Engineering:Sentinel-1D

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Sentinel-1D
Sentinel-1 satellite
(radar antenna missing)
Mission typeEarth observation
OperatorESA
COSPAR ID2025-251A
WebsiteSentinel-1 (ESA)
Mission durationPlanned: 7 years[1]
3 months, 24 days (in progress)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft typeSentinel-1
BusPrima[2]
ManufacturerThales Alenia Space
Airbus Defence and Space[1]
Launch mass2,164 kg (4,771 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date4 November 2025, 21:03 (2025-11-04UTC21:03) UTC
RocketAriane 62 (VA265)[3][4]
Launch siteKourou ELA-4[3]
ContractorArianespace
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeLow Earth
Altitude693 km[5]
 
← Sentinel-5A
Sentinel-6B →

Sentinel-1D is a European radar imaging satellite launched in November 2025.[6][7] It is the second of two additional satellites, and the fourth satellite overall, in the Sentinel-1 constellation, part of the European Union's Copernicus programme for Earth observation. The satellite is equipped with a C-SAR sensor, capable of providing high-resolution imagery regardless of weather conditions.[8][9][10][11] It is designed to replace Sentinel-1A, which had been in orbit for 11 years at the time of Sentinel-1D's launch, long beyond its planned mission duration. Sentinel-1D will work in tandem with Sentinel-1C,[12][13] orbiting 180° apart.[14]

Applications

Like the other Sentinel-1 satellites, Sentinel-1D will use its radar to capture high-resolution images over land, ice, and sea.[15][16][17] These freely accessible data[18] are used in land management[19] and disaster response, e.g. for real-time flood detection and monitoring[20][21][22][23][24] or hurricane[25] and earthquake damage detection.[26][27][28]

The Sentinel-1 satellites can detect ground movement changes in terms of millimetres per year,[29][30][31] which is used for monitoring agriculture,[31] construction,[32] or infrastructure[33] like railway networks,[34][35][36] as well as for predicting landslides.[37]

Both Sentinel-1D and Sentinel-1C include an Automated Identification System (AIS) instrument for detecting AIS signals from marine vessels in coastal areas and the Arctic. This, combined with ship detection in the satellite's radar images, is used in maritime surveillance for monitoring shipping traffic,[38] as well as oil spills,[39][40] illegal fishing,[41][42] and other suspicious maritime activities.[17][43][44]

Timeline

Development contract was signed with Thales Alenia Space of Italy in December 2015.[45] In November 2022, the satellite's launch was scheduled for the second half of 2024.[46] In January 2025, ESA signed a contract with Arianespace to launch the satellite in the second half of 2025 on Ariane 6.[47]

In September 2025 the satellite was transported from the cleanroom in Cannes, France, via Turin, Italy to French Guiana by the Ukrainian Antonov Airlines.[48][49] At the same time, control teams at ESOC in Darmstadt, Germany begun simulations of the Sentinel-1D's Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP). This was the first time an ESOC-operated satellite was launching on Ariane 6.[50]

In early October 2025, the satellite has undergone functional tests at Guiana Space Centre and had its AIS antenna assemblies integrated.[51] The spacecraft Flight Readiness Review took place in mid-October, paving the way for fuelling. By 20 October, the spacecraft was fuelled. On 24 October, it was encapsulated inside its rocket fairing[52][53] and later placed on top of the Ariane 6 launch vehicle in a launch tower at the Guiana Space Centre[54] for the launch planned for 4 November 2025.[12][55]

The Ariane 6 flight VA265 with Sentinel-1D lifted off on 4 November 2025 at 21:03 UTC and the satellite was successfully deployed in its planned orbit 34 minutes after launch.[6][56][14] After releasing Sentinel-1D, the Ariane 6 upper stage fired its Vinci engine once again to deorbit itself and prevent creation of space debris. The Ariane 6 flight VA265 officially ended on 5 November 2025 at 01:16 UTC.[57]

The first acquisition of signal from the satellite occurred as planned[12] on 4 November 2025 at 22:22 UTC via Troll Satellite Ground Station in Antarctica.[58][59] Then, controllers at ESOC deployed the satellite's solar arrays and radar antenna in a 10-hours long deployment sequence.[60][61]

First radar images taken by Sentinel-1D were released on 26 November 2025 during the ESA ministerial council held in Bremen, Germany. The areas covered included northern Germany with the city of Bremen, as well as Antarctica and Tierra del Fuego.[62][63]

  • Sentinel-1 scale model
    Sentinel-1 scale model
  • Sentinel-1D being lowered onto Ariane 6 launch adaptor
    Sentinel-1D being lowered onto Ariane 6 launch adaptor
  • Bremen by Sentinel-1D
    Bremen by Sentinel-1D
  • Elbe River delta by Sentinel-1D
    Elbe River delta by Sentinel-1D
  • Antarctic Peninsula by Sentinel-1D
    Antarctic Peninsula by Sentinel-1D
  • Tierra del Fuego by Sentinel-1D
    Tierra del Fuego by Sentinel-1D
  • Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers by Sentinel-1D
    Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers by Sentinel-1D

See also

  • 2025 in spaceflight
  • List of European Space Agency programmes and missions

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Facts and figures / Sentinel-1". ESA. https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Facts_and_figures. 
  2. ↑ "Thales Alenia Space flies high at the Space Symposium". Thales Group. 13 April 2015. http://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/event/thales-alenia-space-flies-high-space-symposium. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Sentinel 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sentinel-1.htm. 
  4. ↑ JOSEPH-GABRIEL, Daphné (2025-10-06). "Arianespace to launch EU's Copernicus Sentinel-1D satellite on November 4, 2025, with Ariane 6". https://newsroom.arianespace.com/?p=46856. 
  5. ↑ "ESA - Sentinel-1". https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Parsonson, Andrew (2025-11-04). "Arianespace Launches Sentinel-1D Aboard Ariane 6 Rocket" (in en-US). https://europeanspaceflight.com/arianespace-launches-sentinel-1d-aboard-ariane-6-rocket/. 
  7. ↑ "Ariane 6 to take Sentinel-1D into orbit" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Ariane_6_to_take_Sentinel-1D_into_orbit. 
  8. ↑ "Sentinel-1 D Satellite Mission Summary | CEOS Database". https://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=814. 
  9. ↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: Sentinel-1D". https://space.oscar.wmo.int/satellites/view/sentinel_1d. 
  10. ↑ "Countdown to launch – Copernicus Sentinel-1D lifts off in November - European Commission" (in en). https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/countdown-launch-copernicus-sentinel-1d-lifts-november-2025-10-06_en. 
  11. ↑ JOSEPH-GABRIEL, Daphné (2025-10-06). "Arianespace to launch EU's Copernicus Sentinel-1D satellite on November 4, 2025, with Ariane 6". https://newsroom.arianespace.com/?p=46856. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Watch live: Sentinel-1D launch on Ariane 6" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Watch_live_Sentinel-1D_launch_on_Ariane_6. 
  13. ↑ Luciani 0, Massimo (2025-11-05). "The Earth observation Sentinel-1D satellite has been successfully launched" (in en-US). https://english.tachyonbeam.com/2025/11/05/the-earth-observation-sentinel-1d-satellite-has-been-successfully-launched/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Sentinel-1D reaches orbit on Ariane 6" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1D_reaches_orbit_on_Ariane_6. 
  15. ↑ "Sentinel 1" (in en-US). https://blogs.fu-berlin.de/reseda/sentinel-1/. 
  16. ↑ "The Story of Earth Observation: From Aerial Pioneers to Satellites - Vintage Aviation News" (in en-US). 2025-11-02. https://vintageaviationnews.com/warbird-articles/the-story-of-earth-observation-from-aerial-pioneers-to-satellites.html. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Sentinel-1 mission… did you know?" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1_mission_did_you_know. 
  18. ↑ Raspini, Federico; Bianchini, Silvia; Ciampalini, Andrea; Del Soldato, Matteo; Solari, Lorenzo; Novali, Fabrizio; Del Conte, Sara; Rucci, Alessio et al. (2018-05-08). "Continuous, semi-automatic monitoring of ground deformation using Sentinel-1 satellites" (in en). Scientific Reports 8 (1): 7253. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25369-w. ISSN 2045-2322. Bibcode: 2018NatSR...8.7253R. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-25369-w. 
  19. ↑ Cian, Fabio; Blasco, Jose Manuel Delgado; Marconcini, Mattia; Rivolta, Giancarlo; Giupponi, Carlo (2016), Sentinel-1 and 2 data fusion for land management and disaster risk assessment, Unpublished, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3926.3608, https://www.researchgate.net/doi/10.13140/RG.2.1.3926.3608, retrieved 2025-11-04 
  20. ↑ Australia, Geoscience (2024-06-18). "Sentinels activated for NSW floods" (in en). https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/dea/news/sentinels-activated-for-nsw-floods. 
  21. ↑ Kuntla, Sai Kiran (2021-01-01). "An era of Sentinels in flood management: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 satellites for effective flood management" (in en). Open Geosciences 13 (1): 1616–1642. doi:10.1515/geo-2020-0325. ISSN 2391-5447. Bibcode: 2021OGeo...13..325K. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/geo-2020-0325/html?lang=en. 
  22. ↑ Tarpanelli, Angelica; Mondini, Alessandro C.; Camici, Stefania (2022). "Effectiveness of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for flood detection assessment in Europe" (in English). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22 (8): 2473–2489. doi:10.5194/nhess-22-2473-2022. ISSN 1561-8633. Bibcode: 2022NHESS..22.2473T. https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/22/2473/2022/. 
  23. ↑ Portalés-Julià, Enrique; Mateo-García, Gonzalo; Gómez-Chova, Luis (2025). "Understanding flood detection models across Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 modalities and benchmark datasets". Remote Sensing of Environment 328. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2025.114882. ISSN 0034-4257. Bibcode: 2025RSEnv.32814882P. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003442572500286X. 
  24. ↑ "Mozambique – Copernicus Sentinel-1 Maps Floods in Wake of Idai". https://floodlist.com/africa/mozambique-copernicus-sentinel-1-maps-floods-in-wake-of-idai. 
  25. ↑ "Satellite Images Reveal Scale of Melissa Destruction in Jamaica". https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2025-jamaica-hurricane-melissa-damage/. 
  26. ↑ Liu, Haihui; Song, Chuang; Li, Zhenhong; Liu, Zhenjiang; Ta, Liangyu; Zhang, Xuesong; Chen, Bo; Han, Bingquan et al. (2024). "A New Method for the Identification of Earthquake-Damaged Buildings Using Sentinel-1 Multitemporal Coherence Optimized by Homogeneous SAR Pixels and Histogram Matching". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 17: 7124–7143. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2024.3377218. ISSN 2151-1535. Bibcode: 2024IJSTA..17.7124L. 
  27. ↑ "Step-by-Step: Earthquake Urban Damage Detection Using Sentinel-1 Data | UN-SPIDER Knowledge Portal". https://www.un-spider.org/advisory-support/recommended-practices/earthquake-damage-detection-sentinel-1/step-by-step. 
  28. ↑ "In Detail: Earthquake Urban Damage Detection Using Sentinel-1 Data | UN-SPIDER Knowledge Portal" (in en). https://www.un-spider.org/advisory-support/recommended-practices/earthquake-damage-detection-sentinel-1/in-detail. 
  29. ↑ "Tap into Europe in motion" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Tap_into_Europe_in_motion. 
  30. ↑ "Sentinel-1 imagery maps Norway ground movement | UN-SPIDER Knowledge Portal". https://www.un-spider.org/news-and-events/news/sentinel-1-imagery-maps-norway-ground-movement. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Using Sentinel-1 For Long-Term Ground Movement In Agri" (in en-GB). 2025-07-23. https://farmonaut.com/remote-sensing/using-sentinel-1-for-long-term-ground-movement-in-agri. 
  32. ↑ Nahli, Abdeljalil; Simonetto, Elisabeth; Merrien-Soukatchoff, Véronique; Durand, Frédéric; Rangeard, Damien (2018-01-01). "Sentinel-1 for monitoring tunnel excavations in Rennes, France". Procedia Computer Science. CENTERIS 2018 - International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems / ProjMAN 2018 - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist 2018 - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies, CENTERIS/ProjMAN/HCist 2018 138: 393–400. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.056. ISSN 1877-0509. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918316892. 
  33. ↑ Fitriana, Hana Listi; Julzarika, Atriyon; Adawiah, Syifa Wismayati (2024). "Utilizing Sentinel-1 for Analyzing Infrastructure Resilience in Disaster Zone (Case in Rebana Area)". 2024 IEEE International Conference on Aerospace Electronics and Remote Sensing Technology (ICARES). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICARES64249.2024.10767911. ISBN 979-8-3315-4201-6. 
  34. ↑ "UK's entire rail network to be monitored by satellites" (in en-GB). 2025-11-08. https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2025/11/uks-entire-rail-network-to-be-monitored-by-satellites.html. 
  35. ↑ Nahli, Abdeljalil; Simonetto, Elisabeth; Tatin, Maxime; Durand, Stéphane; Morel, Laurent; Lamour, Vincent (2019). "Monitoring ground deformation using Sentinel-1 PSInSAR and RTS measurements in the context of the Grand Paris Express project" (in en). 4th Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring (JISDM). https://cnam.hal.science/hal-04060210. 
  36. ↑ "Dhaka-Kasiani-Gopalganj rail line sinking, study warns" (in en). 2025-11-03. https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/transport/dhaka-kasiani-gopalganj-rail-line-sinking-study-warns-1275806. 
  37. ↑ Kothari, Rishav (2025-05-28). "Rapid glacier movement and landslides at Birch Glacier force evacuation, prompt monitoring initiative in Switzerland" (in en-US). https://watchers.news/2025/05/28/rapid-glacier-movement-landslides-birch-glacier-blatten-monitoring/. 
  38. ↑ "Visualizing shipping lanes from Sentinel-1 – Séries Temporelles". https://www.cesbio.cnrs.fr/multitemp/visualizing-shipping-lanes-from-sentinel-1/. 
  39. ↑ Blondeau-Patissier, David; Schroeder, Thomas; Suresh, Gopika; Li, Zhibin; Diakogiannis, Foivos I.; Irving, Paul; Witte, Christian; Steven, Andrew D. L. (2023). "Detection of marine oil-like features in Sentinel-1 SAR images by supplementary use of deep learning and empirical methods: Performance assessment for the Great Barrier Reef marine park". Marine Pollution Bulletin 188. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114598. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 36773587. Bibcode: 2023MarPB.18814598B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X23000292. 
  40. ↑ "Copernicus Sentinel-1 data enable oil spill detection in South-eastern Mediterranean Sea - Sentinel Success Stories - Sentinel Online" (in en-US). 2023-02-16. https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/success-stories/-/copernicus-sentinel-1-data-enable-oil-spill-detection-in-south-eastern-mediterranean-sea. 
  41. ↑ "Vessel Detections Dataset from Sentinel-1 SAR" (in en-US). 2024-05-31. https://globalfishingwatch.org/platform-update/2024-may-data-download-portal-new-dataset-released-featuring-vessel-detections-from-sentinel-1-sar/. 
  42. ↑ "Monitoring Illegal Fishing Activities" (in en). http://sesa.security.copernicus.eu/services/use-cases/monitoring-illegal-fishing-activities. 
  43. ↑ Fasoulas, Grigoris (2025-02-28). "Multi-temporal "dark vessel" detection with Sentinel 1 and AIS data" (in en-US). https://perivallon-he.eu/multi-temporal-dark-vessel-detection/. 
  44. ↑ Kerekes, Dávid; Nascetti, Andrea (2024). "Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1 SAR Images for Dark Vessel Detection and Classification Using a Circlenet Model". IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. pp. 8223–8227. doi:10.1109/IGARSS53475.2024.10640689. ISBN 979-8-3503-6032-5. 
  45. ↑ "Thales Alenia Inks Deal To Build 2 More Sentinel Satellites for ESA". https://spacenews.com/thales-alenia-space-signs-contract-to-build-2-more-sentinel-satellites-for-esa/. 
  46. ↑ "Arianespace supporting the European Union's Copernicus programme with Vega C". Arianespace (Press release). 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  47. ↑ "Ariane 6 to take Sentinel-1D into orbit" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Ariane_6_to_take_Sentinel-1D_into_orbit. 
  48. ↑ "Copernicus Sentinel-1D manoeuvred into place" (in en). https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/09/Copernicus_Sentinel-1D_manoeuvred_into_place. 
  49. ↑ "Sentinel-1D in French Guiana for launch campaign" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1D_in_French_Guiana_for_launch_campaign. 
  50. ↑ ""We know the drill": Sentinel-1D begins streamlined simulations training" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/We_know_the_drill_Sentinel-1D_begins_streamlined_simulations_training. 
  51. ↑ "Sentinel-1D preparations underway in Kourou" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1D_preparations_underway_in_Kourou. 
  52. ↑ "Sentinel-1D fuelled and ready for encapsulation" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1D_fuelled_and_ready_for_encapsulation. 
  53. ↑ "Sentinel-1D encapsulated inside Ariane 6 fairing" (in en). https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/10/Sentinel-1D_encapsulated_inside_Ariane_6_fairing. 
  54. ↑ "Sentinel-1D and Ariane 6 ready for liftoff" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1D_and_Ariane_6_ready_for_liftoff. 
  55. ↑ JOSEPH-GABRIEL, Daphné (2025-10-06). "Arianespace to launch EU's Copernicus Sentinel-1D satellite on November 4, 2025, with Ariane 6". https://newsroom.arianespace.com/?p=46856. 
  56. ↑ "Sentinel-1D is launched on Ariane 6" (in en). https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2025/11/Sentinel-1D_is_launched_on_Ariane_6. 
  57. ↑ "ESA Space Transport (@transport.esa.int)". Bluesky Social. 2025-11-06. https://bsky.app/profile/transport.esa.int/post/3m4xcggvfjc24. 
  58. ↑ "Sentinel-1D reaches orbit on Ariane 6" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1D_reaches_orbit_on_Ariane_6. 
  59. ↑ "ESA Operations (@operations.esa.int)". Bluesky Social. 2025-11-04. https://bsky.app/profile/operations.esa.int/post/3m4tl5fq53c2s. 
  60. ↑ "Sentinel-1D : A new chapter for Copernicus - Sentinel Success Stories - Sentinel Online" (in en-US). 2025-11-07. https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/success-stories/-/sentinel-1d-a-new-chapter-for-copernicus. 
  61. ↑ "ESA Operations (@operations.esa.int)". Bluesky Social. 2025-11-04. https://bsky.app/profile/operations.esa.int/post/3m4totys3ns2p. 
  62. ↑ "Copernicus Sentinel-1D and Sentinel-5A provide first images, marking important advances in earth and atmospheric monitoring" (in en). https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/copernicus-sentinel-1d-and-sentinel-5a-provide-first-images-marking-important-advances-earth-and-2025-11-26_en. 
  63. ↑ "Sentinel-1D delivers first images: from Antarctica to Bremen" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1D_delivers_first_images_from_Antarctica_to_Bremen. 

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