Engineering:Shenyang WS-10

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Short description: Chinese fighter turbofan engine
This page is about a modern Chinese jet engine. For the British WWII-era microwave relay system, see Wireless Set Number 10.

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The Shenyang WS-10 (Chinese: 涡扇-10; pinyin: Wōshàn-10; literally: 'turbofan-10'), codename Taihang, is a turbofan engine designed and built by the People's Republic of China.

Chinese media reported 266 engines were manufactured from 2010 to 2012 for the J-11 program.[1] Unofficial estimates placed production at more than 300 units by May 2015.[2]

Description

The WS-10A is advertised as an engine with 120–140 kilonewtons (27,000–31,000 lbf) thrust.[2] It has full authority digital engine control (FADEC).[3]

Development

The WS-10 is reverse engineered from the CFM56 with the experience gained from the Woshan WS-6 turbofan project, which was abandoned at the start of the 1980s.[4] The WS-10 project was reportedly started by Deng Xiaoping in 1986 to produce an engine comparable to the Saturn AL-31. The work was given to the Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute (606 Institute) of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).[3] Initial production models suffered quality issues from the early direct use of AL-31 control systems. Furthermore, Salyut refused to sell the control system source code, forcing China to spend nearly 20 years developing its own code independently.[2] An early version of the FADEC flew on an J-8II in 2002.[2]

The WS-10A, targeted for 130 kilonewtons (29,000 lbf) of thrust,[3] was already in development in 2002.[5] In 2004, Russian sources familiar with project reported problems meeting the thrust target;[6] in 2005, they reported problems reducing the weight of the primary and secondary compressors, in addition to problems meeting thrust requirements.[7] Engine testing on the J-11 had already started by 2004,[6] and testing using one engine on the J-11 may have occurred as early as 2002.[5]

A full-scale WS-10A engine was first seen at the 2008 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.[3]

In 2009, Western media claim that the WS-10A approached the performance of the AL-31, but took much longer than the AL-31 to develop thrust.[8] Furthermore, the engine reportedly only generated 110–125 kilonewtons (25,000–28,000 lbf) of thrust.[3] In April 2009, Lin Zuoming, head of AVIC, reported that the engine's quality was unsatisfactory.[9] In 2010, it was reported that reliability was also poor; the WS-10A lasted only 30 hours, while the AL-31 needed refurbishing after 400 hours.[10] The quality problems encountered with the WS-10A reflected the state of the Chinese aerospace industry. AVIC initiated a general effort to improve quality control throughout its production chain in 2011.[11]

The WS-10A reportedly matured enough after 2009 to power the twin-engined J-11B Block 02 aircraft.[12] Production or performance issues may have prevented the WS-10A from powering the single-engined J-10B.[13] In 2018, Chinese state media reported an increase in engine lifespan from 800 to 1,500 hours due to the increased heat resistance of new third-generation single-crystal turbine blades.[14]

In March 2020, Chinese state media released a video showing a WS-10B-powered J-10C; aircraft markings suggest it was part of the fourth batch of J-10Cs for the PLAAF.[15]

The WS-10 has also powered various versions of the Chengdu J-20. The WS-10B reportedly powered low rate initial production aircraft in 2015,[16] and was used as an interim engine before the adoption of the AL-31.[17][18] In 2019, the Xian WS-15 – the J-20's intended engine – failed trials, leading to the decision to replace the AL-31 with the WS-10C as the interim engine; reportedly, the AL-31 was unacceptable because Russia refused to sell additional engines unless China also bought the Sukhoi Su-35 as well.[18] Testing was underway by November 2020.[19] In January 2022, it was reported that J-20's powered by the WS-10C would be upgraded with TVC.[20]

The original WS-10A has a thrust-to-weight ratio of 7.5, the improved WS-10B is rated approximately 9.0, while the WS-10C is capable of 9.5 or higher — adequate for the Chengdu J-20 to supercruise.[21]

In November 2022, a production Shenyang J-15 powered by the WS-10, possibly the WS-10B, appeared in Chinese media.[22] It was the last indigenous Chinese combat aircraft to replace the AL-31;[23] possibly due to navalisation.[24] According to Chinese observers, compared to the AL-31 the WS-10 had superior safety, reliability, and service life, aspects which are magnified by the constraints of carrier aviation.[25] The replacement reflected continuing improvements in China's aviation engine industry.[26]

WS-20 (WS-188)

Main article: Engineering:Shenyang WS-20

The Shenyang WS-20 (WS-188) is a high-bypass engine,[13] reportedly producing 13.8 tons of thrust.[27] It is believed to be based on the core of the WS-10A.[3][28]

The Shenyang WS-20 is believed to be intended for the Y-20 strategic airlifter.[27]

Thrust vectoring

A testbed J-10B powered by a WS-10 with thrust vectoring (TVC) – called "WS-10B-3" by Jamie Hunter – was demonstrated at the 2018 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.[29] The TVC nozzle uses actuator-assisted moving petals, similar in concept to General Electric's axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle (AVEN) and Pratt & Whitney's pitch-yaw balance beam nozzle (PYBBN).[30]

Variants

  • WS-10 – base variant
  • WS-10A – improved variant with FADEC;[3] advertised to have 120–140 kilonewtons (27,000–31,000 lbf) thrust.[2]
  • WS-10B – improved variant with greater reliability and thrust; based on the WS-10A,[31] with thrust reported as 135 kilonewtons (30,000 lbf) by Janes in 2020[22] and 144 kilonewtons (32,000 lbf) by Chinese media.[32][33] * WS-10H – Naval variant equipped on two Shenyang J-15 prototypes. Limited to testing.[22]
  • WS-10B-3 – TVC variant[29]
  • WS-10C – "Updated"[19] variant with stealthier serrated exhaust feathers and improved thrust of 142 kilonewtons (32,000 lbf).[34]
  • WS-10G – thrust vectoring variant[35] generating 152–155 kilonewtons (34,000–35,000 lbf) of thrust during testing;[3] intended for the Chengdu J-20[35]
  • WS-20 – high-bypass derivative for the Y-20 transport; 138 kilonewtons (31,000 lbf) of thrust[27]
  • QD70 – 7MW class gas turbine engine developed from WS-10 for industrial & naval applications[36]

Applications

J-16 with WS-10 engines taking off
WS-10
WS-10A
WS-10B
WS-10B-3
  • Chengdu J-10B (demonstrator)[29]
  • Chengdu J-20B (prototype)[29]
WS-10C

Specifications (WS-10)

Data from Janes[45]

General characteristics

  • Type: Afterburning turbofan
  • Length:
  • Diameter:
  • Dry weight: 1,795 kg (3,957 lb)

Components

Performance

See also

Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

References

  1. ↑ "美称中国近三年内共生产约266台太行发动机" (in zh). 20 December 2012. http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2012-12-20/0754710238.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fisher_2015-05-27
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Fisher, Richard Jr. (30 December 2009). "October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace". International Assessment and Strategy Center. http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp. 
  4. ↑ "LM WS10A Tai Hang (China), Aero-engines – Turbofan". Jane's Information Group. 26 January 2010. http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Aero-Engines/LM-WS10A-Tai-Hang-China.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (7 October 2003). "New Developments in Russia-China Military Relations: A Report on the August 19-23 2003 Moscow Aerospace Salon (MAKS)". United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/reports/mair1.htm. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Fisher, Richard Jr. (13 December 2004). "Report on the 5th Airshow China: Zhuhai, PRC, November 1-7, 2004". International Assessment and Strategy Center. http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.54/pub_detail.asp. 
  7. ↑ Fisher, Richard Jr. (12 September 2005). "Chinese Dimensions of the 2005 Moscow Aerospace Show". International Assessment and Strategy Center. http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.78/pub_detail.asp. 
  8. ↑ Saunders et al., p. 37
  9. ↑ Saunders et al., p. 44
  10. ↑ Pomfret, John (25 December 2010). "Military strength is eluding China". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/24/AR2010122403009.html. 
  11. ↑ Collins, Gabe; Erickson, Andrew (26 June 2011). "Jet Engine Development in China: Indigenous high-performance turbofans are a final step toward fully independent fighter production". http://www.chinasignpost.com/2011/06/26/jet-engine-development-in-china-indigenous-high-performance-turbofans-are-a-final-step-toward-fully-independent-fighter-production/. 
  12. ↑ Rupprecht, Andreas (December 2011). "China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update.". Combat Aircraft Monthly 12 (12): 40–42. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (12 January 2015). "Images suggest J-10Bs close to entering Chinese service". Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/47815/images-suggest-j-10bs-close-to-entering-chinese-service. 
  14. ↑ Chan, Minnie (7 September 2018). "Engine boost for China's J-15 fighter jets as Beijing tries to build up navy". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2163126/engine-boost-chinas-j-15-fighter-jets-it-tries-build-navy. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Ju, Juan (5 March 2020). "Images suggest China has begun fitting indigenous WS10 engine into J-10C fighters". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-suggest-china-has-begun-fitting-indigenous-ws10-engine-into-j-10c-fighters. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kucinski, William (7 November 2018). "J-10B fighter aircraft debuts Chinese thrust vectoring technology". https://www.sae.org/news/2018/11/j-10b-fighter-aircraft-debuts-chinese-thrust-vectoring-technology-at-2018-china-international-aviation--aerospace-exhibition. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Singh Bisht, Inder (13 January 2021). "Chinese to Replace Russian J-20 Fighter Engine with Domestic Version". https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/01/13/china-to-replace-russian-fighter-engine/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Chan, Minnie (8 January 2021). "China's next-gen J-20 stealth fighter jettisons Russian engine in favour of home-grown technology". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3116826/chinas-next-gen-j-20-stealth-fighter-jettisons-russian-engine. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Waldron, Greg (17 December 2020). "Chinese airpower reaches for the big leagues in 2021". FlightGlobal. https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/chinese-airpower-reaches-for-the-big-leagues-in-2021/141314.article. 
  20. ↑ Chan, Minnie (20 January 2022). "China to start upgrading J-20 fighter engines in bid to close gap with US F-22". https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3163986/china-start-upgrading-j-20-fighter-engines-bid-close-gap-us-f?module=inline&pgtype=article. 
  21. ↑ Johnson, Reuben (18 July 2023). "China's J-20 fighter seems to have a new homegrown engine, after years of struggle". https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/china-j20-fighter-engine-ws15/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Kadidal, Akhil; Narayanan, Prasobh (25 November 2022). "China's J-15 naval jet appears with indigenous WS-10 engines". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/chinas-j-15-naval-jet-appears-with-indigenous-ws-10-engines. 
  23. ↑ Yeo, Mike (28 November 2021). "Footage shows domestic engine on China's J-15 fighter jet". https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/11/28/footage-shows-domestic-engine-on-chinas-j-15-fighter-jet/. 
  24. ↑ Newdick, Thomas (23 November 2022). "China's J-15 Naval Fighter Is Now Powered By Locally Made Engines". https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/chinas-j-15-naval-fighter-is-now-powered-by-locally-made-engines. 
  25. ↑ Wang, Amber (24 November 2022). "Chinese 'Flying Shark' J-15 naval fighter jets look set to ditch Russian engines". https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3200888/chinese-flying-shark-j-15-naval-fighter-jets-look-set-ditch-russian-engines. 
  26. ↑ Waldron, Greg. "Pentagon observes progress with Chinese fighter engines". https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/pentagon-observes-progress-with-chinese-fighter-engines/151161.article. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (4 September 2014). "China's Y-20 'enters second phase of testing'". Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/42708/china-s-y-20-enters-second-phase-of-testing. 
  28. ↑ Lin, Jeffrey; Singer, P.W. (20 February 2015). "China's most powerful aircraft engine ever takes to the sky: Presenting the WS-20". Popular Science. http://www.popsci.com/chinas-new-more-powerful-aircraft-engine-ws-20-takes-sky. Retrieved 25 May 2015. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Hunter, Jamie (20 July 2020). "China's Enhanced J-20B Stealth Fighter May Arrive Soon, Here's What It Could Include". https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34990/chinas-enhanced-j-20b-stealth-fighter-may-arrive-soon-heres-what-it-could-include. 
  30. ↑ Tate, Andrew (5 January 2018). "Image suggests China may be testing thrust-vectoring engine on J-10 fighter". Jane's Defence Weekly. https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrust-vectoring-engine-on-j-10-fighter. 
  31. ↑ Chan, Minnie (10 February 2018). "Why China's first stealth fighter was rushed into service with inferior engines". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2130718/why-chinas-first-stealth-fighter-was-rushed-service. 
  32. ↑ 空军新型战机歼-10C战斗值班，深圳卫视咋报道 (Television production) (in 中文). Shenzhen TV News. Event occurs at 3:38. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  33. ↑ "假如歼-10，换装"涡扇-15"，会不会更厉害？". 3 February 2023. http://k.sina.com.cn/article_6454419930_180b6a1da00100e3h0.html?from=mil. 
  34. ↑ Rupprecht, Andreas; Giovanzanti, Alessandra (29 September 2021). "Airshow China 2021: Chinese air force displays J-20A powered by domestic engines". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/airshow-china-2021-chinese-air-force-displays-j-20a-powered-by-domestic-engines. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Saunders et al., p. 45
  36. ↑ "涡轴-16发动机与法国合作用于武直10，QD70燃气轮机技术优势明显" (in zh). 18 October 2017. http://www.cn1n.com/sci/air/20171018/2210189348.htm. 
  37. ↑ Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (26 August 2014). "Chinese J-11BH 'aggressive' with USN P-8A, says DoD". Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/42322/chinese-j-11bh-aggressive-with-usn-p-8a-says-dod. 
  38. ↑ "China's J-15 naval jet appears with indigenous WS-10 engines". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/chinas-j-15-naval-jet-appears-with-indigenous-ws-10-engines. 
  39. ↑ "China's J-10 comes of age with indigenous engine". 21 May 2021. https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/chinas-j-10-comes-of-age-with-indigenous-engine/143852.article#toggle. 
  40. ↑ "China's J-10C Fighter jet with Domestic WS-10 Taihang Engine Enters Air Force Service". 14 May 2021. https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29567/China___s_J_10C_Fighter_jet_with_Domestic_WS_10_Taihang_Engine_Enters_Air_Force_Service#.YVsk1p30mUk. 
  41. ↑ 黃東 (2022-11-18). "珠海航展逆市高飛 軍事肌肉秀展現信心 （黃東）" (in zh-hant). 亞洲週刊. https://www.yzzk.com/article/details/中華天地/2022-47/1668657342100/珠海航展逆市高飛%E3%80%80軍事肌肉秀展現信心. 
  42. ↑ Chan, Minnie (10 January 2021). "China wants to modify the engines on its J-20 stealth fighter to match the US's F-22". South China Morning Post. https://www.businessinsider.com/china-modifies-j20-stealth-fighter-engine-to-match-us-f22-2021-1. 
  43. ↑ Waldron, Greg (28 December 2020). "China's enigmatic J-20 powers up for its second decade". https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/chinas-enigmatic-j-20-powers-up-for-its-second-decade/141698.article. 
  44. ↑ Chan, Minnie (2 August 2020). "China's J-20 carrier-based jet fighter influenced by US – not Soviet – thinking, designer says". https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3095658/chinas-j-20-carrier-based-jet-fighter-influenced-us-not-soviet. 
  45. ↑ "Chinese WS-15 engine prepared for mass production". 7 April 2024. https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/chinese-ws-15-engine-prepared-for-mass-production. 
Bibliography

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