Engineering:Type 45 destroyer

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Short description: 2009 Royal Navy destroyer class
HMS Daring-1.jpg
HMS Daring departing Portsmouth Naval Base, 1 March 2010
Class overview
Name: Type 45 destroyer
Builders: BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships
Operators:  Royal Navy
Preceded by: Type 42
Succeeded by: Type 83
Cost: Over £1.050 billion per ship incl. Research and development, £650 million per ship excl. R&D
Built: 2003–2012
Planned: 12 (2000), 8 (2004), 6 (ordered)[1][N 1]
Completed: 6
Active: 6
General characteristics
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 7,350[4] to 8,500 tonnes (8,400 long tons; 9,400 short tons)[5][6][7]
Length: 152.4 m (500 ft)
Beam: 21.2 m (69 ft 7 in)
Draught: 7.4 m (24 ft 3 in)
Installed power:
Propulsion:
Speed: In excess of 32 kn (59 km/h; 37 mph)[9]
Range: In excess of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,000 mi) at 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph)[9]
Complement: 191[10] (accommodation for up to 285)
Sensors and
processing systems:
  • SAMPSON multi-function air tracking radar (Type 1045)
  • S1850M 3-D air surveillance radar (Type 1046)
  • Raytheon Integrated Bridge and Navigation System
  • 2 × Raytheon AHRS INS (MINS 2)
  • 2 × Raytheon I-band Radar (Type 1047)
  • 1 × Raytheon E/F-band Radar (Type 1048)[11]
  • Ultra Electronics Series 2500 Electro-Optical Gun Control System (EOGCS)[12]
  • Ultra Electronics SML Technologies radar tracking system
  • Ultra Electronics/EDO MFS-7000 sonar
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
  • UAT Mod 2.0 (2.1 planned)[13]
  • AN/SSQ-130 Ship Signal Exploitation Equipment (SSEE) Increment F cryptologic exploitation system[14]
  • Seagnat
  • Naval Decoy IDS300
  • Surface Ship Torpedo Defence
Armour: Kevlar splinter protection, 70 mm magazine/VLS
Aircraft carried:
  • 1 or 2 × Wildcat HMA2, armed with:
    • 4 × Sea Venom anti-ship missiles (projected from 2026),[15] or
    • 2 × Sting Ray anti-submarine torpedoes, or
    • 20 × Martlet multirole air-surface missiles (from 2021)
    • Mk 11 depth charges
  • or
  • 1 × Merlin HM2,[16] armed with:
    • 4 × Sting Ray anti submarine torpedoes
Aviation facilities:
  • Chinook capable flight deck
  • Enclosed hangar

The Type 45 destroyer, also known as the D or Daring class, is a class of six guided-missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom 's Royal Navy in the early 21st century. The class is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile warfare and is built around the PAAMS (Sea Viper) air-defence system using the SAMPSON Active electronically scanned array (AESA) and the S1850M long-range radars. The first three destroyers were assembled by BAE Systems Surface Fleet Solutions from partially prefabricated "blocks" built at different shipyards; the remaining three were built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships. The first ship in the Daring class, HMS Daring, was launched on 1 February 2006 and commissioned on 23 July 2009.[17]

The Type 45 destroyers were built to replace the Type 42 (Sheffield-class) destroyers that had served during the Falklands War, with the last Type 42 being decommissioned in 2013. The National Audit Office reported that, during an "intensive attack", a single Type 45 could simultaneously track, engage and destroy more targets than five Type 42 destroyers operating together.[18] After the launch of Daring on 1 February 2006, Admiral Sir Alan West, then First Sea Lord, stated that it would be the Royal Navy's most capable destroyer ever, as well as the world's best air-defence ship.[19] The reduction in the number to be procured from twelve, then to (up to) eight, finally with only six confirmed (in 2008) was controversial.[20][21]

In 2016, it was revealed that due to a design flaw on the Northrop Grumman intercooler attached to the Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines, power availability was diminished considerably when functioning in the warm climate of the Persian Gulf,[22][23] and it quickly became apparent that the class was not operating as originally envisioned.[24] Therefore, a planned refit was scheduled from 2019 to 2021 to fully resolve the problems with the six ships in the class.[25]

Under current plans, the Type 45 destroyer will be replaced by the Type 83 destroyer, the first of which is expected to enter service in the late 2030s.[26]

Development

The UK had sought to procure a new class of air-defence guided-missile destroyers in collaboration with seven other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project; the project collapsed due to varying requirements of the different countries involved. The UK then joined France and Italy in the Horizon-class frigate programme; however, differing national requirements, workshare arguments and delays led to the UK withdrawing on 26 April 1999 and starting its own national project.[27] On 23 November 1999, Marconi Electronic Systems (MES), the defence arm of General Electric and in the process of merger with British Aerospace (BAe) since January, was confirmed as the prime contractor for the Type 45 project.[28] Seven days later, MES and BAe completed the merger forming BAE Systems (BAE), making the latter the prime contractor.

The Type 45 project has been criticised for rising costs and delays, with the six ships costing £6.46 billion, an increase of £1.5 billion (29%) on the original budget.[1] The first ship entered service in 2010,[29] rather than 2007 as initially planned. In 2007, the Defence Select Committee expressed disappointment that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and BAE had failed to control rising costs.[30][31]

Construction

The Type 45 destroyers take advantage of Horizon development work and use the Sea Viper air-defence system and the SAMPSON radar. The ships were built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships, which subsequently became BVT Surface Fleet with the merger of the surface shipbuilding arms of BAE Systems and VT Group. These two companies had previously built the ships in collaboration. BAE's two Glasgow shipyards and single Portsmouth shipyard were responsible for different "blocks". BAE's Govan yard built Block A (stern to the edge of the helicopter hangar). The Scotstoun yard built Blocks B/C (a 2600-tonne section that contains the Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines, starting with the helicopter hangar to the bridge section) and Block D (the bridge section itself). BAE's Portsmouth shipyard was responsible for Blocks E/F (bridge to the bow), funnels, and masts. For ships two to six, blocks A–D were assembled in the Ships Block and Outfit Hall of the Govan shipyard and taken fully outfitted to the Scotstoun berth. The masts and funnels were also fitted before launch.

Construction of blocks of Dauntless at Portsmouth

For the first-of-class, Block A was assembled at Govan and moved to Scotstoun, where it was mated to Block B/C, which was already fitted with the WR-21 turbines and machinery. Block D, also assembled at Scotstoun, was fitted to these three blocks. The bow sections (E/F) were mated at HMNB Portsmouth and taken by barge to Scotstoun. These were the final blocks to be attached. At this point, the hull was launched into the Clyde and towed to the Scotstoun Dry Dock, where the masts and funnels were fitted (the masts were partially outfitted with equipment. For example, the mast for the S1850M radar is sent from Portsmouth to Thales Nederland to be fitted with radar equipment). Once this was complete, the remaining equipment was fitted: radar arrays, bow-mounted sonar, propellers, missile equipment, and the 4.5-inch gun.

This modular construction arrangement was agreed upon in February 2002. However, when the original contract for three ships was signed in July 2000, BAE Systems Marine was to build the first and third ships, and VT Group was to build the second.

By the end of 2010, all six Type 45 destroyers had been launched, with the first two in commission and the remainder fitting out. By 2012, all destroyers were structurally complete and the production lines, had been closed. Duncan, the last of the Type 45 destroyers, was commissioned at Portsmouth Naval Base on 26 September 2013 and entered service in 2014 after trials and training.[32]

The Daring class are the largest escorts ever built for the Royal Navy in terms of displacement.[N 2]

In 2009, delivery of the ships' Aster missiles was delayed due to a manufacturing fault with a single batch of missiles identified during testing.[33][34]

Characteristics

General specifications

The Type 45 destroyers are 152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) in length, with a beam of 21.2 m (69 ft 7 in), a draught of 7.4 m (24 ft 3 in) and a displacement of approximately 7,350 tonnes (7,230 long tons).[35][5] This makes them significantly larger than the Type 42 they replaced (displacement 5,200 tonnes, 5,100 long tons, 5,700 short tons). The Type 45 destroyers are the first British warships built to meet the Lloyd's Register's Naval Ship Rules for hull structure requiring design approval by Lloyd's Register for the principal structural arrangements of the vessel.[36] BAE Systems is the Design Authority for the Type 45, a role traditionally held by the Ministry of Defence.[37] The design of the Type 45 brings new levels of radar signature reduction to the Royal Navy. Deck equipment and life rafts are concealed behind the ship's superstructure panels, producing a "clean" superstructure. The mast is also sparingly equipped externally. Speculation by the press suggests that this design gives the ship the radar cross-section of a small fishing boat.[38]

The Daring class is notable for being the first Royal Navy vessels to include gender-neutral living spaces to accommodate male and female crew members; communal shower and heads facilities have given way to individual cubicles, and six-person berths for junior ratings are far more flexible in accommodating a mixture of male and female sailors.[39] Men and women will continue to sleep in separate spaces, in common with most other navies.

Propulsion and power

Further information: Engineering:Integrated electric propulsion

The Type 45 is fitted with an advanced and innovative integrated electric propulsion system. Integrated electric propulsion seeks to supply all propulsion and the ship's electrical load using alternating current at a high quality of voltage and frequency.[N 3] This is achieved by computerised control, high-quality transformation, and electrical filtering. Two Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines drive GE alternators, and along with two Wärtsilä 12V200 diesel generators, provide electrical power at 4,160 volts to a GE high voltage system. The high voltage supply is then used to power two GE Power Conversion advanced induction motors with outputs of 20 MW (27,000 hp) each. Ship's services, including hotel load and weapons system power supplies, are supplied via transformers from the high voltage supply at 440 V and 115 V.[40] The benefits of integrated electric propulsion are cited as:

HMS Defender moored at Greenwich in London
  • Placing the electric motors closer to the propeller, shortening the shaft line and removing the need for a gearbox or controllable pitch propellers, and reducing exposure to action damage.[40]
  • Ability to arrange machinery in more convenient locations away from the shaft line, reducing space lost to funnels, and improving access for maintenance.[41]
  • Flexibility in running propulsion and ship services from any combination of prime movers, reducing engine running hours and emissions.[40]
  • Ability to distribute prime mover power between services and propulsion can accommodate future increases in service and weapon loads with minimal impact on ship speed or prime movers.[42]

The key to the efficient use of a single prime mover is the choice of a gas turbine that provides efficiency over a large load range; the WR-21 gas turbine incorporates compressor intercooling and exhaust heat recovery, making it significantly more efficient than previous marine gas turbines, especially at low and medium load. The combination of greater efficiency and high fuel capacity gives an endurance of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km) at 18 knots (33 km/h).[40] High power density and the hydrodynamic efficiency of a longer hull form allow high speeds to be sustained. It has been reported that Daring reached her design speed of 29 knots (54 km/h) in 70 seconds and achieved a speed of 31.5 knots (58 km/h) in 120 seconds during sea trials in August 2007.[43]

Faults

In January 2016, the Ministry of Defence acknowledged that the propulsion system was (prior to upgrade) unreliable, with the BBC reporting that "total electric failures are common".[44]

The Rolls Royce WR-21 gas turbine itself is of a sound design, however, the Northrop Grumman intercooler unit "has a major design flaw and causes the WR-21s to fail occasionally. When this happens, the electrical load on the diesel generators can become too great, and they 'trip out', leaving the ship with no source of power or propulsion.[45] The First Sea Lord, Admiral Philip Jones, clarified that the "WR-21 gas turbines were designed in extreme hot weather conditions to what we call 'gracefully degrade' in their performance, until you get to the point where it goes beyond the temperature at which they would operate... we found that the resilience of the diesel generators and the WR-21 in the ship at the moment was not degrading gracefully; it was degrading catastrophically, so that is what we have had to address".[24]

While the Ministry of Defence does not release detailed information related to the number of problems experienced by the class, including total engine failure, several such occasions have been reported in the media. Daring broke down in November 2010 and April 2012, Dauntless in February 2014 and Duncan in November 2016.[46][47][48][49][50] In November 2017, The Register reported that a Type 45 destroyer had been recalled to Britain with propeller problems, leaving the Royal Navy's traditional "east of Suez" deployment without proper warship cover. It was stated that "HMS Diamond is on her way back to the UK after a propeller problem proved too much for the ship's crew to repair on their own."[51]

On 21 March 2018, the MoD announced the award of the £160 million "Power Improvement Project" (PIP) contract to BAE Systems, BMT Defence Services, and Cammell Laird to remove the two current diesel generators and install three larger diesel generators at the latter's shipyard in Birkenhead.[52] Replacement or rectification of the WR-21s was not a practical option.[45] With the new diesel generators, the Type 45 needs to rely on the WR-21s only for higher-speed running and always with graceful degradation to cruising without catastrophic loss of power.[53] Dauntless arrived at Cammell Laird on 6 May 2020 to become the first ship to start the PIP upgrade.[54] Completion of the upgrade of all six ships is planned by the mid-2020s.[55]

Advanced air-defence

The Type 45 destroyers are primarily designed for anti-air warfare, able to defend against targets such as fighter aircraft, drones, and highly maneuverable sea-skimming anti-ship missiles travelling at supersonic speeds.[56] The Royal Navy describes the destroyers' mission as "to shield the Fleet from air attack".[4]

The operations room aboard HMS Daring

The Type 45 destroyer is equipped with the Sea Viper (PAAMS) air-defence system utilising the SAMPSON active electronically scanned array multi-function radar and the S1850M long-range radar. PAAMS can track over 2,000 targets and simultaneously control and coordinate multiple missiles in the air at once, allowing a large number of tracks to be intercepted and destroyed at any given time. This makes it particularly difficult to swamp PAAMS during a saturation attack, even if the attacking elements are supersonic.[57] The US Naval War College has suggested that the SAMPSON radar is capable of tracking 1,000 objects the size of a cricket ball travelling at three times the speed of sound (Mach 3), emphasising the system's capabilities against high-performance stealth targets.[56]

48-cell A50 Sylver Vertical Launching System on Daring

A core component of PAAMS is the Aster missile, comprising Aster 15 and Aster 30. MBDA describes Aster as a "hit-to-kill" anti-missile missile capable of intercepting all types of high-performance air threats at a maximum range of 120 km.[58] The Aster missile is autonomously guided and equipped with an active RF seeker enabling it to cope with "saturated attacks" thanks to a "multiple engagement capability" and a "high rate of fire".[58] The Daring-class destroyers are equipped with a 48-cell A50 Sylver Vertical Launching System, allowing for a mix of up to 48 Aster 15 and 30 missiles.

In addition to its anti-air warfare role, PAAMS offers additional anti-ballistic missile capabilities. In March 2013, the United States Naval Institute reported that the Royal Navy, along with the United States Missile Defense Agency, would explore the potential of the Daring class to provide ballistic missile defence in Europe along with United States Navy Aegis Combat System-equipped destroyers.[59] In May 2014, Jane's Information Group reported that the United Kingdom is committing more funds to explore the capabilities of the SAMPSON multi-function radar and the Type 45 destroyer in a ballistic missile defence role. This followed a successful live firing event at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site, Kwajalein Atoll in the Western Pacific Ocean, where Daring demonstrated the ability to "[detect] at the earliest opportunity, with tracks maintained through to intercept" two medium-range ballistic missile surrogate targets. BAE Systems reportedly told Jane's that the SAMPSON multi-function radar "exceeded expectations in all respects". An "Experiment Concurrency and Cueing (TECC)" event for the Type 45 was planned for late 2015.[60]

Due to the greater capabilities of the Type 45 over predecessors, the high price per ship, and the public attention they have attracted, defence analysts and correspondents have referred to them as the "most advanced" or "most powerful" air-defence destroyers in the world.[61] BAE Systems claim that "the Type 45 Destroyer is recognised as the most advanced anti-air warfare vessel in the world."[62] Nick Brown, the editor-in-chief of Jane's International Defence Review, was quoted by The Huffington Post saying, "It's certainly one of the most advanced air defence ships in the world... The US Aegis system is similar, but Sea Viper is more advanced."[63]

Weapons, countermeasures, capabilities and sensors

The SAMPSON AESA each of two faces of multi-function air tracking radar makes a full 360° rotation every four seconds.
The S1850M long-range air surveillance radar on HMS Daring. A 20 mm Phalanx CIWS gun mount can be seen in the foreground.
HMS Diamond firing an Aster missile for the first time
The BAE 4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun on Daring

Anti-air warfare

The Sea Viper air-defence system consists of the SAMPSON active electronically scanned array multi-function air tracking radar, which is capable of tracking hundreds of targets (range 400 km, 250 mi).

  • S1850M 3D long-range air surveillance radar, capable of tracking up to 1,000 targets (range 400 km).

A 48-cell A50 Sylver Vertical Launching System for a mix of up to 48 shorter-ranged Aster 15 missiles (1.7–30 km (1.1–18.6 mi)) and Aster 30 Block 0 missiles covering 3–120 km (1.9–74.6 mi).

The Type 45 did not have a formal theatre ballistic missile defence (TBMD) capability, but its potential for such a role was being assessed.[64] Land-based Aster 30 Block 1 missiles have intercepted short-range ballistic missiles,[65] and trials of a land-based SAMPSON modified for BMD were planned for early 2012.[66] The Ministry of Defence announced in 2013 that the first ship, Daring, would take part in ballistic defence trials with the US Missile Defence Agency (MDA) as part of a major research and development programme.[67] In March 2016, Britain and France announced a joint procurement programme with the intention of France acquiring Brimstone missiles to equip the Eurocopter Tiger Mk 3 helicopter and Britain acquiring Aster Block 1NT missiles capable of intercepting medium-range ballistic missiles of 1,000–1,500 km (620–930 mi) range. A block 2 version of the Aster 30 NT capable of intercepting 3,000 km (1,900 mi) range missiles is under development by France and Italy.[68]

Planned upgrades

In July 2021, it was announced that the destroyers' anti-air armament will be enhanced with the addition of a 24-cell silo for Sea Ceptor surface-to-air missiles.[69] These were reported as likely to be in lieu of Aster 15 missiles, permitting the 48 Sylver A50 launch cells to be entirely devoted to carrying Aster 30. It was also announced that Eurosam will provide a refresh of the Aster 30 missile systems that are currently in use. All six ships are likely to be upgraded from 2026 to 2032.[70]

In May 2022, the Ministry of Defence announced that the Royal Navy's Type 45 destroyers would be upgraded with a ballistic missile defence capability. As part of this upgrade, which is named the Sea Viper Evolution programme, the six ships will be equipped with Aster 30 Block 1 missiles and will receive upgrades to their SAMPSON radars and Sea Viper command and control systems.[71]

Guns

Aviation

The flight deck of the Type 45 is large enough to accommodate aircraft up to the size of a Boeing Chinook helicopter.[77] It has hangar space for either one Merlin HM1 or two Westland Lynx helicopters.[77] The Merlin HM2 has a dipping sonar, sonobuoys and radar; the Merlin can carry four anti-submarine Sting Ray torpedoes, while the smaller Lynx HMA8 can carry either two Sting Ray torpedoes or four Sea Skua anti-ship missiles. From 2015, the Lynx has been replaced in RN service by the AW159 Wildcat, whose weapons will include the Martlet missile from 2021 and the 'Future Air-to-Surface Guided Weapon (Heavy)' missile from 2026.[15][78] The Wildcat relies on the ship's sensors in attacking submarine targets since, in RN service as of 2019, it lacks dipping sonar or sonobuoys of its own.[79]

Anti-ship, submarine and land-attack

Four of the six Type 45 destroyers received Harpoon launchers recycled from the last four decommissioned Type 22 frigates.[80] Duncan, Diamond and Daring have all received this upgrade.[81][82][83] However, Harpoon SSMs are to be withdrawn from the Type 45s by 2023.[84] As of 2022, it was reported that Harpoon SSMs were no longer deployed on the destroyer.[85] However, HMS Duncan was reportedly fit with Harpoon as of March 2023.[86] In November 2022, it was announced that the Royal Navy will receive the Naval Strike Missile (NSM) to replace Harpoon, which will be fitted to Type 45 destroyers.[87][88][89]

The Type 45 has a bow-mounted medium-frequency Ultra/EDO MFS-7000 sonar but has no shipboard anti-submarine weapons. The class relies on its helicopter(s) for ASW. (As of August 2013), there were no plans to fit anti-submarine torpedo tubes.[80]

The 4.5-inch Mark 8 Mod 1 naval gun can be used against ships and for naval gunfire support (NGS) against land targets.

Countermeasures

  • The Seagnat decoy system allows for the seduction and distraction of radar-guided weapons through active and passive means. An infrared countermeasure device is planned for future retrofits.
  • Airborne Systems's Naval Decoy IDS300[90] floating naval decoy system (corner reflectors).[91]
  • Surface Ship Torpedo Defence System (SSTD) active torpedo decoy system.

Communications and other systems

  • Fully Integrated Communications System (FICS45): a combined external and internal communications system supplied by Thales and Selex ES Ltd.[92]
  • In 2012, the UAT Mod 2.0 digital Radar Electronic Surveillance system was fitted to Daring and Diamond as part of a £40m contract with Thales UK that will see UAT Mod 2.1 fitted to the other Type 45s.[13]
  • METOC Meteorology and Oceanography: The Metoc system by BAE Systems comprises the Upper Air Sounding System using launchable radiosondes by Eurodefence Systems Ltd and Graw Radiosondes (Germany) joint venture, as well as a comprehensive weather satellite receiving system and a bathymetric system. These sensors provide each vessel with full environmental awareness for tasks such as radar propagation, ballistics, and general self-supporting meteorological and oceanographic data production.

Additional capabilities

The Type 45 has sufficient space to embark 60 Royal Marines and their equipment.[4]

The Type 45 destroyers are designed with the ability to operate as flagships.[93]

Operational history

In support of protecting merchant ships transiting the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, HMS Diamond shot down a suspected attack drone targeting commercial shipping with a single Sea Viper (Aster) missile on the night of 15 December 2023.[94] According to Navy Lookout, the Sea Viper missile that was used costs around £1–2 million and the drone it shot down may have only cost 20,000 US dollars. In the same theatre of war, the United States Navy ship, USS Carney, has shot down 14 drones, most likely, using her main gun which is a much cheaper method. The Royal Navy is unable to use the main gun on their ships to do this, the 4.5-inch Mark 8, because software support for anti-aircraft use has been withdrawn (RN ships will not have anti-aircraft gun capability until the Type 26 frigates, or Type 31 frigates, are in service). The in service Type 23 frigates have the Sea Ceptor missile system which can be used to shoot down drones and is cheaper than the Sea Viper (Aster) missile system. It will be several years until the Type 45 destroyers are fitted with the Sea Ceptor upgrade.[95] On 10 January 2024, it was reported that Diamond had shot down seven drones in the Red Sea using a combination of her missiles and guns on 9 January as part of a force that brought down "21 drones and missiles" that night. According to Alex Walters of Forces.net, the 4.5-inch Mark 8 can be used as an air defence weapon.[96][97]

Ships in the class

Dauntless (front) operating with Daring off the Isle of Wight in 2010
Duncan, the last ship of the class, departing for sea trials in 2012

Six ships were ordered, and transfer of custody of the first happened on 10 December 2008.[98] The MoD's initial planning assumption was to procure twelve ships on a like-for-like replacement of a similar number of Type 42s, with the size of the second batch to be determined between 2005 and 2010.[2] However, this was reduced to eight ships in the 2003 defence white paper entitled Delivering Security in a Changing World: Future Capabilities, following a strategic refocusing on "small to medium-scale operations" and expeditionary land operations.[56] It was reported in December 2006 that the last two could be cut.[99] In July 2007, Ministry of Defence officials stated that they "still planned to build eight Type 45 destroyers" and that "the extra two ships were still included in planning assumptions".[100] This plan was officially abandoned on 19 June 2008 when the Minister for the Armed Forces, Bob Ainsworth, announced in Parliament that options for the seventh and eighth destroyers would not be taken up.[3][101] The continual scaling back of the project, first from twelve to eight, and subsequently to six ships, has been criticised for leaving the Royal Navy with insufficient ships to meet its requirements.[20][21]

On 9 March 2007, The Independent reported that Saudi Arabia was considering buying "two or three" Type 45s.[102] On 7 September 2007, it was reported that Saudi Arabian officials had been invited to observe Daring's sea trials.[103]

In 2009, the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee conducted an enquiry into the procurement. Its main conclusions were that despite the destroyer being based on 80% new technology, there was a failure to take sufficient account of technical risk, over-optimism, and an inappropriate too-early fixed price project entered into before many elements had been specified. This resulted in a difficult commercial relationship until a contract renegotiation in 2007. It noted that the MoD believed six ships would still enable it to meet the operational requirement of having five ships at sea, with only a small risk of failing to meet that requirement.[1]

In July 2016, it was reported that all six of the class were docked in Portsmouth. The Ministry of Defence said it was "unusual but not unprecedented" and that "All Type 45 destroyers are currently in port as they have either just returned from operations or are about to be deployed, are conducting training or carrying out maintenance or are home for crew to take summer leave."[104]

In an interview with the Sunday Times, former Rear Admiral Chris Parry claimed that the Type 45 destroyers are noisy ships that can be heard 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) away by submarines.[105] Parry claimed that noise suppression in surface ships has been ignored since the end of the Cold War; the MoD responded to this claim by stating that as air defence ships, noise suppression was not a "premium requirement" for the Type 45 class.[106]

In response to a written question in the House of Commons on 19 July 2021, Jeremy Quinn Minister of State, Ministry of Defence, detailed the status of the Type 45 destroyers as 4 undergoing refit in the UK, one being repaired abroad having been forced to detach from the CSG21 formation and one active with CSG21.[107]

The entire class is based at HMNB Portsmouth.[108] All ships were built by BAE Systems Surface Ships.

Name Pennant no. Launched Date of commission Power improvement package Status
Daring D32 28 March 2003 1 February 2006 23 July 2009[109] Sep 2021 to January 2023 In active service
Dauntless D33 26 August 2004 23 January 2007 3 June 2010[110] May 2020 to Jun 2022 In active service
Diamond D34 25 February 2005 27 November 2007 6 May 2011[111] TBA In active service
Dragon D35 19 December 2005 17 November 2008 20 April 2012[112] March 2022 to date[113] In active service
Defender D36 31 July 2006 21 October 2009 21 March 2013[114] TBA In active service
Duncan D37 26 January 2007 11 October 2010 26 September 2013[115] TBA In active service[116]

Three ships of the Type 45 Daring class carry the same names as members of the previous Daring-class destroyers of 1949; these are: Daring, Diamond and Defender. These names had been used for the D-class destroyers of the 1930s. The name Duncan, has been used for several ships, including the D-class flotilla leader, and also one of the Type 14 (Blackwood-class) frigates in the 1950s. The remaining Type 45 names, Dauntless and Dragon, were most recently carried by D-class (or Danae-) light cruisers of 1918, which served until 1945.

In December 2020, the Minister for Defence Procurement, Jeremy Quin, indicated that under plans at that time, the Type 45 destroyers would be decommissioned between 2035 and 2038.[117] In January 2024, James Cartlidge, the Minister of State for Defence Procurement, responded to a written question, saying that the last destroyer will retire from service by the end of 2038.[118]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Six hulls were originally ordered, with a planning assumption that a further six would be ordered between 2005 and 2010.[2] This planning assumption was later reduced to a further two. In the 2008 defence budget, the Global Combat Ship programme (known then as the FSC) was brought forward at the expense of ships 7 and 8, resulting in the final order being left at six, with options for further ships not being taken up.[3]
  2. ↑ Largest in terms of displacement; however, the 6,200-ton County-class destroyers were some 6 metres (20 ft) longer, and the 6,300-ton Type 82 destroyer was 2 metres (6.6 ft) longer.
  3. ↑ High quality indicates that the frequency and voltage are stable, with an absence of spikes, even under changes in power demand.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Ministry of Defence: Type 45 Destroyer". House of Commons Public Accounts Committee (UK Parliament): 5–13. 1 June 2009. HC 372. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmpubacc/372/372.pdf. Retrieved 15 June 2020. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Appendix – Warship Building Strategies". Major Procurement Projects: Government Response. House of Commons Defence Committee. 24 October 2002. HC 1229. ISBN 978-0-21-500586-1. http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmdfence/1229/122902.htm#a2. Retrieved 29 May 2010. "The MoD intends to make a decision on the size of the next batch of Type-45s in the second half of the decade. Until the main investment decision on the next batch is made, the size of that batch will remain a planning assumption." 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Ministry of Defence Annual Report and Accounts Volume I including the Annual Performance Report and Consolidated Departmental Resource Accounts". Ministry of Defence (HM Government): 98. 21 July 2008. HC 850-I. ISBN 978-0-10-295509-5. http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/31D096E9-3F41-4633-BEA2-AE62CF97C3AE/0/annrptvol1_200708.pdf. Retrieved 26 July 2011. "Six of these highly advanced and capable ships have been ordered, but following the 2008 planning round we no longer intend to place orders for any further Type 45 destroyers." 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Type 45 Destroyer". https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/the-equipment/ships/destroyers/daring-class. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "HMS Daring leaves Sydney after spectacular week of celebrations". 11 October 2013. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/October/11/131011-HMS-Daring-leaves-Sydney. 
  6. ↑ "For Queen and Country". Navy News (Royal Navy): p. 8. July 2012. 
  7. ↑ "HMS Duncan joins US Carrier on strike operations against ISIL". Navy News (Royal Navy). 7 July 2015. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/july/07/150707-duncan-joins-us-carrier-on-operations. 
  8. ↑ "HMS Daring". Wärtsilä. http://www.wartsila.com/fi/references/HMS-Daring. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "HMS Daring - Type 45 facts". Royal Navy. https://www.scribd.com/doc/183216219/HMS-Daring-Type-45-facts-by-Royal-Navy-pdf. 
  10. ↑ "Royal Navy Fleet Guide". A Global Force 2012/13. Newsdesk Media. 24 April 2013. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-906940-75-1. http://www.newsdeskmedia.com/files/Global-Force-2013.pdf. 
  11. ↑ "Raytheon Systems Ltd awarded further contract for Integrated Navigation System shipsets for the Type 45" (PDF) (Press release). Raytheon. 8 March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
  12. ↑ "Ultra Electronics Series 2500 electro-optic tracking and fire-control system (United Kingdom)". 28 October 2010. http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Electro-Optic-Systems/Ultra-Electronics-Series-2500-electro-optic-tracking-and-fire-control-system-United-Kingdom.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Fleet to get the latest in electronic surveillance". DESider (Ministry of Defence): p. 18. September 2012. http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/3624A3FC-1A13-42AE-B5C6-CF8F730807C3/0/desider_52_Sept2012InternetU.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Scott, Richard (29 June 2014). "UK to buy Shaman CESM for Seaseeker SIGINT programme". http://www.janes.com/article/40127/uk-to-buy-shaman-cesm-for-seaseeker-sigint-programme. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Royal Navy's Sea Venom light anti-ship missile full operating capability delayed until 2026". 21 June 2023. https://www.navylookout.com/royal-navys-sea-venom-light-anti-ship-missile-full-operating-capability-delayed-until-2026/. 
  16. ↑ "Air Defence Destroyer (T45)". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2227. 
  17. ↑ "UK Royal Navy Commissions Type 45 Destroyer HMS Daring". 24 July 2009. http://www.defpro.com/news/details/8784/. 
  18. ↑ "Providing Anti Air Warfare Capability: the Type 45 destroyer". 13 March 2009. p. 12. http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/0809295.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Nicoll, Alexander (1 February 2006). "Countess of Wessex Launches Royal Navy's New Warship". http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=186251. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Six of the best but scrap the rest". 20 June 2008. http://www.shippingtimes.co.uk/item_10092.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 See statement by the then First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Alan West, Jane's Defence Weekly 25 June 2008, p.6 reproduced from an interview in February 2006.
  22. ↑ Chuter, Andrew (23 March 2016). "Fix to UK Destroyer Power Plant Problem Some Way Off". http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/naval/ships/2016/03/23/destroyer-royal-navy-uk-power-plant/82167048/. 
  23. ↑ "Putting the Type 45 propulsion problems in perspective". 3 February 2016. http://www.savetheroyalnavy.org/putting-the-type-45-propulsion-problems-in-perspective/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Oral evidence: Naval Procurement: Type 26 and Type 45 HC 221". 21 July 2016. http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/defence-committee/naval-procurement-type-26-and-type-45/oral/35261.html. 
  25. ↑ "Final cure for Type 45 destroyer propulsion problems announced". 21 March 2018. https://www.savetheroyalnavy.org/final-cure-for-type-45-destroyer-propulsion-problems-announced/. 
  26. ↑ "Defence in a competitive age". Ministry of Defence. March 2021. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/971859/_CP_411__-_Defence_in_a_competitive_age.pdf. 
  27. ↑ Nicoll, Alexander (27 April 1999). "National differences scupper frigate project". Financial Times. 
  28. ↑ Sinclair, Keith (24 November 1999). "Jobs boost for shipyard; Yarrow confirmed as main contractor for MoD's Type 45 destroyer programme". The Herald (Scottish Media Newspapers): p. 13. 
  29. ↑ "Air Defence Destroyer (Type 45)". http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2227. 
  30. ↑ Robertson, David (29 January 2008). "Taxpayers face £500m bill for BAE projects". The Times (London, UK). http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article3267633.ece. 
  31. ↑ Wilson, Graeme (9 December 2007). "MPs accuse MoD of £2.6bn overspend". The Daily Telegraph (London, UK). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562768/MPs-accuse-MoD-of-2.6bn-overspend.html. 
  32. ↑ "Type 45 destroyer HMS Duncan 'christened' at Portsmouth Naval Base". 26 September 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24273828. 
  33. ↑ "Royal Navy destroyers at sea with faulty weapons systems". The News (Portsmouth). 7 December 2009. http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/Royal-Navy-destroyers-at-sea.5889279.jp. 
  34. ↑ "MBDA completes four successful ASTER missile firings in less than a month". 28 June 2010. http://www.mbda-systems.com/press-releases/mbda-completes-four-successful-aster-missile-firings-in-less-than-a-month/. 
  35. ↑ "Daring Class | Royal Navy" (in en). https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/the-equipment/ships/destroyers/daring-class. 
  36. ↑ Beedall, Richard (18 May 2011). "Type 45 ("D" Class) Destroyer Daring Class: Part 2". http://navy-matters.beedall.com/daring1-2.htm. 
  37. ↑ P. J. Gates, Royal Institution of Naval Architects, 2005, p.35.
  38. ↑ Harding, Thomas (15 August 2007). "HMS Daring eases through first sea trials". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1560368/HMS-Daring-eases-through-first-sea-trials.html. 
  39. ↑ "The Comfort of the Crew". http://www.baesystems.com/daring/week2.asp. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 "Type 45 – The Anti-Air Warfare Destroyer". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/upload/pdf/08_489_HMS_daring_VIP_low_20090122125408.pdf. 
  41. ↑ Chitale, Captain S. S. (2010). "Integrated Full Electric Propulsion". IE(I) Journal (Institution of Engineers (India)) 90: 18–22. https://www.ieindia.org/pdf/90/90MR203.pdf. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  42. ↑ "Type 45 Destroyer - Daring Class World's First Full Electric Propulsion Combatant Ship" (in en). 2022-01-18. https://www.gepowerconversion.com/case-study/type-45-destroyer-daring-class-worlds-first-full-electric-propulsion-combatant-ship. 
  43. ↑ MacDermid, Alan (15 August 2007). "Daring is mean, green and built for speed". The Herald. http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.1617705.0.0.php. 
  44. ↑ "Type 45 destroyers: UK's £1bn warships face engine refit" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2016-01-29. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35432341. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Putting the Type 45 propulsion problems in perspective". 3 February 2016. https://www.navylookout.com/putting-the-type-45-propulsion-problems-in-perspective/. 
  46. ↑ Inglis, Will (10 February 2016). "5,000 Faults Recorded on Type 45 Destroyers". http://forces.tv/78957393. 
  47. ↑ Page, Lewis (24 November 2010). "Unarmed Royal Navy T45 destroyer breaks down mid-Atlantic". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/11/24/daring_breaks_down/. 
  48. ↑ Powell, Michael (18 April 2012). "Secret repairs for HMS Daring after she suffers breakdown". The News. http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/defence/secret-repairs-for-hms-daring-after-she-suffers-breakdown-1-3744135. 
  49. ↑ Farmer, Ben (24 February 2014). "£1bn HMS Dauntless abandons training exercise after technical trouble". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/10656958/1bn-HMS-Dauntless-abandons-training-exercise-after-power-trouble.html. 
  50. ↑ "Royal Navy Type 45 destroyer towed back to port two days after it sails". The Daily Telegraph. 24 November 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/24/royal-navy-type-45-destroyer-towed-back-port-two-days-sailed/. 
  51. ↑ Corfield, Gareth (23 November 2017). "Royal Navy destroyer leaves Middle East due to propeller problems". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/11/23/hms_diamond_withdrawn_middle_east/. 
  52. ↑ "Multi-million-pound contract to enhance Royal Navy Type 45 fleet resilience" (in en). https://www.gov.uk/government/news/multi-million-pound-contract-to-enhance-royal-navy-type-45-fleet-resilience. 
  53. ↑ "Final cure for Type 45 destroyer propulsion problems announced". 21 March 2018. https://www.navylookout.com/final-cure-for-type-45-destroyer-propulsion-problems-announced/. 
  54. ↑ "HMS Dauntless Type 45 missile destroyer of British navy to be fitted with three new powerful engine". https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/may-2020/8381-hms-dauntless-type-45-missile-destroyer-of-british-navy-to-be-fitted-with-three-new-powerful-engine.html. 
  55. ↑ Baroness Goldie (21 January 2020), "Defence: Type 45 Destroyers" (in en), House of Lords Debates (UK Parliament) 801: column 1039, https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2020-01-21/debates/72CA94D1-1D8F-4D7E-92C1-9A33C587D89E/DefenceType45Destroyers, retrieved 2021-04-06 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Lombardi, Ben; Rudd, David (Summer 2013). "The Type 45 Daring-Class Destroyer: How Project Management Problems Led to Fewer Ships". Naval War College Review (U.S. Naval War College) 66 (3). https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/8c48e9ba-b7ca-42f1-868b-451f9ac72cd0/The-Type-45-Daring-Class-Destroyer--How-Project-Ma.aspx. Retrieved 20 May 2014. 
  57. ↑ Beedall, Richard. "UK PAAMS". http://navy-matters.beedall.com/paams.htm. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Aster Anti-Missile Missile". http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/files/aster_ds.pdf. 
  59. ↑ LaGrone, Sam (7 March 2013). "U.K. Royal Navy Wants to Bullseye Rogue Missiles with U.S. Help". http://news.usni.org/2013/03/07/u-k-royal-navy-wants-to-bullseye-rogue-missiles-with-u-s-help. 
  60. ↑ Scott, Richard (17 May 2014). "UK extends Sampson radar experimental BMD research". http://www.janes.com/article/37970/uk-extends-sampson-radar-experimental-bmd-research. 
  61. ↑ Harding, Thomas (10 December 2008). "World's most advanced destroyer handed to Royal Navy". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/3702683/Worlds-most-advanced-destroyer-handed-to-Royal-Navy.html. 
  62. ↑ "Products – Destroyers". http://www.baesystems.com/en/product/destroyers. 
  63. ↑ Vale, Paul (3 February 2012). "Falkland Islands: HMS Dauntless, The Royal Navy's 'Cutting Edge' Deterrent". http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/02/03/hms-dauntless-royal-navy-falklands_n_1252548.html. 
  64. ↑ "Royal Navy destroyer to join ballistic defence trial". 6 March 2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/royal-navy-destroyer-to-join-ballistic-defence-trial. 
  65. ↑ "MBDA's Aster, the first European missile to successfully carry out a ballistic intercept". 25 November 2010. http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/#/news/2422. 
  66. ↑ Scott, Richard (December 2011). "UK set to test experimental Sampson modified for BMD". Jane's International Defence Review 44: p. 8. 
  67. ↑ Ministry of Defence and Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (6 March 2013). "Royal Navy destroyer to join ballistic defence trial". https://www.gov.uk/government/news/royal-navy-destroyer-to-join-ballistic-defence-trial. 
  68. ↑ "MBDA: France, UK Agree on 'Cross-Procurement' Policy". 17 March 2016. http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/weapons/2016/03/17/france/81908970/. 
  69. ↑ "£500m firepower upgrade for Type 45 destroyers" (in en). https://www.gov.uk/government/news/500m-firepower-upgrade-for-type-45-destroyers. 
  70. ↑ "Royal Navy's Type 45 destroyers – reaching their full potential with addition of Sea Ceptor missiles". 6 July 2021. https://www.navylookout.com/royal-navys-type-45-destroyers-reaching-their-full-potential-with-addition-of-sea-ceptor-missiles/. 
  71. ↑ "Type 45 Ballistic Missile Defence upgrade to support more than 100 UK jobs". UK Government. 24 May 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/type-45-ballistic-missile-defence-upgrade-to-support-more-than-100-uk-jobs. 
  72. ↑ Scott, Richard (30 November 2011). "Taking aim at Type 26". Jane's Defence Weekly: p. 24. http://jdw.janes.com/. 
  73. ↑ "The all-rounder – the 30mm Automated Small Calibre Gun in focus". Navy Lookout. 13 January 2021. https://www.navylookout.com/the-all-rounder-the-30mm-automated-small-calibre-gun-in-focus/. 
  74. ↑ "The Best of the UK". Navy News: p. 9. January 2011. http://content.yudu.com/A1qctz/navynewsjan11/resources/index.htm?referrerUrl=http://content.yudu.com/A1qctz/navynewsjan11/resources/flipbook.swf. "Daring is currently undergoing a mini overhaul which among other upgrades will see her fitted with Phalanx automated guns" 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "HMS Daring: The Warfare Department". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/type-45-destroyers/hms-daring/departments/the-warfare-department. 
  76. ↑ Dwulet, Christopher (5 May 2023). "In focus: the 50 cal heavy machine gun in Royal Navy service". Navy Lookout. https://www.navylookout.com/in-focus-the-50-cal-heavy-machine-gun-in-royal-navy-service/. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "Dauntless makes history training future front-line Naval aviators". 12 February 2013. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/February/12/130212-Dauntless-makes-history-training-future-front-line-Naval-aviators. 
  78. ↑ Tran, Pierre (6 May 2013). "France OKs Joint Missile Development with UK". http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130506/DEFREG01/305060010/France-OKs-Joint-Missile-Development-UK. 
  79. ↑ "In focus: The Wildcat multi role helicopter in service with the Royal Navy | Navy Lookout". 4 February 2019. https://www.savetheroyalnavy.org/in-focus-the-wildcat-multi-role-helicopter-in-service-with-the-royal-navy/. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 ((DE&S Policy Secretariat)) (7 August 2013). "Request for Information under the Freedom of Information Act 2000". https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/168344/response/416866/attach/html/3/20130807%2011%2007%202013%20095342%20001%20Response%20Dainton%20weapons.pdf.html. 
  81. ↑ "HMS Duncan sails for maiden deployment". 2 March 2015. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/march/02/150302-duncan-sails-for-maiden-deployment. 
  82. ↑ "HMS Diamond crew back on board after refit". 23 March 2015. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/march/23/150323-hms-diamond-crew-back-on-board. 
  83. ↑ "Daring's Lynx fliers singled out for Philippines disaster mission". 12 June 2015. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2014/june/12/140612-daring-lynx. 
  84. ↑ Vavasseur, Xavier (11 January 2021). "Babcock To Continue Harpoon In-Service Support For The Royal Navy". Naval News. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/01/babcock-to-continue-harpoon-in-service-support-for-the-royal-navy/. 
  85. ↑ "Can the UK supply anti-ship missiles to Ukraine? | Navy Lookout". 10 April 2022. https://www.navylookout.com/can-the-uk-supply-anti-ship-missiles-to-ukraine/. 
  86. ↑ @NavyLookout (17 March 2023). "@HMSDuncan sails from Portsmouth this afternoon. Has been re-equipped with Harpoon missiles - the first Type 45 to carry SSM for several years.". https://twitter.com/NavyLookout/status/1636756705089409024. 
  87. ↑ "Norwegian Naval Strike Missiles to the British Royal Navy". 23 November 2022. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/den-britiske-marinen-tar-i-bruk-norske-sjomalsmissiler/id2948032/. 
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  90. ↑ "IDS300 Navel Decoy Systems". http://www.navalsystems-tech.com/files/navalsystems/supplier_docs/Naval-Decoy-Specification-sheet.pdf. 
  91. ↑ "Naval Decoy IDS300, Ship Deployed Floating Naval Countermeasure". http://www.airborne-sys.com/pages/view/naval-decoy-ids300. 
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  97. ↑ Haynes, Deborah (10 January 2024). "'Largest Houthi attack to date' in Red Sea repelled by HMS Diamond and US warships, Grant Shapps says". Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/largest-houthi-attack-to-date-in-red-sea-repelled-by-hms-diamond-grant-shapps-says-13045115. 
  98. ↑ "HMS Daring". 19 July 2008. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/type-45-destroyers/hms-daring/. 
  99. ↑ Harrison, Michael (31 December 2006). "Half of Royal Navy's ships in mothballs as defence cuts bite". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/britain/article1265414.ece. 
  100. ↑ Evans, Michael (26 July 2007). "Go-ahead for £4bn aircraft carriers". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article2141406.ece. 
  101. ↑ Kula, Adam (19 June 2008). "Government admits destroyers will never be built". The News. http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/Government-admits-destroyers-will-never.4204440.jp. 
  102. ↑ Harrison, Michael (9 March 2007). "UK seeks £2bn Saudi destroyer contract". The Independent (London). http://news.independent.co.uk/business/news/article2341426.ece. 
  103. ↑ Robertson, David (7 September 2007). "BAE poised to clinch £20bn Saudi Eurofighter deal". The Times (London). http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article2402913.ece. 
  104. ↑ "Defence in the media". 31 July 2016. https://modmedia.blog.gov.uk/2016/07/31/defence-in-the-media-31-july/. 
  105. ↑ Hughes, Laura (5 February 2017). "British warships 'so noisy' Russian submarines can hear them 100 miles away, investigation finds". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/05/british-warships-noisy-russian-submarines-can-hear-100-miles/. 
  106. ↑ Agerholm, Harriet (5 January 2017). "British warships are 'so noisy' Russian submarines can hear them 100 miles away". The Independent. "Noise suppression has been probably the biggest dirty secret since the end of the Cold War that people have been cheerfully ignoring."" 
  107. ↑ "Type 45 Destroyers". https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2021-07-14.33140.h. 
  108. ↑ "Royal Navy's final Type 45 destroyer enters service early". 31 January 2013. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/December/31/131231-Duncan-Service. 
  109. ↑ "First port of call for destroyer". 22 May 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/8063097.stm. 
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  112. ↑ "HMS Dragon commissioned". 20 April 2012. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2012/April/20/120420-HMS-Dragon-commissioned. 
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  116. ↑ "HMS Duncan back in action after refit" (in en-US). 2021-07-28. https://www.navaltoday.com/2021/07/28/hms-duncan-back-in-action-after-refit/. 
  117. ↑ Quin, Jeremy (3 December 2020). "Type 45 Destroyers: Decommissioning". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2020-11-30.122596.h&s=Type+45. Retrieved 21 June 2021. 
  118. ↑ "Type 45 Destroyers: Decommissioning". https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2024-01-22/10750. 

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