Engineering:Sukhoi Su-25

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Short description: Russian attack aircraft
Su-25
Sukhoi Su-25 of the Russian Air Force landing at Vladivostok (8683076150).jpg
A Russian Air Force Su-25
Role Close air support
National origin Soviet Union / Russia / Georgia
Design group Sukhoi
Built by TAM Management
Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing
Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant
First flight 22 February 1975; 49 years ago (1975-02-22)
Introduction 19 July 1981
Status In service
Primary users Russian Aerospace Forces
Ukrainian Air Force
Korean People's Army Air Force
Peruvian Air Force
See Operators for others
Produced 1978–2017
Number built Over 1,000
Variants Sukhoi Su-28

The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Russian: Грач (rook); NATO reporting name: Frogfoot) is a subsonic, single-seat, twin-engine jet aircraft developed in the Soviet Union by Sukhoi. It was designed to provide close air support for Soviet Ground Forces. The first prototype made its maiden flight on 22 February 1975. After testing, the aircraft went into series production in 1978 in Tbilisi in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Early variants included the Su-25UB two-seat trainer, the Su-25BM for target-towing, and the Su-25K for export customers. Some aircraft were upgraded to the Su-25SM standard in 2012. The Su-25T and the Su-25TM (also known as the Su-39) were further developments, not produced in significant numbers. The Su-25, and the Su-34, were the only armoured, fixed-wing aircraft in production in 2007.[1] Su-25s are in service with Russia, other CIS members, and export customers. Production of the Su-25 ended in 2017 in Russia[2] and 2010 in Georgia.[3] Attempts continue to be made to restart production in Georgia using partially completed airframes,[4] but as of June 2022 no new deliveries have been reported.

Since entering service more than 42 years ago, the Su-25 has seen combat in several conflicts. The type was heavily involved in the Soviet–Afghan War, flying counter-insurgency missions against the Afghan Mujahideen. The Iraqi Air Force employed it against Iran during the 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War. Most Iraqi examples were later destroyed or flown to Iran in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The Georgian Air Force used Su-25s during the Abkhazian war from 1992 to 1993. The Macedonian Air Force used Su-25s against Albanian insurgents in the 2001 Macedonian conflict and, in 2008, Georgia and Russia both used Su-25s in the Russo-Georgian War. African states, including the Ivory Coast, Chad, and Sudan have used the Su-25 in local insurgencies and civil wars. Recently, the Su-25 has seen service in the Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War, the clashes of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, and on both sides in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[5]

Development

In early 1968, the Soviet Ministry of Defence decided to develop a specialised shturmovik armoured assault aircraft in order to provide close air support for the Soviet Ground Forces. The idea of creating a ground-support aircraft came about after analysing the experience of ground-attack (shturmovaya) aviation during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.[6] The Soviet fighter-bombers in service or under development at the time (Su-7, Su-17, MiG-21 and MiG-23) did not meet the requirements for close air support of the army.[6] They lacked essential armour plating to protect the pilot and vital equipment from ground fire and missile hits, and their high flight speeds made it difficult for the pilot to maintain visual contact with a target. Having taken into account these problems, Pavel Sukhoi and a group of leading specialists in the Sukhoi Design Bureau started preliminary design work in a comparatively short period of time, with the assistance of leading institutes of the Ministry of the Aviation Industry and the Ministry of Defence.[7]

This Su-25UB of the Russian Air Force is a two-seater version intended for both combat and training.

In March 1969, a competition was announced by the Soviet Air Force that called for designs for a new battlefield close-support aircraft. Participants in the competition were the Sukhoi design bureau and the design bureaus of Yakovlev, Ilyushin and Mikoyan.[8] Sukhoi finalised its "T-8" design in late 1968, and began work on the first two prototypes (T8-1 and T8-2) in January 1972. The T8-1, the first airframe to be assembled, was completed on 9 May 1974. Another source says November 1974. However, it did not make its first flight until 22 February 1975, after a long series of test flights by Vladimir Ilyushin. The Su-25 surpassed its main competitor in the Soviet Air Force competition, the Ilyushin Il-102, and series production was announced by the Ministry of Defence.[9][10]

During flight-testing phases of the T8-1 and T8-2 prototypes' development, the Sukhoi Design Bureau's management proposed that the series production of the Su-25 should start at Factory No. 31 in Tbilisi, Soviet Republic of Georgia, which at that time was the major manufacturing base for the MiG-21UM "Mongol-B" trainer. After negotiations and completion of all stages of the state trials, the Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Production authorised manufacture of the Su-25 at Tbilisi, allowing series production to start in 1978.[11]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, several Su-25 variants appeared, including modernised versions, and variants for specialised roles. The most significant designs were the Su-25UB dual-seat trainer, the Su-25BM target-towing variant, and the Su-25T for antitank missions. In addition, an Su-25KM prototype was developed by Georgia in co-operation with Israeli company Elbit Systems in 2001, but so far this variant has not achieved much commercial success. (As of 2007), the Su-25 was the only armoured aircraft still in production.[1]

The Russian Aerospace Forces, which operates the largest number of Su-25s, planned to upgrade older aircraft to the Su-25SM variant, but funding shortfalls had slowed the progress; by early 2007 only seven aircraft had been modified.[12]

Design

The Su-25 has a conventional aerodynamic layout with a shoulder-mounted trapezoidal wing and a traditional tailplane and rudder. Several metals are used in the construction of the airframe: 60% aluminium, 19% steel, 13.5% titanium, 2% magnesium alloy and 5.5% other materials.[13]

Su-25 at Kubinka air base

All versions of the Su-25 have a metal cantilever wing, of moderate sweep, high aspect ratio and equipped with high-lift devices. The wing consists of two cantilever sections attached to a central torsion box, forming a single unit with the fuselage. The air brakes are housed in fairings at the tip of each wing. Each wing has five hardpoints for weapons carriage, with the attachment points mounted on load-bearing ribs and spars.[14] Each wing also features a five-section leading edge slat, a two-section flap and an aileron.

The flaps are mounted by steel sliders and rollers, attached to brackets on the rear spar. The trapezoidal ailerons are near the wingtips.[15] The fuselage of the Su-25 has an ellipsoidal section and is of semi-monocoque, stressed-skin construction, arranged as a longitudinal load-bearing framework of longerons, beams and stringers, with a transverse load-bearing assembly of frames.[13] The one-piece horizontal tailplane is attached to the load-bearing frame at two mounting points.[15]

Early versions of the Su-25 were equipped with two R-95Sh non-afterburning turbojets, in compartments on either side of the rear fuselage. The engines, sub-assemblies and surrounding fuselage are cooled by air provided by the cold air intakes on top of the engine nacelles. A drainage system collects oil, hydraulic fluid residues and fuel from the engines after flight or after an unsuccessful start. The engine control systems allows independent operation of each engine.[15] The latest versions (Su-25T and TM) are equipped with improved R-195 engines.[16]

Nose view of the Su-25

The autocannon is in a compartment beneath the cockpit, mounted on a load-bearing beam attached to the cockpit floor and the forward fuselage support structure. The nose is fitted with distinctive twin pitot probes and hinges up for service access.[13]

Cockpit

Cockpit

The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a centre stick and left hand throttles. The pilot sits on a Zvezda K-36 ejection seat (similar to the Sukhoi Su-27) and has standard flight instruments. At the rear of the cockpit is a six-millimetre-thick (0.24 in) steel headrest, mounted on the rear bulkhead. The cockpit has a bathtub-shaped armoured enclosure of welded titanium sheets, with transit ports in the walls. Guide rails for the ejection seat are mounted on the rear wall of the cockpit.[13]

The canopy hinges open to the right and the pilot enters using the flip-down ladder. Once inside, the pilot sits low in the cockpit, protected by the bathtub assembly, which makes for a cramped cockpit. Visibility from the cockpit is limited, being a trade-off for improved pilot protection. Rearwards visibility is poor and a periscope is fitted on top of the canopy to compensate.[17]

A folding ladder built into the left fuselage provides access to the cockpit as well as to the top of the aircraft.

Avionics

The base model Su-25 incorporates a number of key avionics systems. It has no TV guidance but includes a distinctive nose-mounted laser rangefinder that is thought to provide for laser-based target finding.[17][18] A DISS-7 doppler radar is used for navigation; the Su-25 can fly at night, in visual and instrument meteorological conditions.

The Su-25 often has radios installed for air-to-ground and air-to-air communications, including an SO-69 identification-friend-or-foe (IFF) transponder. The aircraft's self-defence suite includes various measures, such as flare and chaff dispensers capable of launching up to 250 flares and dipole chaff. Hostile radar uses are guarded against via an SPO-15 radar warning receiver.

An airtight avionics compartment is behind the cockpit and in front of the forward fuel tank.

The newer Su-25TM and Su-25SM models have an upgraded avionics and weapons suite, resulting in improved survivability and combat capability.[19]

Operational history

Further information: Engineering:Operational history of the Sukhoi Su-25

Soviet–Afghan War

The first Soviet Air Force Su-25 unit was the 80th Assault Aviation Regiment, formed in February 1981 based at Sitalcay air base in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.[20] The first eleven aircraft arrived at Sitalchay in May 1981.[21] The 200th Independent Assault Aviation Squadron was then formed within the regiment to go to Afghanistan.

On 19 July 1981, the 200th Independent Attack Squadron was reassigned to Shindand Airbase in western Afghanistan, becoming the first Su-25 unit deployed to that country. Its main task was to conduct air strikes against mountain military positions and structures controlled by the Afghan rebels.[22] Another Soviet Su-25 unit was the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment, which was formed on 12 July 1984, at Zhovtneve in Ukraine.[23] It was soon also moved east to conduct operations over Afghanistan.

Over the course of the Soviet–Afghan War, Su-25s launched 139 guided missiles of all types against Mujahideen positions. On average, each aircraft performed 360 sorties a year, a total considerably higher than that of any other combat aircraft in Afghanistan. By the end of the war, nearly 50 Su-25s were deployed at Afghan airbases, carrying out a total of 60,000 sorties. Between the first deployment in 1981 and the end of the war in 1989, 21–23 aircraft were lost in combat operations, with up to nine destroyed on the ground while parked.[22][24]

Iran–Iraq War

The Su-25 also saw combat during the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–88. The first Su-25s were commissioned by the Iraqi Air Force in 1987 and performed approximately 900 combat sorties towards the end of the war, carrying out the bulk of Iraqi air attack missions. During the most intense combat of the war, Iraqi Su-25s performed up to 15 sorties per day, each. In one recorded incident, an Iraqi Su-25 was shot down by an Iranian, Hawk surface-to-air missile, but the pilot managed to eject. This was the only confirmed, successful Iranian shootdown of an Iraqi Su-25. After the war, Saddam Hussein decorated all of the Iraqi Air Force's Su-25 pilots with the country's highest military decoration.[22]

Gulf War

An Iraqi Su-25 destroyed during Operation Desert Storm

During the Gulf War of 1991, the air superiority of the coalition forces was so great that the majority of Iraqi Su-25s did not even manage to get airborne. On 25 January 1991, seven Iraqi Air Force Su-25s fled from Iraq and landed in Iran.[25]

On the evening of 6 February 1991, two United States Air Force F-15C Eagle fighters of the 53rd Tactical Fighter Squadron, operating from Al Kharj Air Base in Saudi Arabia, intercepted a pair of Iraqi MiG-21s and a pair of Su-25s. All four Iraqi aircraft were shot down, with both Su-25s coming down in the desert not far from the Iraqi border with Iran. This was the Iraqi Su-25s' only air combat of the war.[22]

Abkhazian War

The Georgian government used Su-25s in 1992–93 against Abkhaz separatists during the First Abkhazian War.[26] A Georgian Air Force Su-25 was shot down over Nizhnaya Eshera on 4 July 1993 by an 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADS.[27][28] Another Georgian Su-25 was shot down on 13 July 1993 with a 9K32 Strela-2 MANPADS,[29] while another Su-25 was downed by friendly fire by a ZU-23-2 on 4 July.[29] The Russian Air Force also lost an Su-25 during war, the aircraft crashed due to a pilot's mistake while providing CAS for Abkhaz forces.[29]

First Chechen War

Russian Su-25s were employed during the First Chechen War. Together with other Russian Air Force air assets, they achieved air supremacy for Russian Forces. On 29 November 1994, attacking all four Chechen military bases, Russian Su-25 from the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment (OShAP) destroyed up to 266 Chechen aircraft on the ground, mostly not airworthy.[30] The Air Force's deployed assets performed around 9,000 air sorties, with around 5,300 being strike sorties during the Chechen campaign between 1994 and 1996. The Russian 4th Air Army had 140 Sukhoi Su-17Ms, Su-24s and Su-25s in the war zone supported by an A-50 AWACS aircraft. The employed munitions were generally unguided S-5, S-8, and S-24 rockets, as well as FAB-250 and FAB-500 bombs, while only 2.3% of the strikes used precision-guided Kh-25ML missiles, KAB-500L and KAB-500KR smart bombs when weather conditions were suitable.[31] Russian forces were not able to properly take advantage of the air supremacy due to obsolete air tactics that focused the Air Force on useless tasks in this type of war such as Combat Air Patrols.[32] The Russian air losses were low since no integrated air defense was fielded by the Chechens.[33]

On 4 February 1995, a Russian Su-25 was shot down by ZSU-23-4 Shilka antiaircraft fire over Belgatoi Gekhi, five kilometers southeast of Grozny. The pilot, Maj. Nikolay Bairov, ejected but died impacting the ground as his parachute did not deploy on time. Another Su-25 piloted by Lt. Col. Evgeny Derkulsky was damaged by ground fire on the same day, but managed to land at Mozdok air base, where the aircraft was repaired.[30] On 5 May 1995, another Russian Su-25 was downed near Serzhen-Yurt by 12.7 mm fire while on a low-altitude patrol. The pilot, Col. Vladimir Sarabeyev, was killed.[34]

On 4 April 1996, another Su-25 fell either to ZU-23-2 fire while either making a reconnaissance flight or attacking the village of Goiskoye. The pilot, Maj. Alexander Matvienko, ejected and was recovered by a friendly helicopter returning to the airbase in Khankala, Grozny.[35] On 5 May 1996, a two-seat Su-25UB was downed with an 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADS near the village of Mairtup while on reconnaissance. Both pilots, Col. Igor Sviryidov and Maj. Oleg Isayev, were killed in the crash. It was the fourth Su-25 shot down and fifth Russian fixed wing aircraft lost, since the start of the war in December 1994.[33][36]

Second Chechen War

Russian Air Force Su-25s were extensively used during the Second Chechen War in particular during the first phase when Russian forces were invading the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.[37] Up to seven Russian Su-25s were lost,[33] one to hostile fire: on 4 October 1999, a Su-25 was shot down by a MANPADS during a reconnaissance mission over the village of Tolstoy-Yurt killing its pilot. The wings of the aircraft were put on a pedestal in the central square in Grozny.[35][38]

Ethiopian–Eritrean War

Su-25 attack aircraft were used by the Ethiopian Air Force to strike Eritrean targets. On 15 May 2000, An Ethiopian Su-25 was shot down by an Eritrean Air Force MiG-29, killing the pilot.[39]

2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia

Su-25s were used by the Macedonian Air Force but flown by Ukrainian pilots during the conflict against Albanian separatists. Beginning on 24 June 2001, the aircraft made multiple attack runs against separatist positions. The Su-25s were only used during the Battle of Raduša on the last day.[40]

War in Darfur

Sudan has used Su-25s in attacks on rebel targets and possibly civilians in Darfur.[41]

Ivorian-French clashes

During the Ivorian Civil War, Su-25s were used by government forces to attack rebel targets. On 6 November 2004, at least one Ivorian Sukhoi Su-25 attacked a unit of France's Unicorn peacekeeping forces stationed in Bouaké, killing nine soldiers, a U.S. development worker and wounding 37 soldiers.[42] Shortly afterwards, the French military retaliated by attacking the air base in Yamoussoukro and destroyed the Ivorian air force, heavily damaging the two Su-25s responsible for the attack.[43][44]

2008 Russia–Georgia war

A Russian Su-25

In August 2008, Su-25s were used by both Georgia and Russia during the 2008 Russia–Georgia war. Su-25s of the Georgian Air Force participated in providing air support for troops during Battle of Tskhinvali and launched bombing raids on targets in South Ossetia.[45] Russian military Su-25s struck Georgian forces in South Ossetia, and undertook air raids on targets in Georgia.[46] The Russian military officially confirmed the loss of three Su-25 aircraft to the Georgian air defense, though the Moscow Defense Brief suggests four.[47][48] The three Russian aircraft were reportedly downed by Georgian Buk-M1 air defence units.[49] Georgian Su-25s were able to operate at night.[49] In early August 2008, Russian Su-25s attacked the Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing plant, where the Su-25 is produced, dropping bombs on the factory's airfield.[50]

Iran

On 1 November 2012, two Iranian Su-25s fired cannon bursts at a USAF MQ-1 Predator drone 30 km (19 mi; 16 nmi) off the Iranian coast. The Iranian government has claimed that the drone violated its airspace.[51][52][53]

2014–2015 conflict in Ukraine

Ukrainian armed forces deployed aircraft over insurgent Eastern regions starting in spring 2014. On 26 May 2014, Ukrainian Su-25s supported Mi-24 helicopters during a military operation to regain control over the airport in Donetsk, during which the Su-25s fired air to ground rockets.[54] On 2 July 2014, one Ukrainian Su-25 crashed due to a technical fault.[55][56]

On 16 July 2014, an Su-25 was shot down, with Ukrainian officials stating that a Russian MiG-29 shot it down using a R-27T missile.[57][58] Russia denied these allegations.[59]

On 23 July 2014, two Su-25s were shot down in the Donetsk region of Ukraine. A spokesperson for the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine said the aircraft were shot down by missiles fired from Russia.[60]

On 29 August 2014, a Ukrainian Su-25 was shot down by pro-Russian rebels. The Ukrainian authorities said the downing was due to a Russian missile without clarifying if they mean Russian made or fired by Russian forces. The pilot managed to eject safely. On the same day, pro-Russian rebels claimed the downing of up to four Su-25s.[61][62]

On 9 February 2015, the pro-Russian forces indirectly acknowledged, for the first time, with a reference to a Ukrainian media source, their use of Su-25 against Ukrainian forces during the fighting near Debaltsevo.[63]

2014 Northern Iraq offensive

On 29 June 2014, it was reported that Iraq claimed to have received the first batch of second hand Su-25s ordered from Russia in order to fight the Islamic State forces. An Iraqi defense ministry source claimed the aircraft would be in service "within three to four days", despite the fact that the Iraqis require technical help and parts to make them operational, and the fact that the Russian made aircraft are incompatible with the Iraqi Air force's inventory of American made Hellfire missiles.[64][65]

The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Air Force delivered seven Su-25s on 1 July 2014, the majority of which were ex-Iraqi aircraft from the Gulf War.[66] They were quickly pushed into combat, performing air raids as early as the beginning of August 2014 and later expanding their area of operation.[67][68]

Iraqi Su-25s flew the bulk of the sorties against the Islamic State, with 3562 missions between June 2014 and December 2017, by which time ISIS had lost control of all the territory it formerly controlled in Iraq. That compares to 514 sorties flown by the Iraqi fleet of F-16IQ fighters.[69]

Military intervention in Syria

In September 2015, it was reported that at least a dozen Su-25 were deployed by Russia to an airfield near Latakia, Syria, to support the Russian forces there who were taking part in the Syrian offensive against ISIL.[70] On 2 October 2015, Russian Su-24M and Su-25 attack aircraft destroyed an ISIL command post in the Idlib province, while Su-34 and Su-25 aircraft eliminated an ISIL fortified bunker in the Hama province.[citation needed] By 15 March 2016, with the scaling down of Russian presence in Syria, Russian Su-25s had performed over 1,600 sorties in Syria while dropping 6,000 bombs.[71]

On 3 February 2018 a Russian Su-25 was shot down over Idlib by rebel fighters who used a MANPADS. A Syrian militant said that the pilot, Roman Filipov, ejected safely but killed himself with a grenade to avoid capture.[72][73][74][75]

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War

On 29 September 2020, Armenian Defense Ministry claimed that an Armenian Air Force Su-25 was shot down[76] by a Turkish Air Force F-16, killing the pilot. However Turkey denied the allegation.[77][78][79]

On 4 October 2020, an Azerbaijani Air force Su-25 aircraft was shot down, by Armenian forces, probably with a 9K33 Osa while targeting Armenian positions in Fuzuli. The pilot, Col. Zaur Nudiraliyev died in the crash. Azerbaijani officials acknowledged the loss in December 2020,[80][81] while disclosing a major role of manned aviation being hidden during the active phase of the conflict with more than 600 airstrikes by manned aviation from 27 September 2020 to 9 November 2020, with the Su-25 fleet, tasked with the critical role of suppression and destruction of the enemy air defense among others.[82]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Russian service

On 24 February 2022, Russia reported the loss of an Su-25 due to "pilot error."[83] On 1 March, a Russian Su-25SM piloted by Ruslan Rudnev was lost over Ukraine.[84][85] The next day, another Russian Su-25SM, registration number RF-91961 - Red 07, was shot down in Makariv, Ukraine.[86] On 4 March, two Russian Su-25SMs, the first with registration number RF-93026, were lost over Volnovakha, Ukraine. The second, with callsign Red 04, was lost along with its pilot.[87] Images of the aircraft wrecks were displayed on social media.[88] On 7 March, an Su-25 strike aircraft flown by Russian pilot Oleg Chervov was lost during a combat mission in Ukraine.[89][90] On 10 March, one Su-25 with registration number RF-91969 was shot down near Kyiv and the pilot killed.[91][92] On 14 March, a Russian Su-25 was damaged by enemy fire, likely MANPADs, but managed to return to its base.[93] On 24 May Ukraine claimed to have shot down retired Major General Kanamat Botashev flying an Su-25 using a Stinger missile. It was unknown if he was in service, or a private military contractor.[94] On 27 May Ukraine claimed to have shot down a retired Russian pilot, Colonel Nikolai Markov, who was reportedly flying an Su-25 over the Luhansk region.[95]

On 22 October 2023, Ukraine claims to have shot down five Russian Su-25s, over the last ten days, during fighting in Donetsk.[96]

Ukrainian service

Ukrainian Su-25s performing a flypast during the Kyiv Independence Day Parade on 24 August 2021

The Ukrainian Air force also operates Su-25s. On 26 February 2022 three Su-25s from the 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade were lost. "Blue 19" and "Blue 30" were shot down over the Kherson region.[97] The pilots were presumed dead. Photos of the wrecks of the two Ukrainian aircraft were published.[98][99][100] A third aircraft from the 299th was lost, but the pilot, Andrey Maksinov was captured by Russian forces.[101] Ukrainian media acknowledged that the pilot was Ukrainian.[102] The next day another Su-25, "Blue 39", piloted by Gennady Matulyak was shot down near Hlibivka Vyshgorod, Kyiv region.[103][104] On 2 March, one Su-25 from 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade piloted by Oleksandr Korpan was lost over Starokostiantyniv, Khmelnytskyi Oblast.[105][106][107] On 10 March one Su-25, "Blue 31" was shot down near Nova Kakhovka, Kherson.[108][109][110] On 14 March another Su-25 was shot down by Russian forces in Volnovakha, Donbas region. The pilot, Roman Vasyliuk, was captured by Russian forces and later released on 24 April, in a Russo-Ukrainian prisoner swap.[111][112] On 22 March, a Ukrainian Su-25, heavily damaged in combat was recorded in video.[113] On 15 April, a Ukrainian Su-25 was reportedly shot down by Russian forces in Izyum.[114] The downing of the aircraft was recorded by a military camera in thermographic mode.[115] The pilot, Captain Yegor Seredyuk, was reported as being killed near Izyum on 15 April.[116][117] Seredyuk was awarded the Hero of Ukraine order.[118] On 14 May a Su-25 from 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade piloted by Captain Serhiy Parkhomenko was shot down in Huliaipole, Zaporizhzhia Oblast and the pilot killed.[119][120]

On 14 March 2023, the Minister of Defense of North Macedonia, Slavjanka Petrovska, confirmed the transfer of four non-airworthy Su-25s to Ukraine.[121]

Variants

Su-25

Soviet Su-25 in flight

The basic version of the aircraft was produced at Factory 31, at Tbilisi, in the Soviet Republic of Georgia. Between 1978 and 1989, 582 single-seat Su-25s were produced in Georgia, not including aircraft produced under the Su-25K export program. This variant of the aircraft represents the backbone of the Russian Aerospace Forces' Su-25 fleet, currently the largest in the world.[11] The aircraft experienced a number of accidents in operational service caused by system failures attributed to salvo firing of weapons. In the wake of these incidents, use of its main armament, the 240 mm S-24 rocket, was prohibited. In its place, the FAB-500 500 kg (1,100 lb) general-purpose high-explosive bomb became the primary armament.[11]

Su-25K

Czech Republic Su-25K in 1994.

The basic Su-25 model was used as the basis for a commercial export variant, known as the Su-25K (Komercheskiy). This model was also built at Factory 31 in Tbilisi, Georgia. The aircraft differed from the Soviet Air Force version in certain minor details concerning internal equipment. A total of 180 Su-25K aircraft were built between 1984 and 1989.[11]

Su-25UB

The Su-25UB trainer (Uchebno-Boyevoy) was drawn up in 1977. The first prototype, called "T-8UB-1", was rolled out in July 1985 and its maiden flight was carried out at the Ulan-Ude factory airfield on 12 August of that year.[11] By the end of 1986, 25 Su-25UBs had been produced at Ulan-Ude before the twin-seater completed its State trials and officially cleared for service with the Soviet Air Force.[122][clarification needed]

It was intended for training and evaluation flights of active-duty pilots, and for training pilot cadets at Soviet Air Force flying schools. The performance did not differ substantially from that of the single-seater. The navigation, attack, sighting devices and weapons-control systems of the two-seater enabled it to be used for both routine training and weapons-training missions.[123]

Su-25UBK

Bulgarian Su-25UBK on take-off

From 1986 to 1989, in parallel with the construction of the main Su-25UB combat training variant, the Ulan-Ude plant produced the so-called "commercial" Su-25UBK, intended for export to countries that bought the Su-25K, and with similar modifications to that aircraft.[124]

Su-25UBM

The Su-25UBM is a twin seat variant that can be used as an operational trainer, but also has attack capabilities, and can be used for reconnaissance, target designation and airborne control. Its first flight was on 6 December 2008 and it was certified in December 2010. It will enter operational use with the Russian Aerospace Forces later. The variant has a Phazotron NIIR Kopyo radar and Bars-2 equipment on board. Su-25UBM's range is believed to be 1,300 km (810 mi) and it may have protection against infra-red guided missiles (IRGM), a minimal requirement on today's battle fields where IRGMs proliferate.[125]

Su-25UTG

Su-25UTG carrier-based trainer aircraft at Novofedorovka airbase

The Su-25UTG (Uchebno-Trenirovochnyy s Gakom) is a variant of the Su-25UB designed to train pilots in takeoff and landing on a land-based simulated carrier deck, with a sloping ski-jump section and arrester wires. The first one flew in September 1988, and approximately 10 were produced.[126] About half remained in Russian service after 1991; they were used on Russia's sole aircraft carrier, Admiral Kuznetsov. This small number of aircraft were insufficient to meet the training needs of Russia's carrier air group, so a number of Su-25UBs were converted into Su-25UTGs. These aircraft being distinguished by the alternative designation Su-25UBP (Uchebno-Boyevoy Palubny)—the adjective palubnyy meaning "deck", indicating that these aircraft have a naval function.[127] As of 2007, approximately 10 of these aircraft were operational in the Russian Navy as part of the 279th Naval Aviation Regiment of the Northern Fleet.[128] In 2021, Su-25 aircraft were also reported deployed with the 100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment of the same fleet.[129]

Su-25BM

The Su-25BM (Buksirovshchik Misheney) is a target-towing variant of the Su-25 whose development began in 1986. The prototype, designated T-8BM1, successfully flew for the first time on 22 March 1990, at Tbilisi. After completion of the test phase, the aircraft was put into production.[127]

The Su-25BM target-tower was designed to provide towed target facilities for training ground forces and naval personnel in ground-to-air or naval surface-to-air missile systems. It is powered by an R-195 engine and equipped with an RSDN-10 long-range navigation system, an analogue of the Western LORAN system.[127]

Su-25T

The Su-25T (Tankovy) is a dedicated antitank version, which has been combat-tested with notable success in Chechnya.[19] The design of the aircraft is similar to the Su-25UB. The variant was converted to one-seater, with the rear seat replaced by additional avionics.[130] It has all-weather and night attack capability. In addition to the full arsenal of weapons of the standard Su-25, the Su-25T can employ the KAB-500Kr TV-guided bomb and the semi-active laser-guided Kh-25ML.[19] Its enlarged nosecone houses the Shkval optical TV and aiming system with the Prichal laser rangefinder and target designator. It can also carry Vikhr laser-guided, tube-launched missiles, which is its main antitank armament. For night operations, the low-light TV Merkuriy pod system can be carried under the fuselage. Three Su-25Ts prototypes were built in 1983–86 and 8 production aircraft were built in 1990.[131] With the introduction of a definitive Russian Air Force Su-25 upgrade programme, in the form of Stroyevoy Modernizirovannyi, the Su-25T programme was officially canceled in 2000.[132]

Su-25TM (Su-39)

Russian Su-25TM has been built in small numbers. Carries (from tip to fuselage) R-73, R-77, 8×Vikhr, Kh-29T, Kh-58. White dome of Kopyo radar container is seen below, while two Omul ECM pods lie beside the aircraft.

A second-generation Su-25T, the Su-25TM (also designated Su-39), has been developed with improved navigation and attack systems, and better survivability. While retaining the built-in Shkval of Su-25T, it may carry Kopyo (rus. "Spear") radar in an under fuselage container, which is used for engaging air targets (with RVV-AE/R-77 missiles) as well as ships (with Kh-31 and Kh-35 antiship missiles). The Russian Air Force has received 8 aircraft as of 2008.[130] Some of the improved avionics systems designed for T and TM variants have been included in the Su-25SM, an interim upgrade of the operational Russian Air Force Su-25, for improved survivability and combat capability.[19] The Su-25TM, as an all-inclusive upgrade programme has been replaced with the "affordable" Su-25SM programme.[132]

Su-25SM

A Sukhoi Su-25SM at the Celebration of the 100th anniversary of Russian Air Force

The Su-25SM (Stroyevoy Modernizirovannyi) is an "affordable" upgrade programme for the Su-25, conceived by the Russian Air Force in 2000. The programme stems from the attempted Su-25T and Su-25TM upgrades, which were evaluated and labeled as over-sophisticated and expensive. The SM upgrade incorporates avionics enhancements and airframe refurbishment to extend the Frogfoot's service life by up to 500 flight hours or 5 years.[132]

The Su-25SM's all-new PRnK-25SM "Bars" navigation/attack suite is built around the BTsVM-90 digital computer system, originally planned for the Su-25TM upgrade programme. Navigation and attack precision provided by the new suite is three times better of the baseline Su-25 and is reported to be within 15 m (50 ft) using satellite correction and 200 m (660 ft) without it.[132]

A new KA1-1-01 Head-Up Display (HUD) was added providing, among other things, double the field of view of the original ASP-17BTs-8 electro-optical sight. Other systems and components incorporated during the upgrade include a Multi-Function Display (MFD), RSBN-85 Short Range Aid to Navigation (SHORAN), ARK-35-1 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF), A-737-01 GPS/GLONASS Receiver, Karat-B-25 Flight Data Recorder (FDR), Berkut-1 Video Recording System (VRS), Banker-2 UHF/VHF communication radio, SO-96 Transponder and a L150 "Pastel" Radar Warning Receiver (RWR).[132]

The R-95sh engines have been overhauled and modified with an anti-surge system installed. The system is designed to improve the resistance of the engine to ingested powders and gases during gun and rocket salvo firing.[132]

The combination of reconditioned and new equipment, with increased automation and self-test capability has allowed for a reduction of pre- and post-flight maintenance by some 25 to 30%. Overall weight savings are around 300 kg (660 lb).[132]

Su-25SM weapon suite has been expanded with the addition of the Vympel R-73 highly agile air-to-air missile (albeit without helmet mounted cueing and only the traditional longitudinal seeker mode) and the S-13T 130 mm rockets (carried in five-round B-13 pods) with blast-fragmentation and armour-piercing warheads. Further, the Kh-25ML and Kh-29L Weapon Employment Profiles have been significantly improved, permitting some complex missile launch scenarios to be executed, such as: firing two consecutive missiles on two different targets in a single attack pass. The GSh-30-2 autocannon (250-round magazine) has received three new reduced rate-of-fire modes: 750, 375 and 188 rounds per minute. The Su-25SM was also given new BD3-25 under-wing pylons.[132]

The eventual procurement programme is expected to include between 100 and 130 kits, covering 60 to 70 percent of the Russian Air Force active single-seat fleet, as operated in the early 2000s.[132] On 2012, the Russian Aerospace Forces had over 30 Su-25SMs in service with plans to modernize about 80 Su-25s to the improved standard.[133] By March 2013, over 60 aircraft are to be upgraded.[134] In February 2013, ten new Su-25SMs were delivered to the Air Force southern base,[135][136] where operational training is being conducted.[137] During the period 2005–2015, more than 80 aircraft were upgraded.[138]

Since early 2014, the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment of the 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army at Budyonnovsk has received advanced Su-25SMs[139] (probably 16 aircraft). Nine more were delivered in 2018,[140][141][142] eight more in early 2019[143][144][145] and four more in early 2020 plus one more in early 2021.[146][147][148]

Since 2018, the Aerospace Forces [VKS] have been receiving Su-25SM3s, and a total of 25 aircraft have already been delivered as of June 2019. Unlike the baseline Su-25 and its incrementally upgraded variant, the Su-25SM, both of which have a rather outdated Klen-PS laser target designator in the nose, the Su-25SM3 has been upgraded with the new SOLT-25 electro-optics nose module. The SOLT-25 provides 16× zoom and features a laser range finder and target designator, thermal imager, TV channels, and the ability to track moving targets in all weather up to 8 km away. In addition, the Su-25SM3 comes with the Vitebsk-25 protection suite, which integrates a set of Zakhvat forward and rearward facing missile approach warning ultraviolet sensors, the L-150-16M Pastel radar homing and warning system, two UV-26M 50 mm chaff dispensers, and a pair of wing-mounted L-370-3S radar jamming pods. Furthermore, the Su-25SM3 has been upgraded with the new PrNK-25SM-1 Bars targeting-and-navigation system and the KSS-25 communication system with Banker-8-TM-1 antenna.[149]

As a result from combat experience in Syria the Su-25SM3 has been equipped with SVP-24 navigation and bombing aids that improve the accuracy of unguided bombs.[150]

Su-25KM

The (Komercheski, Modernized),[151] nicknamed "Scorpion", is an Su-25 upgrade programme announced in early 2001 by the original manufacturer, Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing in Georgia, in partnership with Elbit Systems of Israel. The prototype aircraft made its maiden flight on 18 April 2001 at Tbilisi in full Georgian Air Force markings.[152] The aircraft uses a standard Su-25 airframe, enhanced with advanced avionics including a glass cockpit, digital map generator, helmet-mounted display, computerised weapons system, complete mission pre-plan capability, and fully redundant backup modes. Performance enhancements include a highly accurate navigation system, pinpoint weapon delivery systems, all-weather and day/night performance, NATO compatibility, state-of-the art safety and survivability features, and advanced onboard debriefing capabilities complying with international requirements.[152] It has the ability to use Israeli Opher infrared-guided bombs and Lizard laser-guided bombs, as well as the Vympel R-73 infrared-guided missile.[153]

Su-28

Sukhoi Su-28 non-combat jet trainer

The Sukhoi Su-28 (also designated Su-25UT – Uchebno-Trenirovochnyy) is an advanced basic jet trainer, built on the basis of the Su-25UB as a private initiative by the Sukhoi Design Bureau. The Su-28 is a light aircraft designed to replace the Czechoslovak Aero L-39 Albatros. Unlike the basic Su-25UB, it lacks a weapons-control system, built-in cannon, weapons hardpoints, and engine armour.[154]

Other

  • Su-25R (Razvedchik) – a tactical reconnaissance variant designed in 1978, but never built.[155]
  • Su-25U3 (Uchebnyy 3-myestny) – also known as the "Russian Troika", was a three-seat basic trainer aircraft. The project was suspended in 1991 due to lack of funding.[155]
  • Su-25U (Uchebnyy) – a trainer variant of Su-25s produced in Georgia between 1996 and 1998. Three aircraft were built in total, all for the Georgian Air Force.[155]
  • Su-25M1/Su-25UBM1 – Su-25 and Su-25UB aircraft modernized by the Ukrainian company MiGremont for the Ukrainian Air Force . Ten modernized as of 2013 (seven single-seat and three trainers). Upgrades include a new GPS receiver, a new radio, more accurate weapon delivery thanks to a new sight, and a new digital flight data recorder. Additionally, upgraded aircraft can use S-13 rockets.[156]
  • Ge-31 is an ongoing Georgian program of Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing aiming at producing a renewed version of Su-25 without Russian components and parts.[157]
  • T-12 ("Shturmovik-90") – a proposed successor to the Su-25. It would have utilized a twin fuselage with two cockpits; one would carry the pilot, who would also operate the plane's radar, while the other would operate the plane's weapons and fire control. The T-12's design also included a forward-swept wing and V-tail.[158]

Operators

Notable accidents

The Su-25 has been involved in the following notable aviation accidents.

  • An Su-25K of the Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo disappeared in December 2006 during a routine rebasing operation and no wreckage was ever found.[159]
  • Another Congolese Su-25K crashed on 30 June 2007 during an Independence Day display, near the city of Kisangani, killing the pilot. Investigations revealed that the crash was due to an engine failure.[159]
  • An Su-25 of the Russian Air Force exploded in mid-air on 20 March 2008 during a live firing exercise over the Primorsky Krai, 143 km (89 mi) from Vladivostok, killing the pilot. Further investigations revealed that the aircraft was downed by a missile accidentally launched by a wingman. After the accident, all Russian Su-25s were grounded until the investigation was concluded.[citation needed]

Specifications (Su-25/Su-25K, late production)

Legend
  • 1: SPM-17A cannon
  • 2: Air brakes
  • 3: Electronic countermeasures
  • 4: Laser Station Maple-PS
  • 5: Avionics
  • 6: Identification friend or foe system
  • 7: Pitot tube
  • 8: Drogue parachute
  • 9: Fuel tanks
  • 10: Main landing gear
  • 11: K-36L ejection seat
  • 12: Bulletproof glass
  • 13: Periscope
  • 14: Turbojet
  • 15: Air intake
  • 16: RSBN Short Range Navigation System
  • 17: PA-7 Pitot tube
  • 18: Front landing gear
  • 19: Canopy
  • 20: TSA-17 Sight
  • 21: Hinged ladder
  • 22: Longeron
  • 23: Flaps
  • 24: Leading edge slats
  • 25: Empennage, including rudder
  • 26: Aileron
  • 27: ASO-2V infrared countermeasures
  • 28: SPO-15 radar warning receiver
  • 29: Tail flaps
  • 30: CDD-25 hardpoints
  • 31: AAP-60 Starter engines[160]
Sukhoi Su-25 line drawing

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004,[161] Sukhoi,[162] deagel.com,[163] airforce-technology.com[164]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 15.53 m (50 ft 11 in) (including nose probe)
  • Wingspan: 14.36 m (47 ft 1 in)
  • Height: 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in)
  • Wing area: 33.7 m2 (363 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
  • Gross weight: 14,440 kg (31,835 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 19,300 kg (42,549 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Soyuz/Tumansky R-195 turbojet engine, 44.18 kN (9,930 lbf) thrust each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 975 km/h (606 mph, 526 kn)
  • Maximum speed: Mach 0.79
  • Range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi)
  • Combat range: 750 km (470 mi, 400 nmi) at sea level with 4,400 kg (9,700 lb) of ordnance and two external fuel tanks
  • Service ceiling: 7,000 m (23,000 ft)
  • g limits: +6.5
  • Rate of climb: 58 m/s (11,400 ft/min)

Armament

  • Guns:
  • Hardpoints: 11 hardpoints with a capacity of up to 4,400 kg (9,700 lb) of stores,with provisions to carry combinations of:
    • Rockets:
      • UB-16 rocket pods for S-5 rockets
      • UB-32A rocket pods for S-5 rockets
      • B-8M1 rocket pods for S-8 rockets
      • S-13
      • S-24
      • S-25
    • Missiles:
    • Bombs:
      • BETAB-500 concrete-penetrating bomb[165]
      • FAB-250 general-purpose bomb
      • FAB-500 GP bomb
      • FAN-500 bomb[165]
      • KAB-500KR TV-guided bomb[166]
      • ZAB-500 incendiary bomb[165]
    • Other:
      • ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare): Su-25s in Syria have been pictured with four rows of ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare) along the tailcone's upper surface aft of the vertical stabiliser.[167][168]

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gordon and Dawes 2004.
  2. ↑ Dominykas. Russia Has Stopped Production Of Su-25", Aviation Voice website, 20 February 2017.
  3. ↑ http://www.military-today.com/aircraft/sukhoi_su25_frogfoot.htm Military Aircraft Today website, 1 July 2011.
  4. ↑ "Georgia announced the restart of production of the Su-25", scramble.nl website, 24 February 2021.
  5. ↑ "Russia Says Destroyed Over 70 Ukraine Military Targets" (in en). 24 February 2022. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/24/russia-says-destroyed-over-70-ukraine-military-targets-a76571. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 6–7.
  7. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 8.
  8. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 11.
  9. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 23–41.
  10. ↑ "Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-25К – Historical background". sukhoi.org. http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su25k/history/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 42–46.
  12. ↑ "Force report: Russian Air Force." Air Forces Monthly , July 2007, pp. 78–86.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 73–75.
  14. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 77.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 79–82.
  16. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 111.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Goebel, Greg. The Sukhoi Su-25 "Frogfoot" , airvectors.net website, 1 July 2011.
  18. ↑ Su-25К specification substituted, taken from "Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-25К – Aircraft performance." Sukhoi.org. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 111–126.
  20. ↑ "80th independent Assault Aviation Regiment". http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/regiment/shap/80oshap.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Historical background." Sukhoi.org. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 133–49.
  23. ↑ Rozendaal, Frank, Rene van Woezik and Tieme Festner. 'Bear tracks in Germany: The Soviet Air Force in the former German Democratic Republic: Part 1." Air International, October 1992, p. 210.
  24. ↑ "The Sukhoi Su-25 "Frogfoot"". airvectors.net. http://www.airvectors.net/avsu25.html. 
  25. ↑ "Iran bolsters Su-25 fleet". http://www.janes.co.uk/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw060913_1_n.shtml. . Jane's Defence Weekly, 13 September 2006.
  26. ↑ "Siege of Sukhumi." Time Magazine, 4 October 1993.
  27. ↑ "2005". ejection-history.org.uk. http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/PROJECT/YEAR_Pages/1993.htm. 
  28. ↑ Cooper, Tom. "Georgia and Abkhazia, 1992–1993: the War of Datchas". ACIG.org. http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_282.shtml. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "CIS region – Авиация в локальных конфликтах". http://www.skywar.ru/oldussr.html. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Chechenya – Air force in local wars". http://skywar.ru/chechenyaen.html. 
  31. ↑ "The Air University page". Maxwell AFB. http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj97/win97/thomas.pdf. 
  32. ↑ "Military Learning Between the Chechen Wars." Sras.org. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "Caucasian diamond traffic – Part 2." civilresearch.org. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.
  34. ↑ "Frontal and Army Aviation in the Chechen Conflict". http://mashar.free.fr/mil_avi.htm. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Aircraft by type." Ejection-history.org.uk. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.
  36. ↑ "Rebels Down Russian Plane In Chechnya." Chicago Tribune, 6 May 1996. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.
  37. ↑ Goebel, Greg. "The Sukhoi Su-25 'Frogfoot'." Vectorsite.net. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.
  38. ↑ "Russia/Chechnya – Terrorism Leads To War." Greatdreams.com. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.
  39. ↑ "Ethiopia." acig.org. Retrieved: 10 August 2010.
  40. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 100–102.
  41. ↑ "Disputed attack jets seen by U.N. envoys in Darfur." Reuters.
  42. ↑ "Nine French soldiers killed in Cote d'Ivoire." People's Daily Online, 8 November 2004.
  43. ↑ "UN allows Gbagbo to transfer damaged planes". The New Humanitarian. 24 January 2005. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2005/01/24/un-allows-gbagbo-transfer-damaged-planes. 
  44. ↑ Cooper, Tom with Alexander Mladenov. "Cote d'Ivoire, since 2002." ACIG Journal, 5 August 2004.
  45. ↑ "N. Ossetia president: Georgian planes bomb out humanitarian aid convoy for S. Ossetia." Interfax, 8 August 2008.
  46. ↑ "Fighting rages in Georgian separatist capital." Reuters , 8 August 2008.
  47. ↑ "General staff recognized the loss of two more aircraft." Russia : Lenta, 11 August 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008. English translation .
  48. ↑ Barabanov, Mikhail. "The August War between Russia and Georgia." Moscow Defense Brief. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Russia's rapid reaction." International Institute for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  50. ↑ Nowak, David (for Associated Press). "Russian air raid targets Tbilisi factory; fighting continues to rage in South Ossetia".] Newser, 10 August 2008.
  51. ↑ Stewart, Phil. "Iranian warplanes fired on U.S. drone over Gulf: Pentagon." Reuters, 5 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  52. ↑ "Iranian fighters 'fired on US drone in Gulf' – Middle East." Al Jazeera English, 8 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  53. ↑ Starr, Barbara. "First on CNN: Iranian jets fire on U.S. drone." CNN, 8 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  54. ↑ "The Aviationist » Impressive Videos of the Ukrainian Air Strikes on Donetsk". The Aviationist. 27 May 2014. http://theaviationist.com/2014/05/27/ukrainian-offensive-donetsk/. 
  55. ↑ "Штурмовик Су-25 разбился в Днепропетровске из-за неисправности, пилот жив". Interfax-Ukraine. 2 July 2014. http://interfax.com.ua/news/general/211777.html. 
  56. ↑ "Su-25 attack aircraft crashes in Dnipropetrovsk". KyivPost. 2 July 2014. http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/su-25-attack-aircraft-crashes-in-dnipropetrovsk-354358.html. 
  57. ↑ "SBU releases more conversations implicating Russia in shooting down Malaysia Airlines flight (VIDEO, TRANSCRIPT)". KyivPost. 19 July 2014. http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sbu-releases-more-conversations-implicating-russia-in-shooting-down-malaysia-airlines-flight-video-transcript-2-356778.html. 
  58. ↑ "Spokesman for National Security and Defense Council Information Center: Malaysian Flight MH-17 was outside the range of Ukraine's surface to air defense systems – Ukraine Crisis Media Center – UACRISIS.ORG". uacrisis.org. http://uacrisis.org/rechnik-rnbo/. 
  59. ↑ "Russia Rejects 'Absurd' Accusation Over Downed Ukrainian Jet". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 17 July 2014. http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-russia-jet-shot-down-blame/25460575.html. 
  60. ↑ Katersky, Aaron (23 July 2014). "Ukraine Says Two Jets Downed By Missiles Fired From Russia". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/ukraine-jets-downed-missiles-fired-russia/story?id=24674661. 
  61. ↑ "Ukrainian fighter jet shot down by Russian missile in Donbas". Kyiv Post. 30 August 2014. https://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainian-fighter-jet-shot-down-by-russian-missile-in-donbas-362666.html?flavour=mobile. 
  62. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident 29-AUG-2014 Sukhoi Su-25M1 08 YELLOW". http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=169382. 
  63. ↑ "МОЛНИЯ: Ополчение применило авиацию под Дебальцево – 2 штурмовика СУ-25 нанесли удар по позициям 40-го батальона, – источник". rusvesna.su. http://rusvesna.su/news/1423482673. 
  64. ↑ "Iraq receives Russian fighter jets to fight rebels" . BBC News, 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  65. ↑ "Iraq takes delivery of Russian fighter jets" . Al Jazeera. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  66. ↑ Jonathan Marcus (2 July 2014), "'Iranian attack jets deployed' to help Iraq fight Isis", BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28125687, retrieved 2 July 2014 
  67. ↑ "Who Bombed ISIS Militants on August 7?". Business Insider. 8 August 2014. http://www.businessinsider.com/who-bombed-isis-militants-on-august-7-2014-8?IR=T. 
  68. ↑ "Iraqi Su-25s debut in combat ISIS in the North". AIRheads↑FLY. http://airheadsfly.com/2014/12/26/iraqi-su-25s-debut-in-combat-isis-in-the-north/. 
  69. ↑ Trevithick, Joseph (23 April 2018). "Iraq's An-32 Cargo Planes Turned Bombers Flew Nearly Twice As Many Strikes As its F-16s". http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/20330/iraqs-an-32-cargo-planes-turned-bombers-flew-nearly-twice-as-many-strikes-as-its-f-16s. 
  70. ↑ "Pentagon releases satellite images of Russian aircraft in Syria". unian.info. http://www.unian.info/world/1130803-pentagon-releases-satellite-images-of-russian-aircraft-in-syria.html. 
  71. ↑ "TASS: Military & Defense – Russia's Su-25 warplanes dropped 6,000 bombs during operation in Syria". TASS. 16 March 2016. http://tass.ru/en/defense/862862. 
  72. ↑ "Im Nordwesten Syriens: Rebellen schießen russischen Kampfjet ab – und töten Piloten". Spiegel Online. 2018-02-03. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/syrien-rebellen-in-idlib-schiessen-russischen-kampfjet-ab-a-1191290.html. 
  73. ↑ "Pilot killed after Syrian rebels down Russian warplane". http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russian-warplane-shot-down-syria-pilot-killed-1.4518395. 
  74. ↑ Ensor, Josie; Bodner, Matthew (5 February 2018). "Russian pilot shouts 'this is for our guys' as he blows himself up to evade capture in Syria". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/05/russia-rains-retaliatory-strikes-rebel-held-idlib-jet-downed/. 
  75. ↑ "Russian pilot blows himself up to avoid capture by jihadists". 5 February 2018. https://nypost.com/2018/02/05/russian-pilot-blows-himself-up-to-avoid-capture-from-jihadists/. 
  76. ↑ GDC (2020-10-16). "Turkish F-16 shot down second Su-25 aircraft of the Armenian Air Force" (in en-US). https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2020/10/16/turkish-f-16-shot-down-second-su-25-aircraft-of-the-armenian-air-force/. 
  77. ↑ "Турецкий истребитель сбил Су-25 ВВС Армении". RIA. 29 September 2020. https://ria.ru/20200929/istrebitel-1577957095.html. 
  78. ↑ "Son dakika haberleri! İletişim Başkanı Fahrettin Altun: Türkiye Ermeni uçağını vurmadı – Dünya Haberleri". 29 September 2020. https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-haberleri-iletisim-baskani-fahrettin-altun-turkiye-ermeni-ucagini-vurmadi-2818995. 
  79. ↑ "Armenia says its fighter jet 'shot down by Turkey'". 29 September 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54345622. 
  80. ↑ "Əsir düşməmək üçün "Su-25" döyüş təyyarəsini düşmən səngərinə çırpan şəhid polkovnik Zaur Nudirəliyev VİDEO" (in az). 27 December 2020. https://azertag.az/xeber/Asir_dusmemek_uchun_Su_25_doyus_teyyaresini_dusmen_sengerine_chirpan_sehid_polkovnik_Zaur_Nudireliyev_VIDEO-1674563?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=b725bc84f4fc754319b8dacfc045414edc673601-1609122188-0-Af6CScwG-QNosTP35mL1VMUuA7xk9QvwWdKwniRdhsj0hqHSI-z9WtEsk5QxtMmDPnQvQBn23SBFwp9f4NqwF-hyHYEaLAglzOU2Gr_RjGZjydtw6WtHPbAcgVz_pcw_zLlVsuSE_DWb-mo41BpwriVI7mMrb_PREjIajOg8FF1aegs2XKZCd66ACdppK7KGTch91GRTqNURlaKtUTfnNamGxdN3b8OrOlvGIiwgGgNPQCzbXvrxe87y2cYs0j4mMu7jh4JF2QMjyr-rxR7reUdLxJ4DGq6bwgCqam-ysIap8yhh0EDq0vgy2Uqp3U7waxo9ow1MlMR01-2UMAd-I0AjRAYtkxd5RLE_lOnd2Nm6VcB1caSuEys30U2npsEorZHbBWtrUOxYrr7j1AVYtuVMVm77ACEC9B9SEQSAqto5bTZ7D_MS0MLdVqM9ZCxw3kyePr3h0cou4cqF7ynJhPRoxTmNpGW-_qmgk4E5YVVrRl2gWAUHta7VPlyyYhkWtjeE21Ho1ZKhSZWVLyZFj2NWIFV0qlbn_iiSotKuIKWEj2Wj7kdxvJ5xzVFGfoDVLg. 
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  82. ↑ Herk, Hans van (27 December 2020). "Combat missions of the Azerbaijani Air Force in the Second Karabakh War". https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/combat-missions-of-the-azerbaijani-air-force-in-the-second-karabakh-war. 
  83. ↑ "Russian Defense Ministry says it has destroyed dozens of Ukrainian military facilities and lost one fighter jet". https://www.marketwatch.com/story/russian-defense-ministry-says-it-has-destroyed-dozens-of-ukrainian-military-facility-and-lost-one-fighter-jet-01645718753. 
  84. ↑ ""Или мы, или нацисты". В Украине убит полковник ВКС РФ" (in ru). Migworld. 25 March 2022. https://mignews.com/news/ukraine/ili-my-ili-nacisty-v-ukraine-ubit-polkovnik-vks-rf.html. 
  85. ↑ "В Самаре простились с земляком, героически погибшим в ходе спецоперации по защите ДНР и ЛНР Об этом сообщает "Рамблер"." (in ru). News Rambler. March 2022. https://news.rambler.ru/army/48226117-v-samare-prostilis-s-zemlyakom-geroicheski-pogibshim-v-hode-spetsoperatsii-po-zaschite-dnr-i-lnr/. 
  86. ↑ "Військово-історичний музей Києва поповнився уламками російського штурмовика" (in uk). mil.in.ua. 1 May 2022. https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/vijskovo-istorychnyj-muzej-kyyeva-popovnyvsya-ulamkamy-rosijskogo-shturmovyka/. 
  87. ↑ "Ukrainian defenders destroy one more enemy Su-25 together with pilot" (in en). Ukrinform. 4 March 2022. https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3420237-ukrainian-defenders-destroy-one-more-enemy-su25-together-with-pilot.html. 
  88. ↑ "Russian Forces Now Occupy Europe's Largest Nuclear Plant In Ukraine". The Drive. 4 March 2022. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44576/russian-forces-now-occupy-europes-largest-nuclear-plant-in-ukraine. "Earlier today, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense published a photo of the wreckage of a Russian Aerospace Forces Su-25 Frogfoot ground-attack aircraft, a type that has apparently already seen extensive use with both sides during the conflict. Unconfirmed reports suggest that a Russian Mi-8 helicopter that may have arrived on the scene of the crash to assist was in turn brought down by Ukrainian air defenses. At this stage, this is only speculation, however." 
  89. ↑ ""Нужно завершить начатое дело"" (in ru). Kommersant. 17 March 2022. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5259805. "Oleg Chervov was buried at the memorial to military pilots on the Alley of Heroes of the Komintern cemetery in Voronezh...In the upper part of the monument to Major Filipov, there is a Su-25 attack aircraft directed into the sky - Oleg Chervov also flew on the same plane." 
  90. ↑ "В Воронеже похоронили замкомандира авиаполка, погибшего во время спецоперации на Украине" (in ru). Novosti Voronezha(Voronezh News). 16 March 2022. https://novostivoronezha.ru/2022/03/16/226971. 
  91. ↑ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 276346". Aviation Safety Network. 10 March 2022. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/276346. 
  92. ↑ "ЗСУ збили російський Су-25СМ – літак ідентифікували" (in uk). mil.in.ua. 10 March 2022. https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/zsu-zbyly-rosijskyj-su-25sm-litak-identyfikuvaly/. 
  93. ↑ "Watch: Russian Sukhoi Su-25 aircraft safely lands after being hit by Ukrainian MANPADS". Wion News. 16 March 2022. https://www.wionews.com/world/watch-russian-sukhoi-su-25-aircraft-safely-lands-after-being-hit-by-ukrainian-manpads-462304. 
  94. ↑ "63-Year-Old Retired Russian Fighter Pilot Shot Down In Su-25 Over Ukraine" (in en). 24 May 2022. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/63-year-old-retired-russian-fighter-pilot-shot-down-in-su-25-over-ukraine. 
  95. ↑ "Ukraine war: Second Russian 'pensioner pilot' is shot down and killed". 2022-05-27. https://tdpelmedia.com/ukraine-war-second-russian-pensioner-pilot-is-shot-down-and-killed. 
  96. ↑ Rebecca Rommen (25 October 2023). "How Ukraine is beating the Russian airforce with US missiles". The Kyiv Post. https://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-been-able-pummel-the-russian-airforce-in-october-2023-10?amp. 
  97. ↑ "Dramatic Video Shows Ukrainian Su-25 Crashing During Attack On Russian Convoy At The End Of February". The Aviatonist. 18 March 2022. https://theaviationist.com/2022/03/18/su-25-crashing-ukraine/. 
  98. ↑ "Ukraine Claims It Has Been Resupplied With Air-To-Air Missiles". The Drive. 27 February 2022. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44474/massive-artillery-barrage-sets-fuel-farm-abalze-south-of-kyiv-as-russian-invasion-enters-day-four. 
  99. ↑ "Russia shoots down Ukraine Su-25 fighter jet". HS Military. 27 February 2022. https://www.hsmilitary.com/2022/02/Russia-shoots-down-Ukraine-SU25-fighter-jet.html?m=1. 
  100. ↑ "ASN 275988". Aviation Safety Network. 27 February 2022. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/275988. "On further inspection these images actual show remains of 2 different #Ukraine Air Force Su-25 Frogfoot - Blue 19 - Blue ??" 
  101. ↑ "Раненый украинский пилот попал в плен, пропагандисты РФ записали с ним видео" (in uk). Pravda Ukraine. 3 April 2022. https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/03/3/7327953/. 
  102. ↑ "Ukrainian pilot captured by Russian invaders and may be used for propaganda" (in en). Ukrinform. 4 March 2022. https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3419532-ukrainian-pilot-captured-by-russian-invaders-and-may-be-used-for-propaganda.html. 
  103. ↑ "ASN Occurrence # 276607". Aviation Safety Network. 17 March 2022. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/276607. 
  104. ↑ "Пілот ЗСУ Матуляк зміг відвести падаючий літак від населеного пункту, чим врятував життя сотень людей на Київщині. ФОТОрепортаж" (in uk). 18 March 2022. https://m.censor.net/ua/photo_news/3326261/pilot_zsu_matulyak_zmig_vidvesty_padayuchyyi_litak_vid_naselenogo_punktu_chym_vryatuvav_jyttya_soten. 
  105. ↑ "He died for Ukraine. Let's honor the moment of silence of Captain Alexander Korpan (video, photo)" (in uk). 29 April 2022. https://freeradio.com.ua/zahynuv-za-ukrainu-vshanuimo-khvylynoiu-movchannia-kapitana-oleksandra-korpana-video-foto/. 
  106. ↑ "З ПРАПОРОМ ТА ЧОРНИМИ ХОРУГВАМИ: У ПІДГАЙЦЯХ ПРОЩАЮТЬСЯ ІЗ ГЕРОЄМ, ЯКИЙ ЗАГИНУВ У ВІЙНІ" (in uk). 7 March 2022. https://t1news.tv/z-praporom-ta-chornymy-horugvamy-u-pidgajczyah-proshhayutsya-iz-geroyem-yakyj-zagynuv-u-vijni/. 
  107. ↑ "На Тернопільщині поховали льотчика ударної авіації" (in uk). 10 March 2022. https://suspilne.media/214788-na-ternopilsini-pohovali-lotcika-udarnoi-aviacii/. 
  108. ↑ "Video – Ukrayna Savaş Uçağı Düşürüldü" (in tr). 10 March 2022. https://www.goklerdeyiz.net/video-ukrayna-savas-ucagi-dusuruldu/. 
  109. ↑ "ASN Occurrence #276364". Aviation Safety Network. 10 March 2022. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/276364. 
  110. ↑ Cooper, Tom (11 March 2022). "As a Ukrainian Tupolev Tu-141 drone crashes in Croatia, Moscow says it destroyed 90% of the Ukrainian Air Bases (But The Pentagon says that 90% of the Ukrainian Air Force is intact)". The Aviation Geek Club. https://theaviationgeekclub.com/as-a-ukrainian-tupolev-tu-141-drone-crashes-in-croatia-moscow-says-it-destroyed-90-of-the-ukrainian-air-bases-but-the-pentagon-says-that-90-of-the-ukrainian-air-force-is-intact/. "Certain is only that the Ukrainians lost another Su-25: ‘Blue 31’ was shot down yesterday afternoon" 
  111. ↑ "Українського пілота Романа Василюка звільнено з полонуВІЙСЬКОВІ" (in uk). 25 April 2022. https://www.0412.ua/news/3377647/ukrainskogo-pilota-romana-vasiluka-zvilneno-z-polonu. 
  112. ↑ "Збили ворожі ППО над Волновахою: українського пілота Романа Василюка звільнили з полону" (in uk). 26 TV Ukraine. 25 April 2022. https://24tv.ua/zbili-vorozhimi-ppo-nad-volnovahoyu-ukrayinskogo-pilota-romana_n1962938. 
  113. ↑ "Ağır Hasar Alan Ukrayna Su-25 Savaş Uçağı Boş Araziye Acil İniş Yaptı" (in tr). 22 March 2022. https://www.goklerdeyiz.net/agir-hasar-alan-ukrayna-su-25-savas-ucagi-bos-araziye-acil-inis-yapti/. 
  114. ↑ "Russia says it launched mass strikes on Ukrainian military overnight". Reuters. 18 April 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-it-launched-mass-strikes-ukrainian-military-overnight-2022-04-18/. 
  115. ↑ "Aviation Safety # 277529". Aviation Safety Network. 18 April 2022. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/277529. 
  116. ↑ "Тетяна Середюк: "Жодні нагороди не повернуть мені чоловіка, а донечці тата. Єгор заслужив звання Героя України, як ніхто інший"" (in uk). ArmyInform. 2 May 2022. https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/05/02/tetyana-seredyuk-zhodni-nagorody-ne-povernut-meni-cholovika-a-donechczi-tata-ale-yegor-zasluzhyv-zvannya-geroya-ukrayiny-yak-nihto-inshyj/. 
  117. ↑ "20 квітня земля Ємільчинщини прийняла на вічний спочинок ще одного Героя" (in uk). https://nv-rayrada.zt.gov.ua/index.php/novyny/3182-20-kvitnya-zemlya-emilchinshchini-prijnyala-na-vichnij-spochinok-shche-odnogo-geroya. 
  118. ↑ "Grigoriev, Seredyuk, Tsyurik, Tsyupak, Martsenyuk: five more Heroes of Ukraine posthumously". 24 April 2022. https://novynarnia.com/2022/04/21/grygoryev-seredyuk-czyuryk-czyupak-marczenyuk-shhe-pyat-geroyiv-ukrayiny-posmertno/. 
  119. ↑ "У Вінниці віддали останню шану льотчику-штурмовику Сергію Пархоменку" (in uk). 18 May 2022. https://www.vinnitsa.info/news/u-vinnytsi-viddaly-ostannyu-shanu-l-otchyku-shturmovyku-serhiyu-parkhomenku.html. 
  120. ↑ "Бойові літаки в небі над Вінницею віддали останню шану молодому льотчику-штурмовику Сергію Пархоменку" (in uk). Army Inform. 18 May 2022. https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/05/18/bojovi-litaky-v-nebi-nad-vinnyczeyu-viddaly-ostannyu-shanu-molodomu-lotchyku-shturmovyku-sergiyu-parhomenku/. 
  121. ↑ "Ukraine conflict: North Macedonia confirms transfer of Su-25s to Ukraine, Mi-24 attack helicopters may follow". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-north-macedonia-confirms-transfer-of-su-25s-to-ukraine-mi-24-attack-helicopters-may-follow. 
  122. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 54.
  123. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 50–51.
  124. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 56.
  125. ↑ Karnozov, Vladimir. "Sukhoi's Su-25UBM completes state acceptance trials." FlightGlobal, 20 December 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  126. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 59.
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 127.2 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 60–71.
  128. ↑ "Russian Military Analysis on Su-25". warfare.ru. Retrieved: 18 June 2007.
  129. ↑ "MiG-29K fighter from Russian Navy deployed for the first time in Arctic". https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2021/march/9821-mig-29k-fighter-from-russian-navy-deployed-for-the-first-time-in-arctic.html. 
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 Bangash 2008, p. 270.
  131. ↑ Donald 2004, pp. 234–237.
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 132.3 132.4 132.5 132.6 132.7 132.8 Mladenov, Alexander (January 2013). "Armoured Workhorse". Air Forces Monthly (298): 68–74. 
  133. ↑ "Russian air force to order Su-25 replacement" (in en). https://www.flightglobal.com/russian-air-force-to-order-su-25-replacement/105426.article. 
  134. ↑ (in Russian) Retrieved: 11 November 2012.
  135. ↑ "Около 10 новейших самолетов Су-25СМ3 поступили на авиабазу в ЮВО | РИА Новости". Ria.ru. 15 February 2013. http://ria.ru/arms/20130215/923095137.html. 
  136. ↑ "Около 10 новейших самолетов Су-25СМ3 поступили на авиабазу в ЮВО | РИА Новости". Ria.ru. 15 February 2013. http://ria.ru/arms/20130215/923095137.html. 
  137. ↑ "Летчики ЮВО осваивают новейшие Су-25СМ3 в ночное время | РИА Новости". Ria.ru. 4 March 2013. http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20130304/925693163.html. 
  138. ↑ "Russia upgrades Su-25 assault jets – part 1". http://airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/2019-news-aerospace-industry-air-force/august/5349-russia-upgrades-su-25-assault-jets.html. 
  139. ↑ "Assault aviation of the Southern Military District receives modernized Su-25M3 : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". http://eng.mil.ru/en/structure/forces/aerospace/news/more.htm?id=12344645@egNews. 
  140. ↑ "Авиаполк ЮВО получил 16 штурмовиков Су-25СМ3 с начала года – Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"". vpk-news.ru. http://vpk-news.ru/news/22673. 
  141. ↑ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Штурмовую авиацию ЮВО пополнили шесть Су-25СМ3". http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0418/101546368/detail.shtml. 
  142. ↑ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Звено модернизированных штурмовиков Су-25СМ пополнило боевой состав авиации ЮВО". http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1101/100049430/detail.shtml. 
  143. ↑ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Штурмовую авиацию ЮВО в Ставропольском крае пополнили четыре Су-25СМ3 "Суперграч"". http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0418/160552014/detail.shtml. 
  144. ↑ "ЦАМТО / Новости / В Ставропольском крае сформирована эскадрилья Су-25СМ3 штурмовой авиации ЮВО". http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0508/134552280/detail.shtml. 
  145. ↑ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Авиаполк ЮВО в Ставропольском крае пополнился новейшими штурмовиками Су-25СМ3 "Суперграч"". http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0527/152552549/detail.shtml. 
  146. ↑ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Авиационный полк ЮВО в Ставропольском крае пополнился тремя штурмовиками Су-25СМ3". http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0218/142556761/detail.shtml. 
  147. ↑ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Авиационный полк ЮВО на Кубани пополнился новейшим штурмовиком Су-25СМ3". https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0408/140557440/detail.shtml. 
  148. ↑ "ЦАМТО / / Штурмовая авиация ЮВО пополнилась "Суперграчом"". https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0217/122061696/detail.shtml. 
  149. ↑ "Russia's Su-25SM3 'deep upgrade' programme gains pace and scope – Jane's 360". https://www.janes.com/article/89373/russia-s-su-25sm3-deep-upgrade-programme-gains-pace-and-scope. 
  150. ↑ "Russia's modified Su-25SM3 'flying tank' to join army's ranks after Syria battle tests". 2 October 2017. https://www.rbth.com/science-and-tech/326290-russias-modified-su-25sm3-flying. 
  151. ↑ Mladenov 2013a, p. 40
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 103–132.
  153. ↑ Mladenov 2013a, p. 41
  154. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 56–57.
  155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 70–72.
  156. ↑ Mladenov 2013a, p. 42
  157. ↑ "Georgia starts assembling reconfigured Su-25 attack aircraft without Russian components". Kyiv Post. 11 August 2015. http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/georgia-starts-assembling-reconfigured-su-25-attack-aircraft-without-russian-components-395461.html. 
  158. ↑ Butowski, Piotr (November 1999). "Russia's Advanced Warplanes". Combat Aircraft. http://www.aeronautics.ru/nws001/combair005.htm. 
  159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 "Congolese fighter jet crashes during display.". http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL30209861.html.  Reuters, 30 June 2007. Retrieved: 17 June 2008.
  160. ↑ Bedretdinov 2002.
  161. ↑ Jackson 2003, pp. 403–405.
  162. ↑ "Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-25К – Aircraft performance". http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su25k/lth/. 
  163. ↑ "Su-25". http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Aircraft/Su-25_a000321001.aspx. 
  164. ↑ "Su-25 (Su-28) Frogfoot Close-Support Aircraft – Airforce Technology". http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/su25/. 
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 165.2 Mladenov, Alexander (20 September 2013). Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472804785. https://books.google.com/books?id=mbCdCwAAQBAJ&q=ODAB-500&pg=PA27. Retrieved 26 November 2018. 
  166. ↑ "Su-25 FROGFOOT Grach (Rook)". FAS.org. http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/su-25.htm. 
  167. ↑ Russia wants to join the ISIS battle in Iraq , Shawn Snow, Military Times, 2017-12-06
  168. ↑ Su-25 (Su-28) Frogfoot Close-Support Aircraft: Countermeasures , Air Force Technology; accessed 2017-12-07

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External links



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