Engineering:Toyota L engine

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Toyota L engine
Toyota Hilux engine.jpg
Overview
ManufacturerToyota Motor Corporation
Production1977–present
Layout
ConfigurationInline 4
Displacement2.2–3.0 L (2,188–2,985 cc)
ValvetrainSOHC 2 valves x cyl.
Combustion
Fuel systemIndirect injection,[1] Electronic fuel injection (2L-TE, 2L-THE, 5L-E)
Fuel typeDiesel
Cooling systemWater-cooled
Output
Power output72–99 hp (54–74 kW; 73–100 PS)
Torque output12.9–24.5 kg⋅m (127–240 N⋅m; 93–177 lb⋅ft)
Chronology
SuccessorToyota KZ engine
Toyota KD engine

The L family is a family of inline four-cylinder diesel engines manufactured by Toyota, which first appeared in October 1977. It is the first diesel engine from Toyota to use a rubber timing belt in conjunction with a SOHC head. Some engines[which?] like the 2L-II and the 2L-T are still in production to the present day. (As of August 2020), the 5L-E engine is still used in Gibraltar in the fifth-generation Toyota HiAce, eighth-generation Toyota Hilux, second-generation Toyota Fortuner, and fourth-generation Toyota Land Cruiser Prado.[2][3][4][5] Vehicles with the diesel engine were exclusive to Toyota Japan dealership locations called Toyota Diesel Store until that sales channel was disbanded in 1988.[6]

L

The L is the first L engine produced. Toyota solely refers to it as the L engine, not the 1L engine. 2.2 L (2,188 cc), four-cylinder diesel engine.[7] Bore and stroke are 90 mm × 86 mm (3.54 in × 3.39 in), with compression ratios of around 21.5:1[8]

Applications:

72 PS (53 kW; 71 hp) at 4200 rpm, 14.5 kg⋅m (142 N⋅m; 105 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Gross JIS)

2L

The 2L is a 2.4 L (2,446 cc) 4-cylinder diesel engine. Bore and stroke are 92 mm × 92 mm (3.62 in × 3.62 in), with compression ratios of around 22.3:1 and a redline of 4800 rpm. Outputs range from 76 to 87 PS (56 to 64 kW; 75 to 86 hp) and torque of 15.8–16.8 kg⋅m (155–165 N⋅m; 114–122 lb⋅ft).

Applications:

83 PS (61 kW; 82 hp) at 4200 rpm, 17 kg⋅m (167 N⋅m; 123 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (JIS Gross)

76 PS (56 kW; 75 hp) at 4000 rpm, 15.7 kg⋅m (154 N⋅m; 114 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net)

76 PS (56 kW; 75 hp) at 4000 rpm, 15.7 kg⋅m (154 N⋅m; 114 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

73 PS (54 kW; 72 hp) at 4000 rpm, 15.2 kg⋅m (149 N⋅m; 110 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.8 kg⋅m (165 N⋅m; 122 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Gross JIS)

2L-II

2L-II engine in Toyota Hilux

The 2L-II is an upgrade of the 2L introduced simultaneously with the 3L engine in 1988 in the 5th generation Hilux.[36] Although bore and stroke remain the same, multiple changes have been made in its design. The engine block was made more rigid through the use of finite element analysis and through adding reinforcement ribbing.[37] The most significant change is the redesigned cylinder head, where the camshaft now lifts the valve directly via tappet instead of using a rocker arm. The exhaust valve is 1mm larger in diameter and the inlet manifold is made 10mm larger in diameter.[37] The pistons with a 5mm shorter compression height and piston rings were placed closer to the combustion chamber to reduce wasted volumetric capacity while durability was improved by the adoption of fiber reinforced piston grooves from the 1st Generation 2LTE to improve piston ring seizure resistance, groove wear resistance, thermal conductivity and thermal fatigue resistance over the previous Ni-Resist cast iron insert used previously to address ring seizure issues and wear resistance in bare aluminum pistons while the oil squirters were relocated to spray underneath the hottest part of the piston to further aid cooling.[38][37][clarification needed] The revised pistons were 100g lighter than the ones in the 1st Generation 2L and the compression ratio changed to 22.2.[37] The valve clearance is adjusted using shims. Later L engines (3L and 5L) also use this method of valve operation.[36]

Applications:

85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.8 kg⋅m (165 N⋅m; 122 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.8 kg⋅m (165 N⋅m; 122 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

84 PS (62 kW; 83 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.5 kg⋅m (162 N⋅m; 119 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Thailand, EEC)

82 PS (60 kW; 81 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.7 kg⋅m (164 N⋅m; 121 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (UK) 1989-1995

79 PS (58 kW; 78 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.6 kg⋅m (163 N⋅m; 120 lb⋅ft) at 2200 rpm (UK) 1995 onwards

83 PS (61 kW; 82 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.5 kg⋅m (162 N⋅m; 119 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (South Africa, SABS)

84 PS (62 kW; 83 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.5 kg⋅m (162 N⋅m; 119 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Philippines)

78 PS (57 kW; 77 hp) at 4000 rpm, 16.0 kg⋅m (157 N⋅m; 116 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Thailand, EEC)

79 PS (58 kW; 78 hp) at 4000 rpm, 16.6 kg⋅m (163 N⋅m; 120 lb⋅ft) at 2200 rpm (UK) 1997-2000

75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 4000 rpm, 15.9 kg⋅m (156 N⋅m; 115 lb⋅ft) at 2200 rpm (UK) 2000 onwards

79 PS (58 kW; 78 hp) at 4000 rpm, 16.6 kg⋅m (163 N⋅m; 120 lb⋅ft) at 2200-2800 rpm (UK, ECE) 1996-2000

75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 4000 rpm, 15.9 kg⋅m (156 N⋅m; 115 lb⋅ft) at 2200 rpm (UK)2000 onwards

85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.8 kg⋅m (165 N⋅m; 122 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

77.5 PS (57 kW; 76 hp) at 3900 rpm, 16.5 kg⋅m (162 N⋅m; 119 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (UK)

  • 4th generation Hiace (LH100/100G/102/104/108/110/112/114/118/140G)[52][53]

75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 4200 rpm, 15.4 kg⋅m (151 N⋅m; 111 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Indian Market)

  • 3rd generation Kijang (Venture/Stallion/Qualis - LF50)[54]

78 PS (57 kW; 77 hp) at 4200 rpm, 15.9 kg⋅m (156 N⋅m; 115 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Malaysia)

83 PS (61 kW; 82 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.3 kg⋅m (160 N⋅m; 118 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Indonesia)

87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) at 4200 rpm, 16.8 kg⋅m (165 N⋅m; 122 lb⋅ft) at 2500 rpm (Philippines)

2L-T

Early 2L-T

The 2L-T is a 2.4 L (2,446 cc) turbo version of the 2L still being produced since 1982. The bore and stroke are the same but the 2L-T has a compression ratio of 20:1. Output is 85 to 91 PS (63 to 67 kW; 84 to 90 hp) gross at 4000 rpm with 19.2 kg⋅m (188 N⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft) gross of torque at 2200 rpm. A dual mass flywheel was introduced in 1985 and pilot fuel injection in 1988.[58]

Applications:

96 PS (71 kW; 95 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.5 kg⋅m (191 N⋅m; 141 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Gross JIS)

94 PS (69 kW; 93 hp) at 4000 rpm, 216 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm (USA)

  • 1984-1985 Toyota Pickup

85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.2 kg⋅m (188 N⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.2 kg⋅m (188 N⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft), 20.0:1

96 PS (71 kW; 95 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.5 kg⋅m (191 N⋅m; 141 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Gross JIS)

2L-T(II)

The 2L-T(II) is an upgrade of the 2L-T. Of the same dimensions as all other 2L engines, the most significant change is that the camshaft lifts the valve directly via tappet instead of a rocker arm. The valve clearance is adjusted using shims. Compression rate varies with fitment. Output is 94 PS (69 kW; 93 hp) at 4000 rpm, 22 kg⋅m (216 N⋅m; 159 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm.[70]

Applications:

Compression Ratio 20.0:1 91 PS (67 kW; 90 hp) at 3500 rpm, 23.1 kg⋅m (227 N⋅m; 167 lb⋅ft) at 2200 rpm (UK)1997-2000

  • 6th Generation Hilux[47]

Compression Ratio 21.0:1

94 PS (69 kW; 93 hp) at 4000 rpm, 22.0 kg⋅m (216 N⋅m; 159 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

  • 1989-1990, 4th generation Hiace (LH100G)[52]
  • 2nd generation Hilux Surf (LN130G)[71]
  • Mark II/Chaser/Cresta (LX80)[40][41][42]

90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) at 4000rpm, 22.3 kg⋅m (219 N⋅m; 161 lb⋅ft) at 2200rpm (UK)2000 onwards

  • 6th Generation Hilux[48]

Compression Ratio 22.2:1 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) at 3500rpm, 22.2 kg⋅m (218 N⋅m; 161 lb⋅ft) at 2250rpm (UK, DIN)

  • 2000–2006 Metrocab TTT[72]

2L-TE

Toyota 2L-TE engine from 1982
Denso ECD EFI System

Developed as a new version of 2L-T in 1982,[58] the 2L-TE featured a new development used in diesel engines at that time, an electronically controlled injection pump. Although electronic fuel injection systems had long been used in gasoline engines, this is among the first diesel engine to adopt such a system.[citation needed] The electronic system (called "EFI" by Toyota) meters fuel with great precision and increased the engine's efficiency. It works through a combination of multiple sensors similar to those in a gasoline engine, but rather than actuating a fuel injector it actuates an SPV (Spill Control Valve) which is located on the head of the injection pump. To improve durability a new piston design using alumina-silica ceramic fiber reinforced piston ring grooves was used in place of the usual cast iron insert. This makes it one of the earliest applications of metal matrix composites.[73][58][74] Like the 2L-T, it is a turbocharged 2.4 L (2,446 cc) SOHC (single overhead cam) engine with 8 valves. The bore and stroke is 92 mm × 92 mm (3.62 in × 3.62 in). Due to the EFI system, the 2L-TE develops significantly more torque than its predecessor. The redline of this engine is at 4800 rpm, the compression ratio is 20.0:1.[59] The 2L-TE was largely replaced by the KZ engine in 1993, although it continued to be used in some models until 2000.[citation needed]

Applications:

96 PS (71 kW; 95 hp) at 4000rpm, 19.5 kg⋅m (191 N⋅m; 141 lb⋅ft) at 2400rpm (Gross JIS)

2L-TE(II)

The 2L-TE(II) is an upgrade of the 2L-TE. Of the same dimensions as the 2L-TE engine, the most significant change is that the camshaft lifts the valve directly via tappet instead of a rocker arm. The valve clearance is adjusted using shims (the earlier heads were prone to cracking under high temperatures because of a cooling chamber that runs between the intake and exhaust valves and allows for steam build up at high temperature - part number 11101-54120, that was fixed in the later 2nd gen heads - part number 11101-54121). Compression ratio is also increased to 21.0:1, slightly higher than the 2L-T and 2L-TE. Maximum horsepower is 97 PS (71 kW; 96 hp) at 3800rpm and maximum torque ranges from 22.5 kg⋅m (221 N⋅m; 163 lb⋅ft) to 24.5 kg⋅m (240 N⋅m; 177 lb⋅ft) at 2400rpm.

Applications

97 PS (71 kW; 96 hp) at 3800 rpm, 22.5 kg⋅m (221 N⋅m; 163 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

97 PS (71 kW; 96 hp) at 3800 rpm, 24.5 kg⋅m (240 N⋅m; 177 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

2L-THE

Introduced in 1984, the High Pressure turbocharged version of 2L-TE features ceramic chambers.[58] In this engine, the fuel is injected with a high pressure system. Bore and stroke remains the same, 92 mm × 92 mm (3.62 in × 3.62 in) for both however compression is increased to 21:1.[88] The maximum output was 94–105 PS (69–77 kW; 93–104 hp) at 4000 rpm and maximum torque was 20.5–22.5 kg⋅m (201–221 N⋅m; 148–163 lb⋅ft).[88] The engine comes with a Turbo charger and used the EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) system as well. Ignition feedback control would be added in 1985.[58]

Applications:

105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) at 4000 rpm, 21.5 kg⋅m (211 N⋅m; 156 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Gross, Japan)

94 PS (69 kW; 93 hp) at 4000 rpm, 20.5 kg⋅m (201 N⋅m; 148 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net, Japan)

2L-THE(II)

Has the same dimensions and is still referred to as the 2L-THE engine, the most significant change is that the camshaft lifts the valve directly via tappet instead of a rocker arm. The valve clearance is adjusted using shims.[citation needed][clarification needed]

Applications: 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) at 3800 rpm, 22.5 kg⋅m (221 N⋅m; 163 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

3L

The 3L is a 2.8 L (2,779 cc) four-cylinder diesel engine. The bore and stroke of this engine is 96 mm × 96 mm (3.78 in × 3.78 in), and the compression ratio of 22.2:1.[71]

Applications:

  • Land Cruiser Prado (LJ95)[91]

91 PS (67 kW; 90 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.2 kg⋅m (188 N⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

91 PS (67 kW; 90 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.2 kg⋅m (188 N⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) at 3800 rpm, 18.2 kg⋅m (178 N⋅m; 132 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Thailand, EEC)

89 PS (65 kW; 88 hp) at 4000 rpm, 18.9 kg⋅m (185 N⋅m; 137 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Philippines)/(Malaysia, SAE Net)/(UN Spec)

5L

The 5L is a 3.0 L (2,985 cc) four-cylinder diesel engine. Bore and stroke is 99.5 mm × 96 mm (3.92 in × 3.78 in), with a compression ratio of 22.2:1.[98]

Applications:

91 PS (67 kW; 90 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.5 kg⋅m (191 N⋅m; 141 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

91 PS (67 kW; 90 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.5 kg⋅m (191 N⋅m; 141 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Net JIS)

89 PS (65 kW; 88 hp) at 4000 rpm, 20.1 kg⋅m (197 N⋅m; 145 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Australia, DIN)

96 PS (71 kW; 95 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.6 kg⋅m (192 N⋅m; 142 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Thailand, EEC Net) 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) 1998-1999 model

90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.6 kg⋅m (192 N⋅m; 142 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Australia)

91 PS (67 kW; 90 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.6 kg⋅m (192 N⋅m; 142 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (Philippines)

  • 4th generation Hiace (LH154/162/164/166/168/172/174/176/182/184/186/188)[108][109][110]

90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.6 kg⋅m (192 N⋅m; 142 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm

  • 4th generation Kijang (Toyota Condor/Condor Panel Van - LF61/81/85)

89 PS (65 kW; 88 hp) at 4000 rpm, 19.6 kg⋅m (192 N⋅m; 142 lb⋅ft) at 2400–2800 rpm

5L-E

The 5L-E is a 3.0 L (2,985 cc) EFI version of the 5L engine. It is the latest member of the L family. It has a bore and stroke of 99.5 mm × 96 mm (3.92 in × 3.78 in), with a compression ratio of 22.2:1. Output (as fitted to the Hilux) is 78 kW (106 PS; 105 hp) gross at 4200 rpm with 20.1 kg⋅m (197 N⋅m; 145 lb⋅ft) gross of torque at 2200 rpm.[112] Power output varies according to fitment. The engine number is found on the top face of the block at the front of the engine.

Applications:

98 PS (72 kW; 97 hp) at 4200 rpm, 19.6 kg⋅m (192 N⋅m; 142 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (SABS)

96 PS (71 kW; 95 hp) at 4000 rpm, 22.4 kg⋅m (220 N⋅m; 162 lb⋅ft) at 2600 rpm (Thailand, EEC Net) 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) Gross 2000-2001 model

96 PS (71 kW; 95 hp) at 4000 rpm, 20.4 kg⋅m (200 N⋅m; 148 lb⋅ft) at 2600 rpm (Thailand, EEC Net) 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) Gross 2001-on model

95 PS (70 kW; 94 hp) at 4000 rpm, 20.1 kg⋅m (197 N⋅m; 145 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm (UN Spec)

95 PS (70 kW; 94 hp) at 4000 rpm, 20.1 kg⋅m (197 N⋅m; 145 lb⋅ft) at 2200 rpm (UN Spec)

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Toyota HiAce". Gibraltar: Toyota. https://www.toyota-gib.com/amp/eng/models/on-roader-type/hiace/hiace-30l-diesel-LH202-REMDE.html. 
  3. ↑ "Toyota Fortuner". Gibraltar: Toyota. https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/models/dual-purpose-type/fortuner/fortuner-30l-diesel-7-seater-lhd-LAN155L-SNMSEN.html. 
  4. ↑ "Toyota Hilux". Gibraltar: Toyota. https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/models/dual-purpose-type/hilux/hilux-lhd-30l-diesel-6-seater-LAN125L-DNMXEN.html. 
  5. ↑ "Toyota Land Cruiser Prado". Gibraltar: Toyota. https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/models/dual-purpose-type/land-cruiser-prado/land-cruiser-prado-tx-30l-diesel-7-seater-LJ150-GKMEE.html. 
  6. ↑ Toyota L Engine (diesel) Repair Manual. Toyota Motor Sales Co.. 1982. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "60013153A Corona Mark II 4th". October 1980. p. 42. http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60013153A/html5.html#page=43. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "60015287 Hiace 3rd". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60015287/pageview.html#page_num=13. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "TOYOTA ADDS TURBO DIESEL MODELS TO CROWN SERIES | Toyota Motor Corporation Official Global Website". https://global.toyota/en/detail/7736124. 
  10. ↑ "60016151 Quick Delivery 100 (Hiace / Toyoace) 1st". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60016151/html5.html#page=4. 
  11. ↑ "Toyota Introduces New Hi-Ace "Quick Delivery" Van". Toyota Motor Corporation. https://global.toyota/en/detail/7756412?_ga=2.45267427.655992321.1616860173-1246280477.1616860173. 
  12. ↑ "60014640 Toyoace 4th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60014640/html5.html#page=4. 
  13. ↑ "75 Years of Toyota". Toyota Motor Corporation. https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60015540/index.html. 
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  15. ↑ "60012419 Blizzard 1st". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60012419/pageview.html. 
  16. ↑ "60010891A Chaser 2nd". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60010891A/pageview.html#page_num=31. 
  17. ↑ "Toyota Cresta 1985 X60 - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/384-toyota-cresta-1985-x60.html. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "60005311A Crown 7th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005311A/pageview.html#page_num=43. 
  19. ↑ "60005370A Crown Wagon 7th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005370A/pageview.html#page_num=11. 
  20. ↑ "Toyota Hiace 1982 H50 - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/422-toyota-hiace-1982-h50.html. 
  21. ↑ "60011317 Hilux Surf 1st". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60011317/pageview.html#page_num=11. 
  22. ↑ "60001680 Toyoace 5th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60001680/html5.html#page=31. 
  23. ↑ "75 Years of Toyota". Toyota Motor Corporation. https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60016639/index.html. 
  24. ↑ "60015273 Hiace 3rd". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60015273/pageview.html#page_num=13. 
  25. ↑ "75 Years of Toyota". Toyota Motor Corporation. https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60012437/index.html. 
  26. ↑ "60012437 Blizzard 2nd". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60012437/pageview.html#page_num=15. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Automobil Revue 1991, p. 583
  28. ↑ "60005432A Crown Station Wagon 8th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005432A/pageview.html#page_num=11. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "60005430A Crown 8th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005430A/pageview.html#page_num=39. 
  30. ↑ Büschi, Hans U., ed (March 1991). Automobil Revue 1991. 86. Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag AG. p. 579. ISBN 3-444-00514-8. 
  31. ↑ "Toyota Mark II 1984 Van X70 - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/542-toyota-mark-ii-1984-van-x70.html. 
  32. ↑ "Toyota Mark II 1984 Wagon X76V - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/24-toyota-mark-ii-1984-wagon-x76v.html. 
  33. ↑ "Toyota Mark II 1988 X71 - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/5671-toyota-mark-ii-1988-x71.html. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "60010941 Chaser 3rd". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60010941/pageview.html#page_num=23. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "60006162 Cresta 2nd". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60006162/pageview.html#page_num=27. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 "Full Model Change for Toyota Hilux Pickup Truck". Toyota Motor Corporation. https://global.toyota/en/detail/7868062. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 "The New Toyota Hilux Pick Ups- More Comfort And Tougher Than Ever" (PDF) (Press release). The Quadrangle, Redhill, Surrey: Toyota GB. March 8, 1989. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  38. ↑ Donomoto, Tadashi; Funatani, Kiyoshi; Miura, Nobuhiro; Miyake, Noriaki (1983-02-01). "Ceramic Fiber Reinforced Piston for High Performance Diesel Engines". SAE Technical Paper Series. 1. pp. 830252. doi:10.4271/830252. https://www.sae.org/content/830252/. 
  39. ↑ "PartSouq Auto Parts Around the World" (in en). https://partsouq.com/en/catalog/genuine/filter?c=Toyota&ssd=$*KwE7YWkCPzoAAAAAuQg2iQ$&model=CROWN+COMFORT&f_frame=LXS10. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "60013050A Mark II 6th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60013050A/pageview.html#page_num=39. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "60010983 Chaser 4th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60010983/pageview.html#page_num=31. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "60006182 Cresta 3rd". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60006182/pageview.html#page_num=31. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Toyota Dyna 1988 U60, Y50 - JapanClassic". https://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/343-toyota-dyna-1988-u60-y50.html. 
  44. ↑ "Double The Choice For The World's Best Selling Pick-up" (PDF) (Press release). The Quadrangle, Redhill, Surrey: Toyota GB. November 1995. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  45. ↑ "Hilux Mighty-X Extracab SGL Auto". http://www.toyota.co.th/toyota/marketing/html/product/hilux/scsglat.htm. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Toyota: Hilux". 2002-08-10. http://www.toyota.com.ph/model/hilux/specs.html. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "New Hilux Highlights" (PDF) (Press release). The Quadrangle, Redhill, Surrey: Toyota GB. October 1997. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "2000 Model Year Toyota Hilux Pickups Carry A Heavier Burden And A Lighter Tax Load". Toyota UK Media Site. Toyota (GB) PLC.. 2 February 2000. https://media.toyota.co.uk/2000/02/2000-model-year-toyota-hilux-pickups-carry-a-heavier-burden-and-a-lighter-tax-load/. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Toyota Motor Thailand". 2001-10-06. http://www.toyota.co.th:80/hilux/tiger/specifications.html. 
  50. ↑ "New 2000 Model Year Toyota Hiace Powervan". Toyota UK Media Site. Toyota (GB) PLC.. 28 March 2000. https://media.toyota.co.uk/2000/03/new-2000-model-year-toyota-hiace-powervan/. 
  51. ↑ "The Toyota Hiace Powervan" (PDF) (Press release). The Quadrangle, Redhill, Surrey: Toyota (GB) PLC. October 1996. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 "60001935 Hiace 4th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60001935/pageview.html#page_num=23. 
  53. ↑ "The New Toyota Hiace - More Comfort, Safety and Space" (PDF) (Press release). The Quadrangle, Redhill, Surrey: Toyota (GB) PLC. November 8, 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2021-03-18.]
  54. ↑ "Toyota Bharat - Specifications". 2001-01-07. http://www.toyotabharat.com:80/html/specs_gst.html#. 
  55. ↑ "Toyota: Tamaraw FX Revo". 2002-10-21. http://www.toyota.com.ph:80/model/revo/specs.html. 
  56. ↑ "Unser Specifications". http://www.toyota.com.my:80/unser/unser_specs03.htm. 
  57. ↑ "Kijang - Brochure". http://www.toyota.co.id:80/images/pdf/toyota_kijang.pdf. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 "75 Years of Toyota | Technical Development | Engines". Toyota Motor Corporation. https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/engines/index.html. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 "60005311B Crown 4door Hardtop 7th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005311B/pageview.html#page_num=43. 
  60. ↑ "Toyota Hiace 1982 H50 01 - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/423-toyota-hiace-1982-h50-01.html. 
  61. ↑ "Toyota Mark II 1983 X60 - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/388-toyota-mark-ii-1983-x60.html. 
  62. ↑ "Toyota Chaser 1983 X60 01 - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/349-toyota-chaser-1983-x60-01.html. 
  63. ↑ "Toyota Mark II 1985 X70 - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/391-toyota-mark-ii-1985-x70.html. 
  64. ↑ "News From Toyota:トヨタ 、 ハイラックス サーフ を フル モデル チェンジ". https://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60011351/news/60011351.pdf. 
  65. ↑ "トヨタ 、 ランドクルーザー 70 系 ワゴン " プラド " シリーズ を 新 発売". https://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60012614/news/60012614.pdf. 
  66. ↑ "Light Duty | Evolution | History" (in en). Toyota Motor Corporation. https://global.toyota/en/mobility/toyota-brand/features/landcruiser/history/evolution/light-duty.html. 
  67. ↑ "Toyota Land cruizer 1984 J60, J70 - JapanClassic". http://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/496-toyota-land-cruizer-1984-j60-j70.html. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "60005430B Crown 4door Hardtop 8th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005430B/pageview.html#page_num=39. 
  69. ↑ "Toyota Blizzard Cross Country 4x4 Brochure 1987 JP - Veikl". https://www.veikl.com/d/Toyota-Blizzard-Cross-Country-4x4-Brochure-1987-JP-54190. 
  70. ↑ Automobil Revue 1991, p. 581
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 "60011351 Hilux Surf 2nd". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60011351/pageview.html#page_num=13. 
  72. ↑ "Metrocab TTT brief specification". http://www.cabmart-taxis.co.uk/Resources/metrocab%20spec%20sheet.pdf. 
  73. ↑ "75 Years of Toyota | Technical Development | Materials". Toyota Motor Corporation. https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/materials/details_window.html#supplement09. 
  74. ↑ "Toyota Develops First Ceramic-Fiber-Alloy Auto Parts". Toyota Motor Corporation Official Global Website. https://global.toyota/en/detail/7730076. 
  75. ↑ "60005614 Crown 10th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005614/pageview.html#page_num=25. 
  76. ↑ "60005589 Crown Royal Hardtop 10th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005589/pageview.html#page_num=19. 
  77. ↑ "60005630 Comfort 1st". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005630/pageview.html#page_num=15. 
  78. ↑ "PartSouq Auto Parts Around the World" (in en). https://partsouq.com/en/catalog/genuine/filter?c=Toyota&ssd=$*KwE7YWkCPzoAAAAAuQg2iQ$&model=CROWN+COMFORT&f_frame=LXS11. 
  79. ↑ "Toyota Introduces Crown Comfort and Comfort for Taxi Use". Toyota Motor Corporation. https://global.toyota/en/detail/7912522. 
  80. ↑ "60011062 Chaser 6th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60011062/pageview.html#page_num=37. 
  81. ↑ "60013051 Mark II 7th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60013051/pageview.html#page_num=47. 
  82. ↑ "60006213 Cresta 4th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60006213/pageview.html#page_num=41. 
  83. ↑ "News From Toyota:トヨタ 、 ハイラックス ピックアップ を フル モデル チェンジ ー パーソナル ユース 仕様 の お 酒落 な スポーツ ピックアップ 誕生 一". https://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60015606/news/60015606.pdf. 
  84. ↑ "Toyota Hilux surf 1992 N130 - JapanClassic". https://www.en.japanclassic.ru/booklets/434-toyota-hilux-surf-1992-n130.html. 
  85. ↑ "60012614 Land Cruiser Prado (70) 1st". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60012614/pageview.html. 
  86. ↑ "The 4th generation HiAce H100 - Aug.1989 - Jun.2004". Carused.jp. Carpaydiem Co., Ltd.. https://carused.jp/toyota_hiace_van/history/4th. 
  87. ↑ "Toyota HiAce Wagon catalog - reviews, pics, specs and prices". Goo-net Exchange. https://www.goo-net-exchange.com/catalog/TOYOTA__HIACE_WAGON/. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Kamiya, Sumio; Murachi, Mikio; Kawamoto, Hiroshi; Kato, Satoshi; Kawakami, Seiho; Suzuki, Yasumitsu (1985-02-01). "Silicon Nitride Swirl Lower-Chamber for High Power Turbocharged Diesel Engines" (in en). SAE Technical Paper Series (Warrendale, PA: SAE International) 1. doi:10.4271/850523. https://doi.org/10.4271/850523. 
  89. ↑ "60005480A Crown 9th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005480A/pageview.html#page_num=37. 
  90. ↑ "60005492A Crown Royal Hardtop 9th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60005492A/pageview.html#page_num=49. 
  91. ↑ "Toyota Landcruiser Prado". 1999-02-18. http://www.toyota-gib.com/prado.htm. 
  92. ↑ Automobil Revue 1991, p. 588
  93. ↑ "Full Model Changes for Dyna, Toyoace, and Hiace Trucks". Toyota Motor Corporation. https://global.toyota/en/detail/7889985?_ga=2.113538496.655992321.1616860173-1246280477.1616860173. 
  94. ↑ "60015363 Hiace 4th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60015363/html5.html#page=31. 
  95. ↑ "Hilux Mighty-X Extracab SGL 3L". http://www.toyota.co.th/toyota/marketing/html/product/hilux/sccab3l.htm. 
  96. ↑ "Untitled Document". 2003-04-19. http://www.toyota.com.my/hiluxdc/1cab_specs.htm. 
  97. ↑ "Product Variant". 2004-09-25. http://ecom.toyota-gib.com/Default.asp?WCI=ObjectLibrary&WCE=JID:101RID:63NTD:19. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "60015606 Hilux 6th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60015606/pageview.html#page_num=11. 
  99. ↑ [ComfortDelgro] {Showcase} Toyota Crown Taxis SHC1147T and SHC1181T (Youtube). Transportation Insights. August 27, 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
  100. ↑ "PartSouq Auto Parts Around the World" (in en). https://partsouq.com/en/catalog/genuine/filter?c=Toyota&ssd=$*KwE7YWkCPzoAAAAAuQg2iQ$&model=CROWN+COMFORT&f_frame=LXS12. 
  101. ↑ "60016142 Quick Delivery 200 2nd". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60016142/html5.html#page=9. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "PartSouq Auto Parts Around the World" (in en). https://partsouq.com/en/catalog/genuine/pick?c=Toyota&model=QUICK+DELIVERY&ssd=$*KwHosrrR6OruAAAAAGaNiJU$. 
  103. ↑ "60014740 Urban Supporter (Dyna / Toyoace) 1st". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60014740/html5.html#page=5. 
  104. ↑ "60017147 Toyoace 7th". http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60017147/html5.html#page=17. 
  105. ↑ "Toyota Motor Thailand: Tiger". 2001-02-12. http://www.toyota.co.th:80/models/tiger/html/spec_vgl.html. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 "Thailand's Top Toyota Tiger 5L, Tiger 5L EFI, Tiger 1KZ, Tiger D4D, Toyota Sportcruiser Sport Cruiser on sale low price importer dealer and exporter : second hand 2 hand Thailand Hilux Tiger, Hilux Sportcruiser, Sportrider and new and used Hilux Vigo for sale Jim Autos Thailand & :: Exporting Toyota Hilux Tiger, Toyota Hilux Sportrider and Toyota Hilux Vigo as well as Mitsubishi Triton, Nissan Navara, Chevy Colorado". https://www.jimsoni.com/toyota-tiger.html. 
  107. ↑ "Pressroom - Toyota - Press Kit Details". https://toyota.pressroom.com.au/press_kit_detail.asp?clientID=2&navSectionID=6&categoryID=1000&kitID=12. 
  108. ↑ "Toyota HiAce in Detail Specifications". 2003-02-01. http://hiace.toyota.com.au/Hiace/InDetail/Specifications/1,1568,97---104%5E62,00.html. 
  109. ↑ "Toyota -Hiace". http://www.toyotasingapore.com.sg/showroom/hiace/specs.html. 
  110. ↑ "Toyota: Hiace". 2002-10-05. http://www.toyota.com.ph/model/hiace/specs.html. 
  111. ↑ "Toyota -Dyna". 2004-11-12. http://www.toyotasingapore.com.sg:80/showroom/dyna/specs_07.html. 
  112. ↑ McCamish, Brian. "Toyota Hilux Engines". http://www.brian894x4.com/Hiluxengines.html. 
  113. ↑ "Toyota Motor Thailand: Tiger 4x4". http://www.toyota.co.th/models/tiger/html/spec4x4.html. 
  114. ↑ "Toyota Motor Thailand: Tiger". http://www.toyota.co.th/models/tiger/html/spec.html. 
  115. ↑ "HomePage". 2004-08-27. http://ecom.toyota-gib.com/Default.asp?WCI=ObjectLibrary&WCE=JID:100RID:54NTD:19. 
  116. ↑ "LAN155L-SNMSEN - Fortuner 3.0L Diesel 7 seater LHD". https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/models/dual-purpose-type/fortuner/fortuner-30l-diesel-7-seater-lhd-LAN155L-SNMSEN.html. 
  117. ↑ "LJ150-GKMEE - Land Cruiser Prado TX 3.0L diesel 7 seater". https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/models/dual-purpose-type/land-cruiser-prado/land-cruiser-prado-tx-30l-diesel-7-seater-LJ150-GKMEE.html. 
  118. ↑ "LH202-REMDE - Hiace 3.0L diesel". https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/models/on-roader-type/hiace/hiace-30l-diesel-LH202-REMDE.html. 
  119. ↑ "LAN25-PRMDEN-U6 - Hilux LHD 3.0L diesel 6 seater". 2014-12-30. http://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/models/dual-purpose-type/hilux/hilux-lhd-30l-diesel-6-seater-LAN25-PRMDEN-U6.html. 



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