  65. ↑ "Rijn Muntjewerff". https://ing-sat.hu/tv-dx-amateurs/muntjewerff.htm. 
  66. ↑ "TV-DX Tele Sahel opening, news and closedown 17.11.1993". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zbpITJKUZg. 
  67. ↑ "TV-DX TV Algeria PM5543 testcard 04.10.1994". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCzSm0xMks8. 
  68. ↑ "Kuwait chE5 Sign-on 1985". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuKtf4saKl0. 
  69. ↑ "NAS 50 Moments|National Archives Singapore". https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/highlight?page=50moments. 
  70. ↑ "TV-DX SBC-5 Singapore E5 04.10.1991". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOyweBaJNZw. 
  71. ↑ "TV-DX SBC 8 Singapore E08 04.10.1991". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWZm5vUyrFI. 
  72. ↑ "Penutup siaran rtm 1986". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qaRK3OyMaM. 
  73. ↑ "TV-DX RTM TV1 Malaysia E06 05.10.1991". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvulJh4yU3c. 
  74. ↑ "TV3 Malaysia - final closedown - 29/5/2014". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6G-TzEg0Cs. 
  75. ↑ "TVRI (Astro channel 39 UHF) Closedown". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYBIWq2J0Ig. 
  76. ↑ "China Central Television CCTV4 Start-Up (13-04-1998) Testcard Philips PM5544". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXUwb1DQHb8. 
  77. ↑ "Shenzhen TV test card". January 14, 2010. https://www.flickr.com/photos/renaissancechambara/4275165634/. 
  78. ↑ "TVS2 (Philips PM5544)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4cupmAmptE. 
  79. ↑ "XiZang-TV (XZTV) China Test Card PAL PM5544 ToneBox 1 KHz.". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvvVUcSB1kg. 
  80. ↑ "NinXia-TV (NXTV) China Test Card PM5544 ToneBox 1 KHz.". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvvVUcSB1kg. 
  81. ↑ "亞洲電視 本港台 (Philips PM5544)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDmTol3akwM. 
  82. ↑ "ATV test card". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jd6a1u8YzFw. 
  83. ↑ "TVB Pearl - Goodnight, Hong Kong | Closedown/Sign Off (1987)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_768GKBnpM. 
  84. ↑ "TVB Pearl Test Card/Start of Transmission (1989)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_0lMa-OLYw. 
  85. ↑ "TVB Jade Video Audio Lineup & ID (Philips PM5544 & EBU)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxOmRTwzuMo. 
  86. ↑ "TVB J2 (Philips PM5644)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FkNEu_xg_g. 
  87. ↑ "Israel TV Channel 1 [הערוץ הראשון | The verse of the day and sign-off with National Anthem (1980s?)"]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClSqzoM5pZA. 
  88. ↑ "TV-DX QTV Qatar testcard 22.11.1993". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqJmRtJluc4. 
  89. ↑ "QATAR TESTCARD PM 5544". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Om8JUg2I8w. 
  90. ↑ Saudi TV1 Testcard. OldTv Archives. 2014-12-09. Archived from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2021-09-04 – via YouTube.
  91. ↑ "ABC Test Pattern (Australian station ID) 1975". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFw8tNkiSIE. 
  92. ↑ "SBS - ABC TV merger, industrial dispute stops programming 1986". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Opeg9Ks9PEs. 
  93. ↑ "Prime TV ident and station close with test pattern". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrmW3IaeAJM. 
  94. ↑ "Pye factory test broadcasts". https://www.oocities.org/wenlockb/icdx/pye_factory_tv.html. 
  95. ↑ "TVNZ1 Testcard 1992". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJxvi-aTnBE. 
  96. ↑ "Out and About no 11". http://www.oocities.org/wenlockb/icdx/outandabout11.html. 
  97. ↑ "Dansk Radio - TV historie". https://danskradio.dk/tv.html. 
  98. ↑ "Black and white photo of the Philips PM5552 test pattern being received on a TV screen.". http://www.jeromeglick.net/img/tv/test-cards/philips/pm5552.jpg. 
  99. ↑ "Reception DX TV Danemark". https://francoisf.wixsite.com/dxtv/danemark. 
  100. ↑ (in en) IPTV - Kringvarp Føroya - Sjónvarp Føroya Faroe Islands - Test card - 04.07.2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7ZDkQjJlyI, retrieved 2023-01-13 
  101. ↑ "BBC1 Testcard G". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ce-BCrMzdg0. 
  102. ↑ "A Very Concise History of Test Cards". testcardcircle.org.uk. http://www.testcardcircle.org.uk/tchistory.html. Retrieved 2015-06-07. 
  103. ↑ "LWT Closedown - 1984". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4W9X9kizDw. 
  104. ↑ "SSVC Germany Closedown - 22nd March 1990". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Yv1qQvtHK0. 
  105. ↑ "Sky One test card". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt0JxAoz_Kc. 
  106. ↑ "RTE 1_Continuity 1987 (DX TV)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAHmavnNXwg. 
  107. ↑ "The history of test cards on Irish TV". October 30, 2018. https://rewind.thetvroom.com/39106/features/the-history-of-test-cards-on-irish-tv/. 
  108. ↑ RTL Plus - Sendeschluss/Testbild mit Ton von Radio Luxemburg MW 1440 kHz. Christian Ehrl. 2018-01-06. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-09-04 – via YouTube.
  109. ↑ "Phoenix // Testbild (97)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNbCYRMAuiA. 
  110. ↑ "Phoenix Der Ereignis und Dokumentationskanal von ARD und ZDF". http://www.tab-multimedia.de/phoenix.htm. 
  111. ↑ ORF Testbild 1986. Stefan Just. 2006-08-19. Archived from the original on 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2021-09-04 – via YouTube.
  112. ↑ "Monoscopio RAI 3 (Monoscope TV Italy) - Test Stereo 31/8/1989". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eiYBcPvJKw8. 
  113. ↑ "TV-DX Telefriuli E63 PM5544 13.08.1984". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bA_UbRVT0aY. 
  114. ↑ "Sjónvarpið RÚV Start-up 1989ish". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01vm4YxGwGU. 
  115. ↑ "Reception DX TV Islandaise". https://francoisf.wixsite.com/dxtv/islande. 
  116. ↑ "JRT (РТБ) Yugoslav TV Belgrade test card 1990". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDcdHI-XUJI. 
  117. ↑ bTV - Test Pattern - 2003. Miroslav Nedev Мирослав Недев. 2019-03-04. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2021-09-04 – via YouTube.
  118. ↑ "Hungarian ETC's". http://ing-sat.what.hu/hun-monoszkop.htm. 
  119. ↑ "BRT TV1 start-up (29-1-1983)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtirUZEYEHs. 
  120. ↑ "BRTN TV1 Closedown (1993)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBlTUUzGFyg. 
  121. ↑ "Nederland 1 afsluiting en testbeeld (01-07-2002)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxIxT9GDowc. 
  122. ↑ "TV-DX / E31-Nederland 2-PM5544". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwwDfotmOTQ. 
  123. ↑ "TV DX June 1989". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-Z7eWiQ0GU. 
  124. ↑ "Ruud's DVB-T DX logboek". https://www.radio-tv-nederland.nl/rbrdx/HOL.html. 
  125. ↑ "NRK 2 prøvebilde 1996 (testcard)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nsj6R-c6DGc. 
  126. ↑ "Reception DX TV Norvège". https://francoisf.wixsite.com/dxtv/norvge. 
  127. ↑ "Reception DX TV Suède". https://francoisf.wixsite.com/dxtv/sude. 
  128. ↑ "Señal de ajuste América 2 Año 2000". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcpdCVckDRw. 
  129. ↑ "Canal 9 señal de ajuste enero 1995 | Resiste un archivo". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SpKxdbYdiA. 
  130. ↑ France 3 - mire musicale + ouverture antenne (06 janvier 2002). inconnu du quatre-vingt douze. 2010-03-07. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-09-04 – via YouTube.
  131. ↑ CANAL+ Testcard Mire. 625line. 2008-06-05. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2021-09-04 – via YouTube.
  132. ↑ Indicatif Métropole télévision 6 - indicatif M6 - générique M6 (ouverture d’antenne). Yankee Pull. 2019-10-19. Archived from the original on 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2021-09-04 – via YouTube.
  133. ↑ Iraqi TV test card 1984 SECAM B. radiotvhistory. 2009-06-13. Archived from the original on 2016-05-01. Retrieved 2021-09-04 – via YouTube.
  134. ↑ TV-DX VTV Vietnam 23.11.1992. EifelDX. 2017-02-20. Archived from the original on 2019-11-22. Retrieved 2021-09-04 – via YouTube.
  135. ↑ "Eutelsat RTM 1". October 6, 2021. https://www.flickr.com/photos/tim_anderson/51587651827/. 
  136. ↑ "E.P.T ET1 Greece Testcard Testbild". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG2nQaCRLjA. 
  137. ↑ "TV Offscreen (plansza testowa)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSSjpLL9VG4. 
  138. ↑ "TVP (Polska) - Test Pattern - Stereo Test (1998)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gY9oI1MZ2Cc. 
  139. ↑ "SRC - Fin des Programmes". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5TovPwO4Vc&t=8s. 
  140. ↑ "End of the day on CBC (with the national hymn) - 1984". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_4dv7bbp2o. 
  141. ↑ "CBC Montreal 6 sign-off 1987". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ6nAb3MudI. 
  142. ↑ "WNYW Test Pattern and Sign On (early 1990s)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obqLJm_BZEU. 
  143. ↑ "SOUTH KOREA MBC TV TEST CARD(PM5544)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjaFZZBA8dw. 
  144. ↑ "TV-DX TTV Taiwan TV A7 11.09.1991". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOGlVLbQqok. 
  145. ↑ "(Taiwan) CTV 中視 (PM5544 testcard, New Version, 2008-11-28, Analog)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kWEEwhgYSk. 
  146. ↑ "(Taiwan) CTS Education 華視教育頻道 Testcard 檢驗圖 (Philips PM5544, DVB-T)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQVvOp6MbG8. 
  147. ↑ "(Taiwan) FTV Channel 民視 Testcard 檢驗圖 (Philips PM5544, DVB-T)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOHPpUTSryw. 
  148. ↑ "Jeff Kadet, K1MOD's". oldtvguides.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20150702122556/http://www.oldtvguides.com/DXPhotos/. Retrieved 2015-06-07. 
  149. ↑ "A selection of comments and suggestions received using the Feedback form or direct via email". meldrum.co.uk. http://www.meldrum.co.uk/mhp/feedback.html. Retrieved 2015-06-07. 
  150. ↑ "Test Card 'G' and PM5544". pembers.freeserve.co.uk. https://www.radios-tv.co.uk/Pembers/Test-Cards/Test-Card-Technical.html#PM5544. Retrieved 2015-06-07. 
  151. ↑ "DK-Audio GitHub". https://github.com/KarstenHervoeHansen/PTV/raw/main/PT5230/PT8633/TPD/900_NR/8633_912/PT8633-912.DOC. 

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