Engineering:Vega (rocket)

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Short description: European Space Agency launch system
Vega
Sentinel-2 and vega.jpg
Vega's VV05 before liftoff with Sentinel-2A
FunctionSmall-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerAvio
Country of originItaly,
European Space Agency[lower-alpha 1]
Cost per launchUS$37 million [1]
Size
Height30 m (98 ft)
Diameter3 m (9.8 ft)
Mass137,000 kg (302,000 lb)
Stages4
Capacity
Payload to polar orbit (700 km, i 90°)1,430 kg (3,150 lb)
Payload to elliptic orbit (1500 × 200 km,
i 5.4°)		1,963 kg (4,328 lb)
Payload to SSO (400 km)1,450 kg (3,200 lb)
Associated rockets
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesCentre Spatial Guyanais, ELV
Total launches
  • 23
    • Vega: 21
    • Vega-C: 2
Successes
  • 20
    • Vega: 19
    • Vega-C: 1
Failures
  • 3
    • Vega: 2
    • Vega-C: 1
First flight13 February 2012 [1]
Last flight9 October 2023
First stage – P80[2][3][4]
Length11.7 m (38 ft)
Diameter3 m (9.8 ft)
Empty mass7,330 kg (16,160 lb)
Gross mass95,695 kg (210,971 lb)
Thrust2,261 kN (508,000 lbf)
Specific impulse280 s (2.7 km/s)
Burn time107 seconds
FuelHTPB (solid)
Second stage – Zefiro 23
Length8.39 m (27.5 ft)
Diameter1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
Empty mass2,850 kg (6,280 lb)
Gross mass28,850 kg (63,600 lb)
Thrust871 kN (196,000 lbf)
Specific impulse287.5 s (2.819 km/s)
Burn time71.6 seconds
FuelHTPB (solid) [5]
Third stage – Zefiro 9
Length4.12 m (13.5 ft)
Diameter1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
Empty mass1,315 kg (2,899 lb)
Gross mass11,815 kg (26,048 lb)
Thrust260 kN (58,000 lbf)
Specific impulse296 s (2.90 km/s)
Burn time117 seconds
FuelHTPB (solid) [6]
Upper stage – AVUM
Length1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)
Diameter1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
Empty mass147 kg (324 lb)
Gross mass697 kg (1,537 lb)
Engines1 × RD-843[7] (RD-868P)[8]
Thrust2.42 kN (540 lbf)
Specific impulse315.5 s (3.094 km/s)
Burn time317 seconds
FuelUDMH / N
2O
4

Vega (Italian: Vettore Europeo di Generazione Avanzata, or French: Vecteur européen de génération avancée, or English: European Vector of Advanced Generation,[9] meaning "Advanced generation European carrier rocket")[9] is an expendable launch system in use by Arianespace jointly developed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the European Space Agency (ESA). Development began in 1998 and the first launch took place from the Guiana Space Centre on 13 February 2012.[4]

It is designed to launch small payloads – 300 to 2500 kg satellites for scientific and Earth observation missions to polar and low Earth orbits.[10] The reference Vega mission is a polar orbit bringing a spacecraft of 1500 kg to an altitude of 700 km.

The rocket, named after Vega, the brightest star in the constellation Lyra,[11] is a single-body launcher (no strap-on boosters) with three solid rocket stages: the P80 first stage, the Zefiro 23 second stage, and the Zefiro 9 third stage. The upper module is a liquid rocket called AVUM. The improved version of the P80 stage, the P120C, will also be used as the side boosters of the Ariane 6. Italy is the leading contributor to the Vega program (65%), followed by France (13%).[12] Other participants include Spain , Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Sweden.[13]

Development

Background

During the mid-1990s, French firms Aérospatiale and SEP, along with Italian firm Bombrini-Parodi-Delfino (BPD), commenced discussions on the development of a proposed Ariane Complementary Launcher (ACL). Around the same time, Italy began to champion the concept of a new solid-propellant satellite launcher.[14] This proposed launcher, dubbed Vega, was promoted as functioning to expand the range of European launch capabilities; Vega would be capable of launching a 1000 kg payload into a 700 km polar orbit. From the onset, the first of three stages would be based on the solid booster of the existing Ariane 5 expendable launch system while the second and third stages would make use of the in-development Zefiro rocket motor.[15][16]

However, it was recognised to be a costly project and thus difficult for Italy alone to finance; accordingly, international partners were sought early on in order to proceed with development.[14] In April 1998, it was publicly stated that the Vega programme was dependent upon the securing of roughly ECU70 million of industrial investment, as well as the availability of around ECU350 million of funding that had been requested from interested member states of the European Space Agency (ESA), led by France and Italy.[17] During June 1998, it was announced that ministers from European Space Agency (ESA) member states had agreed to proceed with the first phase of the development programme for Vega; the participating members were France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Italy – the latter had assumed 55% of the burden for financing the programme.[18][16]

By September 1998, it was projected that, if fully funded, Vega would perform its first launch during 2002.[19] However, by early 1998, France was publicly showing displeasure in the programme, leading to disputes in its funding.[20][21] A new, higher-performance version of the Vega was proposed, but this failed to sufficiently satisfy France. In September 1999, France decided to withdraw from the Vega programme entirely, leading to fears for the future of the launcher.[22] In November 1999, European Space Agency (ESA) formally dropped Vega as an endorsed programme, a decision which was largely attributed to France's withdrawal; Italy declared that it would proceed regardless, and threatened to re-direct its allocated contributions for the further development of the Ariane 5 to meet the shortfall.[23][24]

Around 2000, an alternative use for the Vega was explored as a medium-class booster rocket to be used in conjunction with an improved, up-rated model of the Ariane 5 heavy launcher.[25] In October 2000, it was announced that France and Italy had settled their year-long dispute over the Vega programme; France and Italy agreed to provide 35% and 52%, respectively, of the financing towards the all-composite P80 booster for the Ariane 5 — work which would be included in the Vega programme.[26] In March 2001, FiatAvio and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) formed a new company, European Launch Vehicle (ELV), to assume responsibility for the majority of development work on the Vega programme.[27] By 2003, there was concerns that European Space Agency (ESA)'s recent adoption of the Russian Soyuz launcher would directly compete with the in-development Vega; demands for such launchers had declined with a downturn in the mobile telecommunications satellite market and doubts over the European Galileo satellite navigation system.[28]

Programme launch

In March 2003, contracts for development of the Vega launcher were signed by European Space Agency (ESA) and Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES), the French space agency; Italy provided 65% of funding while six additional nations contributed the remainder.[29] In May 2004, it was reported that a contract was signed between commercial operator Arianespace and prime contractor ELV to perform vehicle integration at Kourou, French Guiana.[30] In November 2004, construction commenced upon a new dedicated launch pad for the Vega launcher at Kourou, this included a bunker and a self-propelled structure to assist assembly of the stages; this site was built over the original launch pad for the retired Ariane 1 launcher.[31][32] In September 2005, the successful completion of key tests on the Vega's solid rocket motor igniters, a key milestone, was reported.[33]

In November 2005, European Space Agency (ESA) declared its desire for the development and deployment of an electric propulsion-powered module to work in conjunction with the Vega launcher; this envisioned module would transfer payloads between low Earth orbit (LEO) and a geostationary orbit (GEO).[34] During November 2005, it was reported that both Israel and India had shown formal interest in the Vega programme.[35] In December 2005, the Vega launcher, along with the Ariane and Soyuz launchers, were endorsed as the recognised "first choice" platforms for ESA payloads.[36] On 19 December 2005, the first test firing of the Vega's third stage was completed successfully at Salto di Quirra, Sardinia.[37] For several years, further tests would be conducted at the Sardinia site.[38][39] Progress on Vega was delayed by the failure of one such test of the third stage on 28 March 2007.[40][41]

During January 2007, European Space Agency (ESA) announced that the agency was studying the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation in order to support launches of the Vega and Ariane.[42] At the 2009 Paris Air Show, it was revealed that the adoption of more cost-effective engine to replace the upper stages of the Vega have been postponed due to a failure to reduce the overall costs of the launcher, making it much less worthwhile to pursue.[43] Despite this finding, efforts to improve the efficiency of the third stage continued.[44] At this point, the certification of all four stages of the Vega launch was anticipated to be achieved prior to the end of 2009, while the first launch was scheduled to take place during 2010.[45] The first flight was intended to be flown with a scientific payload, rather than a "dummy" placeholder;[46][47] but had intentionally avoided a costly commercial satellite.[48] By late 2010, the first flight had been delayed into 2011.[49]

Into flight

During October 2011, all major components of the first Vega rocket departed Avio's Colleferro facility, near Rome, by sea for Kourou. At this point, the first launch was anticipated to occur during December 2011 or January 2012.[50][51] During early January 2012, it was reported that the launch date would slip into the following month.[47][52] On 13 February 2012, the first launch of the Vega rocket occurred for Kourou; it was reported as being an "apparently perfect flight".[53][54]

During mid-2011, it was postulated that an evolved 'Europeanised' upgrade of the Vega rocket could be developed in the medium-to-long term future.[55] Following the successful first launch, various improvements for the Vega were postulated. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) was reportedly enthusiastic on the prospects of developing a European alternative to the Vega's final, fourth stage; however, it was widely believed that there should be no change to Vega hardware for roughly 10 years in order to consolidate operations and avoid unnecessary costs early on.[56] European Space Agency (ESA) was also keen to take advantage of potential commonalities between the Vega and the proposed Ariane 6 heavy launcher.[57]

Following on from the first launch, a further four flights were conducted under the vestiges of the VERTA programme (Vega Research and Technology Accompaniment), during which observation or scientific payloads were orbited while validating and readying the Vega rocket for more lucrative commercial operations.[58] The second launch, performed on 6 May 2013, which followed a considerably more demanding flight profile and carried the type's first commercial payload, was also successful.[59] In the aftermath of this second launch, European Space Agency (ESA) declared the Vega rocket to be "fully functional".[60] The lapse of more than one year between the inaugural flight and the second one was mainly due to the fact that the Italian manufacturer had to completely redevelop the Flight Control Software, due to the restrictions on French export control imposed on the software used on the first flight.[61]

Since entering commercial service, Arianespace markets Vega as a launch system tailored for missions to polar and Sun-synchronous orbits.[62] During its qualification flight, Vega placed its main payload of 386.8 kg, the LARES satellite, into a circular orbit at the altitude of 1450 km with an inclination of 69.5°.[63]

Specifications

Stages

Vega stage parameters
Stages [64][65] Stage 1
P80 		Stage 2
Zefiro 23 		Stage 3
Zefiro 9 		Stage 4
AVUM
Height 11.7 m (38 ft) 7.5 m (25 ft) 3.5 m (11 ft) 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)
Diameter 3 m (9.8 ft) 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
Propellant type solid solid solid liquid
Propellant mass 88 tons 24 tons 10.5 tons 0.55 tons
Motor dry mass 7,330 kg (16,160 lb) 1,950 kg (4,300 lb) 915 kg (2,017 lb) 131 kg (289 lb)
Motor case mass 3,260 kg (7,190 lb) 900 kg (2,000 lb) 400 kg (880 lb) 16 kg (35 lb)
Average thrust 2,200 kN (490,000 lbf) 871 kN (196,000 lbf) 260 kN (58,000 lbf) 2.42 kN (540 lbf)
Burn time 110 seconds 77 seconds 120 seconds 667 seconds
Specific impulse 280 seconds 287.5 seconds 296 seconds 315.5 seconds

Payload

Arianespace had indicated that the Vega launcher is able to carry 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) to a circular polar orbit at an altitude of 700 km (430 mi).[66]

The payload fairing of the Vega was designed and is manufactured by RUAG Space of Switzerland.[67] It has a diameter of 2.6 metres, a height of 7.8 metres and a mass of 400 kg. The cylindrical part of the fairing has an outer diameter 2.6 m and a height 3.5 m.[68]

Three solid motor stages

The first three stages are solid propellant engines produced by Avio, that is prime contractor for the Vega launcher through its company ELV.[69]

(As of 2011), the design and production process of the three engine types intended for the three stages of Vega were planned to be verified in two ground-test firings — one for design evaluation and one in the final flight configuration.[70][71]

P80

Main page: Engineering:P80 (rocket stage)

The P80 is the first stage of VEGA, its name is derived from the design phase propellant weight of 80 tons that was later increased to 88 tons. The P80 includes a thrust vector control (TVC) system, developed and made in Belgium by SABCA, consisting of two electromechanical actuators that operate a movable nozzle with flexible joint using lithium ion batteries.[72] The 3 m diameter case is composed of graphite epoxy filament wound case and low density rubber is used for the internal insulation. The nozzle is made of light low-cost carbon phenolic material; a consumable casing is used for the igniter. The solid propellant loaded has low binder content and high aluminium percentage (HTPB 1912).[73]

The first test firing of the P80 engine took place on 30 November 2006 in Kourou, and the test was concluded successfully.[74]

The second test firing of the P80 first stage engine took place on 4 December 2007 in Kourou. Delivering a mean thrust of 190 tonnes over 111 seconds, the engine's behaviour was in line with predictions.[75]

The future version of the stage, P120C, also with its name derived from the design phase propellant weight of 120 tons, will increase the propellant mass to 141–143 tons.[76]

Zefiro 23

Main page: Engineering:Zefiro (rocket stage)
Nozzle of the Zefiro 23, Paris Air Show 2015

The development of the Zefiro motor was initiated by Avio, partially funded by the company and partially funded by a contract from the Italian Space Agency (ISA). A Zefiro 23 forms the second stage of Vega. Its carbon-epoxy case is filament-wound and its carbon phenolic nozzle includes a carbon-carbon throat insert. The propellant loading is 23 tons.[72]

The Zefiro 23 second stage engine was first fired on 26 June 2006 at Salto di Quirra. This test was successful.[77]

The second test firing of the Zefiro 23 second stage engine took place on 27 March 2008 also at Salto di Quirra. This successful test qualified the rocket engine.[78]

Zefiro 9

Main page: Engineering:Zefiro (rocket stage)

The first engine completed was Zefiro 9, the third stage engine. The first test firing was carried out on 20 December 2005, at the Salto di Quirra Inter-force Test Range, on the Mediterranean coast in southeast Sardinia. The test was a complete success.[79]

After a critical design review based on the completed first test firings,[80] the second test-firing of the Zefiro 9 took place at Salto di Quirra on 28 March 2007. After 35 seconds, there was a sudden drop in the motor's internal pressure, leading to an increased combustion time.[81] No public information is available for this sudden drop of internal pressure, and whether any flaws were present in the motor's design.

On 23 October 2008, an enhanced version of the Zefiro 9 with a modified nozzle design, the Zefiro 9-A, was successfully tested.[82]

On 28 April 2009, the final qualification test firing of Zefiro 9-A took place at the Salto di Quirra Interforce Test Range in Sardinia, Italy.[83]

Attitude Vernier Upper Module (AVUM)

AVUM undergoing vibration test at ESTEC Test Centre in Noordwijk.

The Attitude Vernier Upper Module (AVUM) upper stage, developed by Avio, has been designed to place the payload in the required orbit and to perform roll and attitude control functions. The AVUM consists of two modules: AVUM Propulsion Module (APM) and AVUM Avionics Module (AAM).[84] The propulsion module uses a Ukrainian-built RD-843[7] (RD-868P)[8] rocket engine liquid-fuel rocket burning pressure-fed UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide as propellants. The AVUM avionics module contains the main components of the avionics sub-system of the vehicle.[85]

Variants

There was a concept study for a new medium-size launcher based on Vega and Ariane 5 elements. This launcher would use an Ariane 5 P230 first stage, a Vega P80 second stage and an Ariane 5 third stage using either storable or cryogenic fuel.[72]

The future upgraded Vega (LYRA program) has exceeded the feasibility study and is planned to replace the current third and fourth stages with a single low cost LOX/Liquid methane stage with a new guidance system. The purpose of the program is to upgrade the performance by about 30% without significant price increase.[86]

On 14 February 2012, one day after the successful first launch of Vega, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) moved to be included in the program. Johann-Dietrich Wörner, at that time head of DLR, said Germany wanted to join the project. Germany would provide a replacement for the RD-843 engine on the AVUM fourth stage, currently made in Ukraine . The Vega launcher manager stated that it will not fly in the near future because it takes some time to develop, but he confirmed it will be on agenda in the next meeting of ministers in late 2012. That way, all components of the rocket would be built inside the European Union (EU), excluding the Switzerland made ones.[13]

The revised Vega-C first stage, renamed P120C (Common), has been selected as booster for the first stage of the next generation Ariane 6 rocket at European Space Agency (ESA) Council meeting at Ministerial level in December 2014.[87]

Avio is also considering a "Vega Light" that would omit the first stage of either the Vega-C or Vega-E and would be targeted at replenishing satellite constellations. The vehicle would be capable of launching between 250–300 kg or 400–500 kg depending on whether it was derived from a Vega-C or Vega-E, respectively.[88][89]

Vega-C

Model of Vega-C at Paris Air Show 2015

Vega-C (or Vega Consolidation) is an evolution on the original Vega launcher to enable better launch performance and flexibility.[90] Development started following the December 2014 ESA Ministerial Council with the goal to meet the change in payload demands, both in regards to an increase in medium-sized institutional payloads, and to compete with cheaper launch providers.[91]

This new evolution incorporates various changes to the Vega stack, the first stage P80 motor will be replaced with the P120C, the same booster due to be used on the upcoming Ariane 6 launcher, and the Zefiro 23 second stage will also be replaced with the Zefiro 40. The larger AVUM+ will replace the AVUM fourth stage, while the third Zefiro 9 stage will be carried over from the base version of the launcher.[90]

These modifications will enable new mission parameters using various payload adapters and upper stages. The new rocket will be able to carry dual payloads using the Vespa-C payload adapter, or a single large satellite in addition to smaller payloads using the Vampire and SMSS multiple payload dispenser. Orbital transfer capability is also available with the Vega Electrical Nudge Upper Stage, or VENUS.[92]

Return missions are also available with the use of the reusable Space Rider vehicle, currently in development by ESA, and due to launch on a Vega-C no earlier than July 2025.

On 13 July 2022, Vega-C had its debut flight during which it delivered the LARES 2 and six other satellites to orbit.[93] This launch came as a way of filling the gap after the Russian rockets became unavailable due to the war in Ukraine.[94] On 21 December 2022 (UTC), Vega-C suffered a launch failure due to an anomaly with the Zefiro 40 second stage resulting in the loss of two spacecraft for the Airbus Pléiades Neo Earth-imaging constellation.[95]

Following the failure, the next launch was delayed until late 2024, to allow the redesign of a rocket motor nozzle.[96]

Vega-E

Building on Vega-C, Vega-E (or Vega Evolution) is a further evolution of the Vega-C with the Zefiro 9 and AVUM+ third and fourth stage replaced with a cryogenic upper stage powered by liquid oxygen and liquid methane. This variant offers even more flexibility than Vega-C, with the ability to deliver multiple satellites into different orbits on a single launch.[97]

(As of March 2021) Avio is finalizing the development of the new M10 methane engine used in the new upper stage. The engine design is the result of a collaboration between Avio and Chemical Automatics Design Bureau (KBKhA) ended in 2014.[98]

Avio successfully conducted the first series of testing of the M10 engine between May and July 2022[99] with the maiden flight of the Vega-E planned for 2027.[100]

Launch statistics

This section is transcluded from List of Vega launches. (edit | history)

Launch history

Main page: Engineering:List of Vega launches
This section is transcluded from List of Vega launches. (edit | history)

Future launches

This section is transcluded from List of Vega launches. (edit | history)

Costs

Development costs for the Vega rocket totaled €710 million, with ESA spending an additional €400 million to sponsor five development flights between 2012 and 2014.[101] Estimates of commercial launch costs in 2012 were projected to be €32 million, including Arianespace's marketing and service costs, or €25 million for each rocket alone, assuming a launch rate of 2 per year. In 2012, it was estimated[by whom?] that if the sustained flight rate were to increase to four flights per year, the price of each individual launch vehicle could potentially decrease to €22 million.[102][needs update] In the event, by November 2020, Vega had never flown more than three flights in a single year, with an average flight rate of just under two launches per year.

"Our belief is that we can charge up to 20% more per launch than our biggest competitors and still win business because of the value we provide at the space center here and with Arianespace"
—Francesco De Pasquale, managing director of ELV SpA, 2012, SpaceNews[102]

Comparable rockets

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The European Space Agency brings together, in addition to Italy, 21 more sovereign states: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark , Estonia, Finland , France , Germany , Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway , Poland , Portugal, Romania, Spain , Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom .

References

  1. ↑ "VV01 – Vega's first liftoff". ESA. 6 March 2016. https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/VV01_Vega_s_first_liftoff/. 
  2. ↑ Avio. "Vega Satellite Launcher". http://www.avio.com/files/catalog/pdf/motore_p80_75.pdf. 
  3. ↑ Avio. "Avio Space". http://www.avio.com/en/catalog/space/propulsione_spaziale/products. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Vega". ESA. 3 February 2012. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Vega/index.html. 
  5. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Zefiro 23". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/z/zefiro23.html. 
  6. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Zefiro 9". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/z/zefiro9.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 THE SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH OF EUROPEAN VEGA LAUNCHER WITH UKRAINIAN UPPER-STAGE ENGINE State Space Agency of Ukraine 21 November 2018
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vega State Space Agency of Ukraine
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Antonio Fabrizi: from "nuts and bolts" to Europe's launchers of today and tomorrow". ESA. 16 March 2007. http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_history/Antonio_Fabrizi_From_nuts_and_bolts_to_Europe_s_launchers_of_tomorrow. 
  10. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (13 February 2012). "Vega launcher makes first flight". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16956324. 
  11. ↑ Tariq Malik (13 February 2012). "Europe Launches New Vega Rocket on Maiden Voyage". Space.com. http://www.space.com/14548-europe-launches-vega-rocket-maiden-voyage.html. "The Italian-built Vega rocket is named after the second-brightest star in the northern hemisphere" 
  12. ↑ Svitak, Amy (6 February 2012). "European Vega Small-Class Launcher Targets Government Market". Aviation Week. https://aviationweek.com/awin/european-vega-small-class-launcher-targets-government-market. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Clark, Steven (14 February 2012). "Vega launcher program courts German participation". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1202/14germanyvega/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Launcher proposals" Flight International 18 December 1996
  15. ↑ Moxon, Julian; "ESA plan emphasises launchers" Flight International 8 April 1998
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Furniss, Tim; "A late entry" Flight International 15 July 1998
  17. ↑ "Italy leads ESA interest in Vega K development" Flight International 29 April 1998
  18. ↑ "ESA to develop small satellite launcher" Flight International 1 July 1998
  19. ↑ Furniss, Tim; "New European launcher awaits full funding" Flight International 8 September 1998
  20. ↑ "Second test for Vega's Zefiro" Flight International 7 July 1999
  21. ↑ Furniss, Tim; "Finding a Role" Flight International 28 July 1999
  22. ↑ "ESA ponders Vega's future after France withdraws" Flight International 15 September 1999
  23. ↑ Moxon, Julian and Andy Nativi; "French withdrawal prompts ESA to drop Vega project" Flight International 3 November 1999
  24. ↑ "ESA budgets for Ariane 5 updates" Flight International 1 February 2000
  25. ↑ Furniss, Tim; "Arianespace adds Eurokot to satellite launcher range" Flight International 6 June 2000
  26. ↑ Moxon, Julian and Giorgio di Barnado; "Vega agreement paves way for P80 booster for Ariane 5" Flight International 31 October 2000
  27. ↑ Nativi, Andy; "Italians form launcher company" Flight International 6 March 2001
  28. ↑ Furniss, Tim; "Face the facts with Jean-Yves Le Gall" Flight International 15 June 2003
  29. ↑ Furniss, Tim; "Europe starts Vega development" Flight International 4 March 2003
  30. ↑ "Vega nears maiden flight" Flight International 25 May 2004
  31. ↑ "Vega launch pad taking shape" Flight International 23 November 2004
  32. ↑ Coppinger, Rob; "Bigger Stage" Flight International 8 November 2005
  33. ↑ Bentley, Ross; "Key tests for Vega igniters" Flight International 21 September 2005
  34. ↑ "ESA wants electronic module for Vega vehicle" Flight International 22 November 2005
  35. ↑ "Israel and India show interest in ESA's Vega" Flight International 29 November 2005
  36. ↑ Coppinger, Rob; "ESA boosts science, delays Kliper" Flight International 13 December 2005
  37. ↑ "Vega fires up on third-stage test" Flight International 3 January 2006
  38. ↑ "Vega launcher rocket engine tests progress with Sardinian trial firing" Flight International 4 July 2006
  39. ↑ Coppinger, Rob; "Rocket propulsion sees triple success" Flight International 3 April 2008
  40. ↑ "Vega third stage engine fails" Flight International 30 March 2007
  41. ↑ Coppinger, Rob; "Italian Space Agency plans its relaunch" Flight International 31 October 2008
  42. ↑ "GPS navigation may guide Europe's Vega" Flight International 30 January 2007
  43. ↑ Coppinger, Rob; "PARIS AIR SHOW: Commercial Soyuz, Vega launchers face up to cost pressures" Flight International 14 June 2009
  44. ↑ Peruzzi, Luca; "Italy has sights – and budget – set firmly on the cosmos" Flight International 28 July 2010
  45. ↑ Peruzzi, Luca; "PARIS AIR SHOW: Face the facts with Avio chief executive Orazio Ragni" Flight International 16 June 2009
  46. ↑ Coppinger, Rob; "Maiden Vega to fly science payload to conduct tests with lasers" Flight International 5 June 2007
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Thisdell, Dan; "Vega maiden launch could slip into February" Flight International 6 January 2012
  48. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "Space, time and Vega's heavy burden" Flight International 26 January 2012
  49. ↑ Peruzzi, Luca; "Italy special: Towards the stars" Flight International 16 November 2010
  50. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "ESA counting down to historic launches" Flight International 17 October 2011
  51. ↑ Thisdell, Dan`; "Vega on track for January maiden flight from ESA's French Guiana launch site" Flight International 13 December 2011
  52. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "Fingers crossed and re-crossed as Vega moves toward maiden flight" Flight International 26 January 2012
  53. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "Vega maiden launch goes to plan" Flight International 13 February 2012
  54. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "Success of Vega rocket flight boosts Avio profile" Flight International 22 February 2012
  55. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "PARIS: ESA to fire up next-gen launcher" Flight International 24 June 2011
  56. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "SPACEFLIGHT: Partners look to enhance Vega" Flight International 23 February 2012
  57. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "IN FOCUS: Europe's next rocket has high hurdles to clear" Flight International 27 November 2012
  58. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "IN FOCUS: Europe forges ahead in space" Flight International 3 July 2012
  59. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "For 'flexible' Vega, second launch a step up in complexity" Flight International 18 April 2013
  60. ↑ Thisdell, Dan; "Vega's second success 'confirms functionality'" Flight International 9 May 2013
  61. ↑ "French Export Restrictions Snare Vega Flight Software" (in en-US). 2010-06-11. https://spacenews.com/french-export-restrictions-snare-vega-flight-software/. 
  62. ↑ "Vega — Performance". Arianespace. http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-vega/performance.asp. 
  63. ↑ I. Ciufolini et al.; The Design of LARES: A Satellite for Testing General Relativity IAC-07-B4.2.07, proceedings of the 58th International Astronautical Congress, India, Hyderabad, 2007
  64. ↑ "Vega Satellite Launcher". Avio. http://www.avio.com/files/catalog/pdf/avum_78.pdf. 
  65. ↑ "Vega – Launcher composition (interactive)". ELV. http://www.elv.it/en/launcher-vega/composizione-lanciatore/. 
  66. ↑ "Vega — Overview". Arianespace. http://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/vega/. 
  67. ↑ Coppering, Rob; "A significant role with ESA" Flight International 21 September 2004
  68. ↑ Barbera, R.; Bianchi, S.. "Vega: The European Small-Launcher Programme". ESA, bulletin 109 — february 2002. https://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet109/chapter7_bul109.pdf. 
  69. ↑ "Space Propulsion". http://www.aviogroup.com/en/catalog/space/propulsione_spaziale. 
  70. ↑ "VEGA Satellite Launcher". Aviogroup.com. http://www.avio.com/files/catalog/pdf/zefiro_9_77.pdf. 
  71. ↑ Neri, Agostino (4 August 2011). "Vega Launch System Final Preparation for Qualification Flight". San Diego, California (USA): AIAA. https://info.aiaa.org/tac/SMG/STTC/Minutes/STTC%20Meeting%20Materials%20080411/Vega%20Program%20Status%20JPC%2011%20for%20STTC.pdf. Retrieved 9 December 2013. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 M. Caporicci (November 2000). "The Future of European Launchers: The ESA Perspective". European Space Agency. http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet104/caporicci104.pdf. 
  73. ↑ "Solid propellant rocket stage". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/engines/p80.htm. 
  74. ↑ ESA: Successful firing of Vega's first-stage motor in Kourou
  75. ↑ ESA: Vega main engine test in Kourou
  76. ↑ "VEGA C: 1° Stage – P120C Motor". Avio. http://www.avio.com/en/vega/vega-c/vega-c-1-stadio-p120c-motor/. 
  77. ↑ ESA: Vega's second stage motor roars to life
  78. ↑ Successful qualification firing test for Zefiro 23
  79. ↑ ESA: Successful first test for Vega's Zefiro 9 engine
  80. ↑ ESA: Vega Critical Design Review begins
  81. ↑ ESA: Anomalous behaviour affects firing test of Vega's Zefiro 9 motor
  82. ↑ "Successful first test for Vega's Zefiro 9-A solid-fuel rocket motor". ESA. 24 October 2008. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM0KERTKMF_index_1.html. 
  83. ↑ "Successful second test for Vega's Zefiro 9-A solid-fuel rocket motor". ESA. 30 April 2009. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM688BNJTF_index_0.html. 
  84. ↑ "AVUM" (in it). Avio. http://www.avio.com/it/catalog/space/propulsione_spaziale/avum/. 
  85. ↑ "Vega Launcher". ESA. 6 February 2012. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Vega/SEMNLCWWVUG_0.html. 
  86. ↑ "LIRA 124; VEGA evolution". Agenzia Spaziale Italiana. http://www.asi.it/en/activity/transportation/lyra. 
  87. ↑ "ESA Ministerial Council: a historic leap forwards for space activities". Agenzia Spaziale Italiana. 2 December 2014. http://www.asi.it/it/node/32582. 
  88. ↑ "Avio Considers 'Vega Light' Mini-Launcher". Aviation Week and Space Technology. 22 November 2017. http://aviationweek.com/awinspace/avio-considers-vega-light-mini-launcher. 
  89. ↑ Avio (2 March 2021). "Vega C, a new generation launcher". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/vega-c-a-new-generation-launcher/. "Avio is developing a scaled-down version of Vega C, named Vega C Light. This rocket will not be equipped with the P120 C, consisting only of Zefiro 40, Zefiro 9 (improved) and AVUM plus stages." 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 "VEGA C | Avio". Avio. https://www.avio.com/vega-c. 
  91. ↑ "Media backgrounder for ESA Council at Ministerial Level". ESA. 27 November 2014. http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Ministerial_Council_2014/Media_backgrounder_for_ESA_Council_at_Ministerial_Level. 
  92. ↑ "Vega-C". https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Vega-C. 
  93. ↑ European Space Agency, ed (2022-07-13). "Vega-C successfully completes inaugural flight". https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Vega/Vega-C_successfully_completes_inaugural_flight. 
  94. ↑ "Successful debut flight for Europe's Vega-C rocket". BBC News. 13 July 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62155260. 
  95. ↑ "Europe's Vega C rocket fails on 2nd-ever mission, 2 satellites lost". 21 December 2022. https://www.space.com/arianespace-vega-c-launch-failure-december-2022. 
  96. ↑ Foust, Jeff (October 2, 2023). "ESA delays Vega C return to flight to late 2024". Spacenews. https://spacenews.com/esa-delays-vega-c-return-to-flight-to-late-2024/. 
  97. ↑ "VEGA E | Avio". Avio. https://www.avio.com/vega-e. 
  98. ↑ P. Bellomi; M. Rudnykh; S. Carapellese; D. Liuzzi; G. Caggiano; L. Arione; A.A. Gurtovoy; S.D. Lobov et al. (2019-02-08). "Development of LM10-MIRA liquid oxygen – liquid natural gas expander cycle demonstrator engine". Progress in Propulsion Physics – Volume 11. pp. 447–466. doi:10.1051/eucass/201911447. ISBN 978-5-94588-228-7. https://www.eucass-proceedings.eu/articles/eucass/abs/2019/01/eucass2019_447/eucass2019_447.html. Retrieved 2021-03-23. 
  99. ↑ "First Half 202 Results". Avio (Press release). 9 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  100. ↑ "2023 half-year financial report". Avio. https://avio-data.teleborsa.it/2023%2f2023-Half-Year-Financial-Report_20230908_104224.pdf. 
  101. ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (13 February 2012). "Europe's Italian-led Vega Rocket Succeeds in Debut". SpaceNews. http://www.spacenews.com/launch/120213-vega-succeeds-debut.html. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 de Selding, Peter B. (23 January 2012). "Vega Expected to be Price-competitive With Russian Rockets". SpaceNews. http://www.spacenews.com/article/vega-expected-be-price-competitive-russian-rockets. 

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