Engineering:Sex robot

From HandWiki
Short description: Hypothetical anthropomorphic robot sex doll
An artist's conception of a humanoid robot from the 1954 science fiction magazine Galaxy.

Sex robots or sexbots are hypothetical anthropomorphic robot sex dolls.[1] (As of 2018), although elaborately instrumented sex dolls have been created by a number of inventors, no fully functioning [vague] sex robots exist. In 2017, the "Harmony" sex doll was created, which can speak and make facial expressions.[2]

There is controversy as to whether developing them would be morally justifiable. In 2016, there was a call for a ban on the creation of anthropomorphic sex robots.[3] In 2015, the Japanese robot company SoftBank banned sex with their products.[4][5]

Lexicology

People who are sexually attracted to sexbots are sometimes referred to as digisexuals[6] or robosexuals.[7][8]

Sexbots with a male design may be referred to as malebots[9] or manbots.[10] Gender neutral terms for sex robots include pleasure bot,[11] sex droid,[12] love-bot, love droid[13] or eroto-bot. Sexbots with a female design have been referred to as chick-bots[14] or fembots[15].

History and development

The sex robot has evolved from sex doll precursors that stem back as far as the 16th century, during which French and Spanish sailors created hand sewn masturbation puppets made of cloth, leather, and old clothes.[16] Many scholars consider this creation to be the direct predecessor of modern sex dolls. Much of the inspiration for creating the modern sex doll came from mannequin-based art created by Hans Bellmer, Man Ray and Salvador Dali. Man Ray claimed that surrealists, including himself and Dali, infused their work with eroticism and personally "violated" their mannequins. For example, Dali’s Rainy Taxi centered on a female mannequin whose half undressed body was crawling with live snails.[17]

By 1968, sex dolls were first advertised in pornographic magazines and became available for purchase via mail. These sex dolls were inflatable with air; consisting of penetration areas at the mouth, vagina, and anus. However, due to their inflatable nature, these dolls were subject to deterioration and were not sustainable for constant use. By the 1970s, materials such as latex and silicone were widely used in the manufacturing of sex dolls to facilitate enhanced durability and a greater resemblance to a human.[18]

The realism of sex robots greatly accelerated in the late 1990s. In 1997, Matt McMullen began constructing lifelike, tin-cure silicon mannequins called RealDolls that were ‘realistic, posable, and life-sized’. McMullen received much criticism about the anatomical correctness of his mannequins; using this as motivation to create a more enhanced version. In 2009, McMullen switched to using platinum material, instead of tin-cure silicon, to further enhance the durability and lifelike nature of the doll. Consequently, all other sex doll manufacturers have followed suit. Many manufacturers, including McMullen, believed that companionship is a critical part of the sex bot dynamic and that incorporating AI into them is the next step.[19][20]

As of 2018, various new models have been constructed to hold conversations, remember important facts, and express various emotions. One such model is "Harmony", created by Matt McMullen, which is customizable by using a mobile app, where users can choose from "thousands of possible combinations of looks, clothes, personalities and voices to make your perfect companion".[21]

Predictions

In 2014, David Levy, the chess champion and author of Love and Sex with Robots[1] said in an interview with Newsweek that "I believe that loving sex robots will be a great boon to society ... There are millions of people out there who, for one reason or another, cannot establish good relationships." He estimates that this will take place by the mid-21st century.[22] Prototypes are being created that imitate human warmth.[23]

In 2017, MIT Press published the first book on this topic, Robot Sex, with a preliminary approach to the several challenges this field represent for human beings and societies. A short review of this book (in Spanish), can be found here.

Realization

There are ongoing attempts to make sex dolls socially interactive. In 2010, a sex doll called Roxxxy that had the capacity to play back pre-recorded speech cues was demonstrated at a trade show.[24] In 2015, Matt McMullen, the creator of the RealDoll stated that he intended to create sex dolls with the capacity to hold conversations.[25]

Barcelona based Dr. Sergi Santos developed sex robot Samantha; the robot can switch between a sex setting (which can include Samantha simulating an orgasm[26]) and a family mode.[27] It can also can tell jokes and discuss philosophy.[28]

In 2017, Matt McMullen created a sex doll called "Harmony" which has the capability of learning about the preferences, wants, and desires of the owner. Furthermore, Harmony can smile, blink and frown in a nearly humanlike fashion. She can hold a conversation with you, tell jokes, remember your food preferences, and the names of your siblings. The cost of Harmony is said to be roughly $15,000.[2] During an onstage interview with Engadget in 2018, Matt McMullen demonstrated that the skin on Harmony’s face could be peeled off and replaced with different skin. He subsequently added a different colored wig and changed her personality by using the app on his handheld device that controls the robot. He named this sex doll ‘Solana’ and considers it to be the sister of Harmony.[29]

Opposition

In September 2015, Kathleen Richardson of De Montfort University and Erik Billing of the University of Skövde created the Campaign Against Sex Robots, calling for a ban on the creation of anthropomorphic sex robots.[3][30] Richardson is critical of Levy and argues that the introduction of such devices would be socially harmful, and demeaning to women and children.[3][31]

In September 2015, the Japanese company SoftBank, the makers of the "Pepper" robot, included a ban on robot sex. The robot's user agreement states: "The policy owner must not perform any sexual act or other indecent behaviour".[4][5]

Noel Sharkey Aimee van Wynsberghe and Eleanor Hancock of the Foundation for Responsible Robotics released a consultation report presenting a summary of the issues and various opinions about what could be society's intimate association with robots.[32] The report includes an examination of how such robots could be employed as a sexual therapy tool for rapists or paedophiles. Sharkey warns that this could be "problematic" in terms of sex dolls resembling children.[33]

There is considerable speculation about this technology coming from experts in the fields of philosophy, sociology, and the natural sciences. Scholars such as Chandrshekhar Shrivastava believe that sex robots will facilitate "social isolation" and that sexual relations with robots will "desensitize humans to intimacy and empathy".[34] Furthermore, according to Chauntelle Tibbals, "Nothing can replace the joy, sorrow, passion, and pain of an actual, unpredictable human interaction." Kathleen Richardson, the director of the campaign against sex robots,[35] firmly believes that we should "start cultivating better relations between each other and leave sex robots to the dustbin of bad ideas". She further argues that only when interacting with another human can we experience our humanity and our identity, as opposed to interacting with a robot.[36]

The sex robots that have been created, as of 2018, primarily resemble women with exaggerated characteristics. Kathleen Richardson argues that these sex robots facilitate a powerful attitude towards women's bodies as commodities, and promote a non-empathetic interaction.[37] Experts argue that improving the gender diversity of those involved in developing this sex technology could help reduce possible harm, such as the objectification of women.[38] In Barcelona, a sex doll brothel allows men to act out their fantasies where they can choose from a selection of flexible silicone dolls and request that they be dressed in whatever outfit the man prefers.[39]

Many scholars, including Richardson, argue that this "reinforces the idea that women are property", rather than human beings with free will.[34] Scholars such as Robert Sparrow argue that the creation of realistic female sex robots, with the ability to refuse consent, further facilitates a rape culture. He believes that sex with these robots represents the "rape of a woman" and may increase the rate of rape in society, while also facilitating a general "disrespect for women" in society.[40] Furthermore, a sex robot called "Frigid Farah", whose personality is described as "reserved and shy", has caught the attention of several scholars. The manufacturer claimed that if "you touched her in a private area, more than likely, she will not be too appreciative of your advance". Many scholars view this as indulging rape fantasies and facilitating a rape culture.[34]

Legislation

The Curbing Realistic Exploitative Electronic Pedophilic Robots (CREEPER) Act, sponsored by Daniel M. Donovan, Jr., was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives on 13 June 2018. The bill would amend the federal obscenity statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1462 to criminalize importation and transportation for interstate commerce any "anatomically-correct doll, mannequin, or robot, with the features of, or with features that resemble those of, a minor, intended for use in sexual acts."[41] Bob Goodlatte stated that "these dolls create a real risk of reinforcing pedophilic behavior and they desensitize the user causing him to engage in sicker and sicker behavior".[42] Australia and the United Kingdom already have such bans.[43]

Potential benefits

Proponents of sex robots believe that sex robots have the potential to provide a valuable service for people who are elderly or disabled and provide them with emotional support say, for example, when the spouse of an elderly person dies.[34] Furthermore, scholars such as Hojjat Abdollahi argue that these robots can act as "robot companions" that aid elderly people with dementia or depression. After conducting a study on many elderly patients, it was found that elderly individuals were interested in having a robot as their companion and their interest did not decay over time. He further explains that these patients established meaningful rapport with the robot companion and that they greatly valued the presence of the robot.[44] The robot companion ‘Paro’, created by Takanori Shibata, has been used since 2009 as a therapeutic machine for the elderly suffering with dementia as well as those suffering from depression and anxiety. Paro is designed to respond to touch, remember faces, and learn certain actions that promote a favorable reaction in the patient. Although Paro was not designed to be a sex robot specifically, Paro is an example of how intelligent machines could become a suitable therapeutic option.[45] New York Times columnist Ross Douthat has suggested that sex robots could solve the problem of inceldom in society.[46] Some manufacturers have also argued that their introductions into prisons may reduce prison rape and sexual tension in prison. They have also suggested they may alleviate sexlessness in encumbered professions such as long-haul truck drivers or all-male oil rigs.[47]

Philosophical discussion

The First International Congress on Love and Sex with Robots was held in Funchal, Madeira in November 2014.[48] The conference was coordinated by Professor Adrian Cheok and Dr. David Levy. The main discussion revolved around the debate of where we draw the line with regard to cyber love and relationships and what the future of love and sex with robots has in store. Additional topics of discussion during the conference included humanoid robots, robot emotions, roboethics, and philosophical approaches.[49] In October 2015 a second conference scheduled for November 2015 in Malaysia was declared illegal by the Malaysian Inspector-General of Police.[50][51][52] The second conference was eventually held in December 2016 chaired by Dr. Kate Devlin at Goldsmiths, University of London in the United Kingdom.[53] Devlin also founded the UK's first ever sex tech hackathon,[54] also held in 2016 at Goldsmiths.

In 2016, a discussion of these issues was held at the 12th IFIP TC9 Human Choice & Computers Conference, entitled "Technology and Intimacy: Choice or Coercion?".[55][56] The conference was coordinated by Dr. David Kreps from Salford University. The overall aim of the conference was to 'scrutinize the journey from impersonal monolithic technology towards the intimate intertwining of devices and the self'. A prospective outlook on how these technologies will evolve was closely examined. Some of the main themes discussed during the conference were intimacy, personalization, material culture, and sexual relationships with robots.[57] In September 2018, the 13th IFIP TC9 Human Choice & Computers Conference "This Changes Everything" will be held in Poznan, Poland. The conference will be led and directed by David Kreps, Kai Kimppa, Louise Leenen, and Charles Ess. The discussion will be focused on the societal and ethical implications posed by artificial intelligence, privacy concerns, and how such technologies have significantly shifted computational strategies and altered the world we live in.[58]

In popular culture

Intimacy with robots, artificial intelligence, and other human-constructed items are saturated in the media landscape. They provoke questions about what is love, why people crave the need for affection, and challenge pre-existing beliefs of what it means to be human.[59]

Originally published in 1886, the novel Tomorrow's Eve centers around a fictionalized Edison, who creates a female robot for his lonely patron. While the robot's beauty is apparent, the robot lacks the emotional capabilities to fulfill that hole in his heart.[60]

The film Ex Machina questions common notions about consciousness. A sentient robot is created with a violent outcome, rebelling against her creators. Throughout the story, Ex Machina appeals to empathize with the robot as a victim of a man with a god complex. Responding to the protagonist's uncertainty about her fate if she does not live up to her creator's standards, the robot, Ava, responds "Why is it up to anyone?" about whether or not she lives. This questions the audience's underlying belief about whether or not a robot is entitled to a free life like other conscious beings.[61]

The film Lars and the Real Girl explores the idea of a romantic attachment to artificial human-like items. Ultimately, the film concludes with the protagonist "murdering" his sex doll lover in a river: emphasizing the projection of one's idealized lover onto an inanimate object.[59]

See also

  • Agalmatophilia
  • Gynoid
  • Teledildonics
  • Robot fetishism
  • Social robot
  • Proposition Infinity
  • Joe's Garage

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gurley, George (16 April 2015). "Is this the dawn of the sexbots? (NSFW)". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/04/sexbots-realdoll-sex-toys. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Maras, Marie-Helen, and Lauren R. Shapiro. "CHILD SEX DOLLS AND ROBOTS: MORE THAN JUST AN UNCANNY VALLEY." Journal of Internet Law 21.6 (2017): 3-21. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1973344803
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Staff writer (15 September 2015). "Intelligent machines: Call for a ban on robots designed as sex toys". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-34118482. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 McCurry, Justin (28 September 2015). "No sex, please, they're robots, says Japanese android firm". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/28/no-sex-with-robots-says-japanese-android-firm-softbank. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 O'Connor, Brendan (26 September 2015). "Japanese robot owners reminded not to fuck their robots". Gawker (Gawker Media). Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160907063958/http://gawker.com/japanese-robot-owners-reminded-not-to-fuck-their-robots-1733174678. 
  6. ↑ Williams, Alex (19 January 2019). "Do You Take This Robot …". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/19/style/sex-robots.html. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 
  7. ↑ Manheim, Noa (3 May 2018). "A Brief History of Sex Dolls, From Leather Dummies to Sexbots". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/life/.premium.MAGAZINE-a-brief-history-of-sex-dolls-from-leather-dummies-to-sexbots-1.6053633. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 
  8. ↑ "'Proud Robosexual' Plans To Marry Robot When It's Legal". https://www.inquisitr.com/3826210/proud-robosexual-plans-to-marry-robot-when-its-legal/. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 
  9. ↑ Mlot, Stephanie (7 July 2017). "Everything you always wanted to know about sex robots". Geek.com. https://www.geek.com/tech/everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-sex-robots-1706373/. 
  10. ↑ Matyszczyk, Chris (5 July 2016). "Ashley Madison used fembots? Why this is the future". Inc.. https://www.inc.com/chris-matyszczyk/ashley-madison-used-fembots-why-this-is-the-future.html. 
  11. ↑ "There's a Very Real Possibility Sex Robots May Try to Kill You in the Future". https://www.complex.com/life/2017/09/hackers-could-use-sex-robots-to-commit-murder. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 
  12. ↑ "'Family friendly' sex doll blasted". 16 July 2018. https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sex-robot-makers-blasted-over-sick-family-friendly-dolls/news-story/7ab7153711231e05f63a0532b1e26bf5. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 
  13. ↑ "Sex robots 'will colonize Mars' says love-bot tester". 11 October 2018. https://www.foxnews.com/tech/sex-robots-will-colonize-mars-says-love-bot-tester. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 
  14. ↑ Ellen, Barbara (3 December 2017). "Female sex robots, feel free to replace us if you want to - Barbara Ellen". https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/03/sex-robots-technology-women-artificial-intelligence. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 
  15. ↑ "Kate Iselin asks: Will sex robots save the world?". https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/relationships/sex/kate-iselin-asks-will-sex-robots-save-the-world/news-story/49ebeddda72d97a6e8bf49c894244abe. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 
  16. ↑ Ferguson, Anthony (2010). The Sex Doll: A History. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4794-7. 
  17. ↑ Beck, Julie. A (Straight, Male) History of Sex Dolls. The Atlantic , 6 Aug. 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/08/a-straight-male-history-of-dolls/375623/.
  18. ↑ Ferguson, Anthony. The Sex Doll: A History. McFarland, 2010. p 31. ISBN:978-0-7864-4794-7)
  19. ↑ Leclercq, Cy. AI Sex Dolls Are Just around the Corner. The Next Web , 2018, thenextweb.com/contributors/2017/11/25/ai-sex-dolls-just-around-corner/.
  20. ↑ “Matt McMullen Interview for The Sex Robots Are Coming.” 4 Press, Channel Four Television Corporation, 14 Nov. 2017, www.channel4.com/info/press/news/matt-mcmullen-interview-for-the-sexbots-are-coming.
  21. ↑ Your Perfect Companion in the Palm of Your Hands. Realbotix, 2018, realbotix.com/Harmony.
  22. ↑ James, Jacob (23 October 2014). "I believe that it will become perfectly normal for people to have sex with robots". Newsweek (US edition). http://europe.newsweek.com/sex-robots-278791?rm=eu. 
  23. ↑ "What is a robot sex doll, how much do they cost and what is the sex robot brothel in Paris?" (in en-GB). The Sun. 2018-02-08. https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/2084051/robot-sex-doll-sex-brothel-paris-cost/. 
  24. ↑ Hornyak, Tim (11 January 2010). "Sex robot Roxxxy looking for action". CNET. http://www.cnet.com/uk/news/sex-robot-roxxxy-looking-for-action/. 
  25. ↑ Staff writer (11 June 2015). "Sex dolls that talk back". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/technology/robotica-sex-robot-realdoll.html. 
  26. ↑ Moye, David (17 March 2017). "Engineer creates sex robot that needs to be romanced first" (in en-US). HuffPost. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ai-sex-doll-human-touch-sergi-santos_us_58cc0db7e4b00705db4f1d3a. 
  27. ↑ Dormehl, Luke (20 March 2017). "Meet Samantha: a smart sex robot that you need to seduce before you get busy" (in en-US). Digital Trends. https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/samantha-sex-robot-emotion/. 
  28. ↑ Beech, Stephen (24 September 2017). "Sex robot called Samantha goes on sale in UK and she's yours for £3,500". Daily Mirror. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/sex-robot-called-samantha-who-11228353. 
  29. ↑ Trout , Christopher. “There’s a New Sex Robot in Town: Say Hello to Solana.” Engadget , Oath Tech Network, 10 Jan. 2018, www.engadget.com/2018/01/10/there-s-a-new-sex-robot-in-town-say-hello-to-solana/.
  30. ↑ Other articles:
  31. ↑ Richardson, Kathleen (September 2015). "The asymmetrical 'relationship': parallels between prostitution and the development of sex robots". ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society (Association for Computing Machinery) 45 (3): 290–293. doi:10.1145/2874239.2874281. https://campaignagainstsexrobots.org/the-asymmetrical-relationship-parallels-between-prostitution-and-the-development-of-sex-robots/. 
  32. ↑ Sharkey, Noel; van Wynsberghe, Aimee; Robbins, Scott; Hancock, Eleanor (2017). Our sexual future with robots. The Hague, Netherlands: Foundation for Responsible Robotics. https://responsiblerobotics.org/2017/07/05/frr-report-our-sexual-future-with-robots/.  Pdf.
  33. ↑ Wakefield, Jane (5 July 2017). "Call for a ban on child sex robots". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40428976. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Shrivastava, Chandrshekhar. “Close Encounter: Rise of the Sex Robots.” Infotrac Newsstand, Athena Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 10 Aug. 2017, https://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=STND&u=msu_main&id=GALE%7CA500225399&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1.
  35. ↑ Richardson , Kathleen. Campaign Against Sex Robots, Sept. 2015, campaignagainstsexrobots.org/.
  36. ↑ Spitznagel, Eric. "The Sex Robots Are Coming." Men's Health, June 2016, p. 144.
  37. ↑ Richardson, Kathleen (2016). "Sex Robot Matters: Slavery, the Prostituted, and the Rights of Machines". IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 35 (2): 46–53. doi:10.1109/MTS.2016.2554421. 
  38. ↑ "Let's talk about sex robots". Nature 547 (7662): 138. 2017. doi:10.1038/547138a. PMID 28703204. Bibcode: 2017Natur.547..138.. 
  39. ↑ Kale, Sirin. "Spain Opens First Sex Doll Brothel for Men Who Like Shagging Silicone". https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vb4e58/spain-opens-first-sex-doll-brothel-for-men-who-like-shagging-silicone. Retrieved 1 August 2019. 
  40. ↑ Sparrow, Robert (2017). "Robots, Rape, and Representation". International Journal of Social Robotics 9 (4): 465–477. doi:10.1007/s12369-017-0413-z. 
  41. ↑ "H.R. 4655: CREEPER Act of 2017". govtrack. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr4655/text. 
  42. ↑ Barrett, James (14 June 2018). "'CREEPER ACT': Congress To Ban Child Sex Robots". Daily Wire. https://www.dailywire.com/news/31832/creeper-act-congress-ban-child-sex-robots-james-barrett. 
  43. ↑ "Donovan Introduces "CREEPER Act" to Ban Child Sex Dolls". 14 December 2017. https://donovan.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/donovan-introduces-creeper-act-ban-child-sex-dolls. 
  44. ↑ Abdollahi, Hojjat; Mollahosseini, Ali; Lane, Josh T.; Mahoor, Mohammad H. (2017). "A pilot study on using an intelligent life-like robot as a companion for elderly individuals with dementia and depression". 2017 IEEE-RAS 17th International Conference on Humanoid Robotics (Humanoids): 541–546. doi:10.1109/humanoids.2017.8246925. ISBN 978-1-5386-4678-6. Bibcode: 2017arXiv171202881A. 
  45. ↑ Korn, Oliver, et al. Social Robots. A Workshop on the Past, the Present and the Future of Digital Companions. Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, 2017, affective-lab.org/social-robots-a-workshop/
  46. ↑ "Trending: Is the robot in 'Lost in Space' hot or not?". https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2018/05/02/trending-is-the-robot-in-lost-in-space-hot-or-not/. 
  47. ↑ Adams, James (2019-06-17). "The sexbot apocalypse" (in en-US). https://spectator.us/sexbot-apocalypse/. 
  48. ↑ "1st International Congress on Love and Sex with Robots". Computers in Entertainment: Association for Computing Machinery. https://cie.acm.org/events/1st-international-congress-love-and-sex-robots/. Retrieved 7 September 2017. 
  49. ↑ Love and Sex with Robots, Advances in Computer Entertainment, 2014 loverobots.mixedrealitylab.org/#topics.
  50. ↑ Tan, Tarrence (13 October 2015). "IGP declares 'Sex with Robots' conference illegal". Free Malaysia Today. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/10/13/igp-declares-sex-with-robots-conference-illegal/. 
  51. ↑ Reese, Hope (21 October 2015). "Academic conference on 'Love and Sex with Robots' abruptly cancelled after being declared illegal". TechRepublic. http://www.techrepublic.com/article/academic-conference-on-love-and-sex-with-robots-abruptly-cancelled-after-being-declared-illegal/. 
  52. ↑ Hale-Stern, Kaila (22 October 2015). "The annual Love and Sex With Robots Conference has been canceled". Gizmodo (Gawker Media). https://gizmodo.com/the-annual-love-and-sex-with-robots-conference-has-been-1738032832. 
  53. ↑ "Third International Congress on Love and Sex with Robots: London, 19-20 Dec 2017". Love and Sex with Robots Committee. http://loveandsexwithrobots.org/. Retrieved 7 September 2017. 
  54. ↑ "Sex Tech Hack II". Goldsmiths Tech Society. http://goldsmiths.tech/sex. Retrieved 18 May 2017. 
  55. ↑ Dean, Jon (5 September 2016). "First ever conference in to sex robots to ask the big questions". Daily Mirror. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/worlds-first-ever-conference-sex-8771592. 
  56. ↑ Cheshire, Tom (7 September 2016). "Can 'Sex Robots' replace human relationships?" (in en-GB). Sky News. http://news.sky.com/story/can-sex-robots-replace-relationships-with-human-beings-10568346. 
  57. ↑ “Technology and Intimacy: Choice or Coercion?” HCC12 , Ifip, 2016, hcc12.net/cfp/index.html.
  58. ↑ 13th IFIP TC9 Human Choice and Computers Conference: ‘This Changes Everything.’”HCC13, IFIP, 2018, hcc13.net/call-for-papers/.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Wiseman, Eva. “Sex, Love and Robots: Is This the End of Intimacy?” The Guardian, Guardian Media Group, 13 Dec. 2015, www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/13/sex-love-and-robots-the-end-of-intimacy. DOA: February 25, 2018
  60. ↑ De Fren, Allison. “The Anatomical Gaze in Tomorrow's Eve.” Science Fiction Studies, vol. 36, no. 2, 2009, pp. 235–265. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40649958.
  61. ↑ Garland, Alex, director. Ex Machina. Universal Studios, 2015. DOA February 27, 2018

Further reading




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