Engineering:Royal Mail Ship

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Short description: Prefix for ships that carry mail under contract by the British Royal Mail
RMS "Crown" as displayed by the Cunard liner missing name
Royal Mail steamship routes

Royal Mail Ship (sometimes Steam-ship or Steamer), usually seen in its abbreviated form RMS, is the ship prefix used for seagoing vessels that carry mail under contract to the British Royal Mail. The designation dates back to 1840.[1] Any vessel designated as "RMS" has the right both to fly the pennant of the Royal Mail when sailing and to include the Royal Mail "crown" insignia with any identifying device and/or design for the ship.[2][3][4]

It was used by many shipping lines, but is often associated in particular with the White Star Line, Cunard,[2][5] Royal Mail Lines, Union-Castle Line, Canadian Pacific Line, Orient Line and the P&O, which held a number of high-profile mail contracts, and traditionally prefixed the names of many of their ships with the initials "RMS".

While some lines in the past, particularly the Royal Mail Lines, called all their ships "RMS", technically a ship would use the prefix only while contracted to carry mail, and would revert at other times to a standard designation such as "SS".[6][7]

History

missing name

Originally, the British Admiralty operated these ships.[8]

The designation "RMS" has been used since 1840.[9] In 1850 contracts were awarded to private companies. Having the title "RMS" was seen as a mark of quality and a competitive advantage, because the mail had to be on time.

missing name

The most valuable route, with the highest volume, was between Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire), in Ireland, and Holyhead in Wales. The City of Dublin Steam Packet Company (CDSPCo) won the contract. They bought RMS St Columba and RMS Llewellyn from the Admiralty to supplement their Prince Arthur. In the CDSPCo contract, in 1860, there was a penalty clause of £1 1s 4d for every minute's delay.

The Canadian Pacific's trans-Pacific Royal Mail contract required the building of the first three of a fleet of steamships: the missing name, missing name and missing name which regularly sailed between Vancouver and Asia beginning in 1891.[10] The RMS designation was also used on the ships of the White Star, P&O and Cunard lines of the 19th and 20th centuries. The most famous liner with the RMS title was the Titanic.

Modern times

Royal Mail aircraft-marking; on a British Airways Airbus A320-232 G-EUUI

In recent years the shift to air transport for mail has left only three ships with the right to the prefix or its variations: missing name, which serves as a passenger vessel in Gravenhurst, Ontario, Canada; missing name, which serves the Isles of Scilly; and missing name. The "RMS" prefix was granted to QM2 by Royal Mail when she entered service in 2004 on the Southampton to New York route as a gesture to Cunard's history.[2]

The Royal Mail continues a form of this tradition on modern day airliners. The UK's flag carrier airline, British Airways, is contracted to carry mail on some of its scheduled long-distance routes. Aircraft operating these routes with the facilities to carry mail are allowed to display the Royal Mail's logo and crest on their fuselage, usually alongside their registration markings.

Other designations

The less-common designations RMMV for Royal Mail Motor Vessel and RMMS for Royal Mail Motor Ship, were used for a period when RMS was restricted to steam-ships. Motor Vessel and Motor Ship indicated that propulsion was provided by diesel rather than steam.

The missing name carries the designation RMV for Royal Mail Vessel and is the only active RMV.

List of current Royal Mail Ships

Name Line In service Status
missing name Isles of Scilly Steamship Company 1977 Currently in active service. Officially designated Royal Mail Vessel but has the status of Royal Mail Ship. Currently the only ship still carrying mail for Royal Mail.
missing name Cunard 2004 Conferred the status of Royal Mail Ship as a gesture to Cunard's history but does not carry mail for the British postal service.[11]However, a traditional red Royal Mail postbox is available to all passengers wishing to post letters aboard and the same is emptied by the crew at every call at Southampton, the ship's home port, and forwarded ashore. Queen Mary 2 is currently in active service as an ocean liner.
missing name Muskoka Lakes Navigation Co 1887 Built as SS Nipissing, then as Segwun 1925, out of service from 1958 to 1981; restored 1972–1981 and returned to service since 1981. The only remaining steam-powered Royal Mail Ship.

List of past Royal Mail Ships

Service dates are the years with the status of Royal Mail Ship. Those highlighted are still in service with the status of Royal Mail Ship.

Name Line In service Left service Status
missing name White Star 1907 1934 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1913 1916 Sunk by mine
Alaunia Cunard 1925 1957 Scrapped
Alaunia Cunard 1960 1969 Sold 1969 to Brocklebank Line and renamed as Malancha, sold again in 1971 to Panama as Humi Nastta and fate unknown
missing name Cunard 1911 1930 Built in 1900 as Consuelo, bought by Cunard 1911 & renamed Albania, sold 1912 & renamed Poleric, scrapped 1930
missing name Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1913 1916 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, later Royal Mail Lines 1926 1958 Scrapped
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1906 1948 Scrapped
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Pickford & Black — — —
missing name Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1906 1916 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Cunard 1913 1918 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Cunard 1921 1940 Sunk by enemy action
Andes Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1913 1929 Scrapped after finishing career as the cruise ship Atlantis
missing name Royal Mail Lines 1939 1959 Scrapped in 1971 after finishing career as a cruise ship
missing name Cunard 1921 1948 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1914 1950 Scrapped
missing name P&O 1898 1916 Sunk by enemy action
Aragon Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1905 1917 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1912 1938 Scrapped
missing name Union-Castle 1921 1959 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1923 1957 Scrapped
missing name Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1925 1957 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1881 1905 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1916 1918 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Cunard 1924 1961 Scrapped
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. White Star 1871 1873 Sunk after collision with rocks
missing name Cunard 1921 1965 Scrapped
missing name Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1906 and 1919 1914 and 1929 Converted as troopship in 1914, then as armed merchant cruiser 1915 and renamed HMS Avoca, return to owners and renamed Avon in 1919; scrapped 1930
missing name White Star 1904 1933 Scrapped
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1845 1860 Wrecked
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1875 1906 Scrapped
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1908 1915 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1927 1965 Scrapped
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1966 1984 Scrapped
Ben-my-Chree Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1998 2008 Currently on active service as RO/PAX vessel
missing name Cunard 1913 1938 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1840 1880 Sunk
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. White Star 1874 1903 Scrapped
missing name White Star 1915 1916 Sunk by mine
missing name White Star 1929 1960 Scrapped
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. British India Steam Navigation Company 1886 1922 Built 1881, sold to China in 1882, scrapped in 1933.
missing name Union-Castle 1937 1966 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1891 1918 Sank after collision with Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist.
missing name Cunard 1925 1940 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Cunard 1956 1968 Sold 1968; renamed Fairland; scrapped 2006
missing name Cunard 1905 1932 Scrapped
missing name Union-Castle 1926 and 1950 1939 and 1963 Commissioned as HMS Carnarvon Castle from 1939 to 1947.
missing name Cunard 1903 1918 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Cunard 1905 1933 Scrapped
missing name Cunard White Star 1948 1974 Scrapped
missing name White Star 1901 1933 Scrapped
missing name White Star 1903 1932 Scrapped
missing name David MacBrayne 1879 1936 Scrapped
Columba David MacBrayne 1964 1968 Owned by the Secretary of State for Scotland, chartered to David MacBrayne. Renamed MV Columba in 1968. Currently in active service as missing name.
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. White Star 1923 1935 Scrapped after collision with the Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist.
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1858 1862 Sold to Cunard, Wilson and Co. Later scrapped
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1864 1888 Scrapped
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1901 1923 Sunk after collision with Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist.
missing name Union-Castle 1890 1915 Sunk during bad weather
missing name Union-Castle 1904 1940 Sunk by mine
missing name Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1914 1954 Scrapped after becoming NT Serpa Pinto
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Castletown Steam Navigation Company 1854 1858 Sold to the Government of Sardinia, renamed Archimedes
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1883 1909 Sunk during bad weather in the River Mersey, December, 1909
missing name[12] Canadian Pacific 1913 1942[12] Sunk by enemy action
missing name[6] Canadian Pacific 1922 1952[13] Scrapped
missing name Canadian Pacific 1953 1956 Scrapped
missing name Canadian Pacific 1906 1930 Scrapped
missing name Canadian Pacific 1931 1940[14] Sunk by enemy action
missing name Canadian Pacific 1956 1965 Scrapped
missing name Canadian Pacific 1922 1943 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Canadian Pacific 1929 1953 Scrapped
missing name[15] Canadian Pacific 1961 2003 Scrapped
missing name[16] Canadian Pacific 1891 1912 Scrapped
missing name[17] Canadian Pacific 1957 1970 Scrapped
missing name Canadian Pacific 1914 1931 Scrapped
missing name[16] Canadian Pacific 1891 1919 Scrapped
missing name Canadian Pacific 1908 1928 Scrapped
missing name Canadian Pacific 1906 1914 Sunk after collision with SS Storstad
missing name Canadian Pacific 1930 1966 Scrapped after fire
missing name[18] Canadian Pacific 1913 1945[18] Scrapped after fire
missing name Canadian Pacific 1906 1930 Scrapped
missing name Canadian Pacific 1930 1966 Scrapped after fire
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1897 1916 Foundered on the Ring Rocks off Bembridge, Isle of Wight, February, 1916
missing name Cunard 1885 1909 Scrapped
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1881 1929 Scrapped
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1937 1940 Sunk by enemy action at the Dunkirk evacuation.
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1951 1973 Sold 1973 and renamed Vasso M. Sank off Damietta, 2 February 1977
missing name Cunard 1922 1956 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1963 1971 Previously Ivernia.
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. White Star 1875 1950 Scrapped
missing name White Star 1933 1954 Scrapped
missing name White Star 1922 1935 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1955 1971 Renamed RMS Franconia 1963, sold 1973 and renamed Feodor Shalyapin; scrapped 2004
Kenya Castle Union-Castle 1951 1967 Sold to Chandris of Greece and renamed Amerikanis; used until 1996 and sold after 2000 and scrapped 2001
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1842 1858 Sold 1858
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1871 1912 Scrapped
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1913 1940 Sunk by enemy action at the Dunkirk evacuation
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1946 1975 Scrapped
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1990 1998 Sold 1998
missing name Cassar Co. Ltd. 1929 1941 Wrecked
missing name Cunard 1912 1917 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Cunard 1922 1942 Sunk by enemy action
Lady Drake Canadian National 1928 1942 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Canadian National 1928 1942 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Canadian National 1928 1939 Acquired as hospital ship and later as troop ship by Royal Canadian Navy; returned to CN 1946; retired by CN 1952 and sold to Egypt as Gumhuryat Misr for Khedivial Mail Line, renamed Alwadi in 1960; broken up in Egypt 1968
Lady Rodney Canadian National 1929 1953 Sold to Khedivial Mail Line and renamed Mecca, then to United Arab Maritime Company in 1961; scuttled in Egypt 1967
Lady Somers Canadian National 1929 1940 Acquired by RN 1940 and sunk in Atlantic Ocean about 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Ponta Delgada, Azores 1941
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1930 1971 Scrapped
Lady of Mann Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1976 2005 Sold 2005
missing name Cunard 1920 1940 Sunk by enemy action
missing name City of Dublin SP 1896 1918 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Union-Castle 1914 1918 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Cunard 1893 1909 Scrapped after fire
missing name Cunard 1907 1915 Sunk after being torpedoed by SM U-20
missing name White Star 1922 1940 Scrapped
missing name P&O 1923 1954 Scrapped
Manxman Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1920 1940 Scrapped
Manxman Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1955 1982 Scrapped
Manx Maid Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1923 1950 Scrapped
Manx Maid Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1962 1984 Scrapped
Manx Viking Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1978 1987 Sold 1987
missing name Cunard White Star 1906 1935 Scrapped
missing name Cunard White Star 1939 1965 Scrapped
missing name P&O 1911 1917 Sunk by enemy action
Mona Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1832 1841 Sold 1841
Mona Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1878 1883 Sunk in the Formby Channel, after being struck by the SS Rita
Mona Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1903 1909 Scrapped
Mona Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1919 1938 Scrapped
Mona's Isle Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1830 1851 Scrapped
Mona's Isle Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1860 1883 Converted to screw propulsion and renamed Ellan Vannin, sank 1909 in River Mersey
Mona's Isle Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1882 1915 Scrapped
Mona's Isle Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1905 1948 Scrapped
Mona's Isle Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1950 1980 Scrapped
Mona's Isle Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1984 1986 Sold 1986 and renamed Al Fahad; wrecked off Jeddah, June 2004
Mona's Queen Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1853 1880 Scrapped
Mona's Queen Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1885 1929 Recommissioned in 1915; returned to service in 1919; Scrapped by Smith & Company in Port Glasgow, 1929
Mona's Queen Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1934 1940 Sunk by enemy action
Mona's Queen Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1946 1962 Scrapped in 1981
Mona's Queen Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1972 1995 Scrapped in 2008
missing name P&O 1923 1953 Scrapped
missing name Johnston Warren Lines 1925 1943 Burnt out by enemy action
missing name Union Steamship Co of NZ 1912 1940 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Johnston Warren Lines 1926 1942 Sunk by enemy action
missing name White Star 1871 1896 Scrapped
missing name White Star 1899 1914 Scrapped
missing name White Star 1911 1935 Scrapped
missing name Orient Line 1911 1917 Torpedoed by Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. south of Western Approaches
missing name Orient Line 1924 1940 Sunk by the missing name off Norway
missing name Orient Line 1886 1905 Wrecked off Garden Island, Fremantle
missing name Orient Line 1886 1912 Sold to Cie de Nav. Sud-Atlantique, renamed SS Divona; last owned by Union Industrielle Et Maritime (U.I.M) and scuttled in 1942 off Bizerta, Tunisia, raised and scrapped in 1946
missing name Orient Line 1920 1927 ex- missing name, 1920 renamed Ormuz, 1927 sold to North German Lloyd, renamed Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist..
missing name Orient Line 1902 1916 Lost RMS status in 1916–1917 while serving as a troopship. Laid up in 1921. Sold in 1922 and became the exhibition ship SS British Trade. Repossessed by Orient Line later the same year and reverted to Orontes (although not with the status of RMS). Scrapped in 1926.
missing name Orient Line 1889 1906 Served as a troop ship between 1899 and 1903 as a troopship during the Second Boer War. Scrapped.
missing name Orient Line 1889 1906 Scrapped.
missing name Orient Line 1926 and 1948 1939 and 1957 Served as troop ship HMTS Otranto during World War II. Sold to the British Iron & Steel Corporation as scrap and broken up at Faslane.
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1912 1939 Scrapped
missing name Union-Castle 1959 1980 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1855 1872 Scrapped
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1884 1899 Sank off Douglas after a collision with SS Monarch 16 September 1899
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1929 1964 Scrapped
Port Kingston Imperial Direct West Mail Co 1904 1911 Sold to Union Steamship Co of NZ; renamed missing name; sank 1930
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1888 1915 Scrapped
missing name Cunard White Star 1947 1968 Launched in 1940 and served as a troop ship until 1946. Scrapped after arson fire.
missing name Cunard White Star 1936 and 1947 1940 and 1967 Served as a troop ship from 1940 to 1946. Decommissioned in 1967; currently restaurant/hotel/museum in Long Beach, California
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1834 1845 Sold 1845; eventually reported lost off the Falkland Islands
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1888 1915 Scrapped
missing name British-India SN Co 1881 1890 Wrecked
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1904 1936 Scrapped
missing name New Zealand Shipping Co 1911 1940 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Oceanic Steam Navigation d/b/a White Star Line 1903 1909 Sunk after collision with another ship
missing name New Zealand Shipping Co 1910 1917 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1865 1867 Wrecked
missing name City of Dublin SP 1838 1849 Sank
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1898 1947 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1920 1956 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1900 1925 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1954 1999 In 1962 renamed Carmania; in 1973 sold & renamed Leonid Sobinov, scrapped 1999
missing name HM Government 1977 1990 Ex-Northland Prince. Lost RMS status in 1990 and renamed St Helena Island. Renamed Avalon in 1990 and Indooceanique in 1993. Scrapped in 1996.
missing name HM Government 1990 2018 Last ocean-crossing ship in regular mail-carrying service. Used as headquarters for the Extreme E racing series.
missing name Isles of Scilly SC 1926 1955 Scrapped
missing name Isles of Scilly SC 1955 1977 Sold and eventually sank after owner abandoned her in 2004
missing name Cunard 1861 1904 Wrecked
missing name Cunard 1874 1899 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1921 1958 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1881 1901 Scrapped
missing name British-India SN Co 1902 1909 Wrecked
Snaefell Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1863 1875 Sold 1875
Snaefell Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1876 1904 Scrapped
missing name Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1910 1918 Sunk by enemy action
Snaefell Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1920 1945 Scrapped 1948
Snaefell Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1948 1978 Scrapped 1978
Snaefell Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 2006 2011 Built 1991, acquired 2006, sold 2011.
missing name Union-Castle 1965 1978 Sold to Cost Armatori of Italy with Good Hope Castle and renamed Paola C; scrapped in China 1984
missing name P&O 1931 1961 RMS status removed in 1954 and renamed SS Strathaird. Scrapped.
missing name P&O 1931 1962 RMS status removed in 1954 and renamed SS Strathnaver. Scrapped.
missing name Cunard 1957 2004 Sold 1968 & renamed Fairwind; scrapped 2004
missing name Union Steamship Co of NZ 1911 1930 Hull holed by broken propeller; sank
missing name White Star (not OSNC) 1853 1853 Ran aground
The Ramsey Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1895 1915 Sunk by enemy action
missing name White Star 1912 1912 Sunk after collision with iceberg
missing name Union-Castle 1961 2000 Sold 1966 to Safmarine and renamed "SA Vaal"; left Royal Mail service 1969; scrapped 2003
missing name Royal Mail SP 1841 1865 Scrapped
Tynwald Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1846 1886 Sold 1866
Tynwald Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1886 1888 Sold 1888
Tynwald Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1891 1934 Sold 1934
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1936 1939 Sunk by enemy action
Tynwald Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1947 1974 Scrapped 1975
Tynwald Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1986 1990 Sold and left Royal Mail service 1990; scrapped 2007[19]
Tyrconnel Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1911 1932 Scrapped
missing name Cunard 1884 1910 Scrapped
missing name P&O 1927 1942 Sunk by enemy action
Victoria Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1907 1957 Scrapped
missing name East African Railways & Harbours 1961 1977 Lost status when EAR&H was dissolved; still in service as "MV Victoria"
missing name Allan Line 1904 1929 World's first steam turbine ocean liner; scrapped 1929
Viking Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1905 1954 Scrapped in 1954
missing name Union-Castle 1922 1943 Sunk by enemy action
missing name Union-Castle 1960 1998 Scrapped

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The first citation in The Times is from 18 August 1840.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Royal Mails employees Courier newspaper page 20 August 2007
  3. ↑ QM2
  4. ↑ "United Kingdom – Royal Mail". http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-rmail.html. 
  5. ↑ Maxtone-Graham, John et al. (2004). Queen Mary 2, p. 184.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 By Wireless from R.M.S. Empress of Australia. "Royal Gifts Gladden 172 On Lonely Atlantic Island" (Tristan da Cunya)," The New York Times. 24 March 1935; Robinson, Samuel. (1924).
  7. ↑ Official report of Capt. S. Robinson, R.N.R.,: Commander of the Canadian Pacific S.S. "Empress of Australia", on the Japanese earthquake, the fire and subsequent relief operations.
  8. ↑ The Admiralty took over the Packet Service from the General Post Office in 1823.
  9. ↑ The first citation in The Times is from 18 August 1840.
  10. ↑ Kennedy, John. (1903). The History of Steam Navigation, pp. 147–151.
  11. ↑ "Royal Mail employee's Courier newspaper". Royal Mail. August 2007. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Empress of Asia Sunk Last 4 Feb.; Canadian Pacific Liner Hit by Five Bombs in Flight From Singapore MOST OF TROOPS ESCAPED 16,909-Ton Ship Abandoned After Four-Day Fires Had Ruined Her Interior," The New York Times. 20 May 1942.
  13. ↑ 40-year-old Ship Makes Last Trip; Empress of Australia, Luxury Liner and Troop Carrier, on Way to Scrap Heap," The New York Times. 1 May 1952.
  14. ↑ "British Announce Empress Ship Loss; Admiralty Fixes Death Toll at 45 Out of 643 Aboard Canadian Pacific Liner TORPEDOES FINISH JOB U-Boat Overtakes Burning Ship in Tow and Completes Task Started by Bomber Ship Attacked Three Times Women and Children Calm," The New York Times. 29 October 1940.
  15. ↑ "Transport News and Notes; Empress of France Will Be Retired," New York Times 27 November 1960.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kennedy, p. 150.
  17. ↑ "Lady Eden to Launch Ship," New York Times 5 May 1956.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Pacific Air Routes Replace Ship Line; Canadian Company Abandons Pre-War Service of Fleet, Maps Overseas Flights," The New York Times. 10 April 1949.
  19. ↑ "MV Antrim Princess (1967)". tynebuiltships.co.uk. http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/A-Ships/antrimprincess1967.html. 

References



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