Engineering:Pishgam

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Pishgam (Persian: پیشگام‎, "pioneer") is an Iranian 300-kilogramme[1] space capsule and associated rocket (کاوشگر پیشگام Kavoshgar-Pishgam "Explorer-Pioneer"), which launched containing rhesus monkey and is part of a series of Iranian rocket launches containing biological cargo intended as precursors to human spaceflight.

Kavoshgar programme

The sounding rocket plus return capsule combination are capable of undertaking a twenty-minute flight and reach a height of 120 km.[2] This is a sub-orbital flight not similar to the Safir rocket which launched Omid, a domestically-built data-processing satellite into low Earth orbit.[3]

The objective is to prepare for manned space flight after 2020,[2] by sending monkeys into space. The Iranian Space Agency said before the first launch that they had five adolescent rhesus monkeys from South East Asia. The monkey's health is checked before launch and the launch is intended to demonstrate that the life support systems work and that the monkey will land in good health.[3]

Earlier versions

On February 3, 2010, ISA launched a Kavoshgar-3 (Explorer-3) rocket with one rodent, two turtles, and several worms into sub-orbital space and returned them to Earth alive.[4][5][6][7] The rocket was enabled to transfer electronic data and live footage back to Earth. The Aerospace Research Institute (ARI) showed live video transmission of mini-environmental lab to enable further studies on the biological capsule.[8] This was the first biological payload launched by Iran.[9]

On March 15, 2011, the ISA launched the Kavoshgar-4 (Explorer-4) rocket carrying a test capsule designed to carry a monkey but without living creatures on board. The sub-orbital flight reached an apogee of 135 kilometres (84 mi) and landed 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the launch site. It contained the equipment to house the monkey, without an actual monkey.

September 2011 flight

Kavoshgar-5 (Explorer-5), carrying a live monkey, was launched for a 20-minute sub-orbital flight in September 2011,[10] however the mission failed. The capsule contained a rhesus monkey.[11] On October 3, Iran indefinitely postponed further plans while scientists reviewed readiness for future missions.[12]

28 January 2013 flight

In May 2012, Iran announced that it would send more living creatures into space by the summer.[13]

On 1 August 2012 Hamid Fazeli from the Iranian Space Agency announced that the monkey would be launched after Ramadan, which ended on 19 August 2012.[6][7][14][15][16] There were no subsequent announcements until December 2012 when it was said that the launch would be soon.[17][18]

On 28 January 2013 Iran announced that the launch has taken place on that day, which has religious significance as the birthday of Mohammed, known as Mawlid. Further details were not given except that the craft landed safely and the monkey survived.[19] Later, on January 31, ISNA published a full video of the Pishgam Launch, from before the launch to reaching apogee and successful return of the monkey while the monkey remains conscious throughout the voyage.[20]

December 14, 2013 flight

On December 14, 2013, Iran launched Kavoshgar-e Pazhuhesh (Kavoshgar 8)[21] with a second monkey, named Fargam, on a suborbital flight.[22] The monkey is retrieved successfully and safe, after the short 15 minute flight according to the full video of launch published by ISA website.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Iran's Sounding Rockets "Kavoshgar-5"". http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Diverse/Kavoshgar-5/index.htm. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Iran fails with space monkey launch". Daily Telegraph. 12 October 2011. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/8822745/Iran-fails-with-space-monkey-launch.html. Retrieved 7 September 2012. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Iran to launch Kavoshgar-5 carrying living creature in Mordad/July 22-August 22". Iranian Space Agency. 28 June 2011. http://www.isa.ir/components1.php?rQV==wHQyAkOklUZnFWdn5WYMJXZ0VWbhJXYw9lZ8BkMwUDQ6QWStVGdp9lZ8BUM4ATMApDZJ52bpR3Yh9lZ. Retrieved 7 September 2012. 
  4. ↑ "Space Events - 2011". Zarya.info. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121019065644/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/2011.php. Retrieved 7 September 2012. 
  5. ↑ "Iran failed with space monkey launch: Report". Zee News. 12 November 2011. http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/iran-failed-with-space-monkey-launch-report_741359.html. Retrieved 7 September 2012. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Iran to Send More Living Creatures into Space Soon". Fars News Agency. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120826011759/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9104252337. Retrieved 7 September 2012. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nicola Guttridge (3 August 2012). "Iran Space Agency to launch a monkey into space". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22136-iran-space-agency-to-launch-a-monkey-into-space.html. Retrieved 7 September 2012. 
  8. ↑ "Iran Fires Satellite Carrier Into Space". www.payvand.com. 2010-02-02. http://www.payvand.com/news/10/feb/1026.html. Retrieved 5 February 2010. 
  9. ↑ "Animals are fired into space in Iranian rocket". Metro.co.uk. February 4, 2010. http://www.metro.co.uk/news/world/811677-animals-are-fired-into-space-in-iranian-rocket. 
  10. ↑ Jonathan McDowell. "Kavoshgar". Jonathan's Space Page. http://www.planet4589.org/space/lvdb/launch/Kavoshgar. Retrieved 9 September 2012. 
  11. ↑ "Report: Iran Attempt to Launch Monkey Into Space Fails". Space.com. 12 October 2011. http://www.space.com/13270-iran-space-monkey-launch-failure.html. Retrieved 8 September 2012. 
  12. ↑ "Iran's monkey does not make it to space". The Express Tribune. AFP. 12 October 2011. http://tribune.com.pk/story/272624/irans-monkey-does-not-make-it-to-space/. Retrieved 20 March 2012. 
  13. ↑ "Iran to Send Living Creatures into Space by Mid Summer". Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20120503105702/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9102110289. Retrieved 2012-05-04. 
  14. ↑ "'Iran to launch "kavoshgar-5" satellite carrier into space in near future'". Iran English Radio. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120919075949/http://english.irib.ir/news/science-a-technology/item/96179-%E2%80%98iran-to-launch-%E2%80%9Ckavoshgar-5%E2%80%9D-satellite-carrier-into-space-in-near-future%E2%80%99. Retrieved 7 September 2012. 
  15. ↑ "Iran to send monkey into space after month of Ramadan". Tehran Times. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120805055202/http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/100196-iran-to-send-monkey-into-space-after-month-of-ramadan. Retrieved 7 September 2012. 
  16. ↑ "Muslim calendar for 2012". BBC. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120905153926/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/tools/calendar/faith.shtml?muslim. Retrieved 7 September 2012. 
  17. ↑ "Iran sends living creature into space". Iran Project. 28 January 2013. http://theiranproject.com/blog/2012/12/17/iran-to-send-living-creature-into-space-official/. Retrieved 28 January 2013. 
  18. ↑ "Go For Launch!". Zarya.info. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130203192246/http://www.zarya.info/Calendar.php. Retrieved 28 January 2013. 
  19. ↑ "Iran says monkey sent to space". Al Jazeera. 28 January 2013. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/201312811561227417.html. Retrieved 28 January 2013. 
  20. ↑ "Full video of Pishgam launch to return". Iran Project. 31 January 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pv9_m1nDuo. Retrieved 31 January 2013. 
  21. ↑ "Iran's Sounding Rockets "Kavoshgar-5"". http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Diverse/Kavoshgar-5/. 
  22. ↑ "Second monkey sent into space". Islamic Republic News Agency. 2013-12-14. http://www.irna.ir/en/News/80950169/Art_&_Culture/Second_monkey_sent_into_space. 



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