Engineering:Zeiss Biogon

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Short description: Series of photographic camera lenses
Biogon
Biogon-text.svg
Introduced in1934, 1951
AuthorLudwig Bertele
Construction8 elements in 5 groups
Aperture4.5

Biogon is the brand name of Carl Zeiss for a series of photographic camera lenses, first introduced in 1934. Biogons are typically wide-angle lenses.

History

Biogon (I), 1934

  • Biogon (I) and developments

  • Zeiss Biogon [I] by Bertele (1934), from US 2,084,309[1]

  • Wild Aviotar by Bertele (1947), from US 2,549,159[2]

  • KMZ Jupiter-12 lens

The first Biogon lens (2.8 / 3.5 cm, an asymmetric design featuring seven elements in four groups) was designed in 1934 by Ludwig Bertele[1] while he was working for Zeiss, as a modification of his earlier Sonnar design (1929).[3]:120 The Biogon was assigned to Zeiss Ikon Dresden and marketed with the Contax rangefinder camera. It was produced by Carl Zeiss starting in approximately 1937, first in Jena, then a redesigned version was built in Oberkochen.

Bertele would go on to reuse the design for the Wild Aviotar.[3]:120 After World War II, KMZ also reused the Biogon design for the Jupiter-12.[4]

Biogon (II), 1951

  • Biogon (II) and antecedents

  • Schneider Angulon by Tronnier (1930), from US 1,882,530[5]

  • Zeiss Topogon by Richter (1933), from US 2,031,792[6]

  • Roosinov (1946), from US 2,516,724[7]

  • Wild Aviogon by Bertele (1950), from US 2,734,424[8]

  • Zeiss Biogon by Bertele (1951), from US 2,721,499[9]

Symmetric wide-angle lenses with meniscus elements facing the object and image had been developed in the 1930s, including the Schneider Kreuznach Angulon (Tronnier, 1930) with two outer negative menisci,[5] derived from the Goerz Dagor (Emil von Höegh, 1892);[10]:92 and the Zeiss Topogon (Richter, 1933) with two outer positive menisci,[6] derived from the Goerz Hypergon (1900).[11]:54–55[3]:118–119 These concepts were combined in a symmetric super-wide angle lens design using mirrored inverted telephoto lenses, as patented by Roosinov in 1946.[12]:150

In 1950, Bertele designed the Wild Aviogon as a similar highly-symmetric wide-angle lens with a large angular coverage.[8] The following year, in 1951, Bertele designed a new Biogon with a 90° angle of view (Super Wide Angle).[9] The Biogon has been characterized as a simpler Aviogon.[12]:151 Compared to the Aviogon, the Biogon removed a meniscus element and simplified the group ahead of the aperture.[9]

The first regular production Biogon lenses were produced from 1954 as the 4.5 / 21 mm for Contax, in 1954, 4.5 / 38 mm for Hasselblad Super Wide, and from 1955 to 1956 as the 4.5 / 53 mm and 4.5 / 75 mm for Linhof. The original patent spanned three different variants, each with a different maximum aperture: f/6.3, f/4.5, and f/3.4 lenses.[9]

  • Biogon (II) retrofocus development

  • AEG Weitwinkelobjektiv (1932), from DRP 620,538

  • Zeiss Sphaerogon by Merté (1935), from US 2,126,126

  • Angénieux Retrofocus (1950), from US 2,649,022

  • "Wide-angle lens" by Bertele (1952), from US 2,730,016[13]

The advent of the Biogon opened the way to more extreme wide-angle lenses. Bertele continued to develop his design, patenting an asymmetric wide-angle lens in 1952 that covered an astonishing 120° angle of view "and beyond, practically distortion free", by adding a strong negative meniscus front element to the Biogon design, showing influences from earlier fisheye lens designs, including the AEG Weitwinkelobjektiv (1932) and Zeiss Sphaerogon (1935, Willy Merté (de)), and the Angénieux retrofocus (1950).[13]

Examples

Leica CL with Carl Zeiss Biogon 2,8 / 28 mm lens
Zeiss Biogon 2,8 / 21 mm lens

Since their introduction, lenses branded Biogon are usually approximately symmetrical ("semi-symmetrical") wide-angle design with a usable angle of view of 90° or more. At 90° the focal length is approximately half as long as the format's diagonal.

Well known camera manufacturers like Hasselblad have or had Biogon derived lenses to offer.

Influence

  • Symmetric super-wide angle lenses similar to Biogon (II)

  • Schneider Kreuznach Super-Angulon by Klemt (1954), from US 2,781,695[14]

  • Schneider Kreuznach Super-Angulon 65 mm f/8 for Linhof cameras

  • Licensed Super-Angulon 21 mm f/4 for Leica thread mount rangefinders

  • W.Rokkor-PI 21 mm f/4.5 for Minolta SR-mount SLRs

  • Nikkor-SW 65 mm f/4 for large format cameras

Several companies developed and sold highly symmetric super-wide angle lenses similar to the Biogon, including:

  • Super-Angulon, sold by Schneider Kreuznach for large format cameras[15] and licensed by Leica Camera as a 21 mm f/4 lens for Leica screw mount rangefinder cameras[16] and a later f/3.4 lens for both M rangefinder[17][18] and R SLR mounts;[19] an unrelated Super-Angulon-R 21 mm f/4 was introduced a few years later, using a retrofocus design, as the prior symmetric design required the mirror to be locked up.[20]
  • Grandagon, sold by Rodenstock for large format cameras[21]
  • Nikkor-O 2.1 cm f/4, sold by Nikon in both S rangefinder and F SLR mounts; with the Nikon F, the lens must be used with the mirror locked up.[22] This was replaced for the SLRs by the Nikkor-UD 20 mm f/3.5 retrofocus lens.[23] Nikon also sold the Nikkor-SW line of highly symmetric super-wide angle lenses for large format cameras.[24][25]
  • W.Rokkor-PI f/4.5 and W.Rokkor-QH f/4 21 mm lenses, sold by Minolta in SR mount.[26][27] These were succeeded by the W.Rokkor-NL retrofocus lens, which did not require mirror lock-up.[28]
  • Fujinon-SW, a six-element, four-group design similar to the Super Angulon sold by Fujifilm for both its line of Fujica medium format rangefinder cameras (G690/BL, GM670, GSW6xx)[29] and large format cameras; an improved version (8e/4g) for large format cameras with slightly greater coverage was sold as the Fujinon-SWD.[30]

Günter Klemt patented the Super-Angulon for Schneider in 1954, citing Roosinov's 1946 patent; neither the Wild or Zeiss patents by Bertele were cited;[14] The Super Angulon design shares the same six-element, four-group construction with inner cemented doublets flanked by large negative meniscus elements with the Roosinov patent, diverging significantly from Bertele's Aviogon/Biogon designs. The Super-Angulon bears more similarities to the prior Angulon, designed by Albrecht Tronnier for Schneider in 1930 as another highly symmetric wide-angle lens with two cemented triplets.[5] A later 1957 patent by Klemt in collaboration with Karl Heinrich Macher, refining the Super Angulon design for Schneider, added citations to Bertele's patents.[31]

Wild continued to refine the Aviogon and filed for a patent on a simplified design in 1952;[32] that patent, in turn, was cited by Drs. Erhard Glatzel and Hans Schulz in their 1966 patent for the Hologon.[33]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bertele, Ludwig, "Photographic lens system", US patent 2084309, issued 22 June 1937
  2. ↑ Ludwig Bertele, "Highly corrected photographic objective having four axially air spaced components", US patent Patent 2549159A, published April 17, 1951
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Template:Kingslake-lens-history
  4. ↑ Solomon, Josh (October 11, 2017). "Jupiter-12 35mm F/2.8 Lens Review – Playing Russian Roulette with a Zeiss Copy". https://casualphotophile.com/2017/10/11/jupiter-12-35mm-f2-8-lens-review-playing-russian-roulette-with-a-zeiss-copy/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Albrecht Wilhelm Tronnier, "Spherically chromatically and astigmatically corrected wide-angle lens with high aperture", US patent 1882530, issued October 11, 1932
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Robert Richter, "Anastigmatic objective for photography and projection", US patent 2031792, issued February 25, 1936
  7. ↑ Michael Michaelovitch Roosinov, "Wide angle orthoscopic anastigmatic photographic objective", US patent 2516724, issued July 25, 1950
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ludwig Bertele, "Wide angle objectives of six air spaced components", US patent 2734424, issued 14 February 1956
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Bertele, Ludwig, "Five component wide-angle objective", US patent 2721499, issued 25 October 1955
  10. ↑ Template:Kingslake-lens-history
  11. ↑ Template:Kingslake-lens-history
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Template:Kingslake-lens-history
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ludwig Bertele, "Photographic wide-angle objective", US patent 2730016A, issued January 10, 1956
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Gunter Klemt, "Optical system with large effective image angle", US patent 2781695, issued February 19, 1957
  15. ↑ "SCHNEIDER lenses". Burleigh Brooks Inc.. 1961. https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/00896/00896.pdf. 
  16. ↑ "Leitz Wetzlar SUPER-ANGULON 21mm F/4". https://lens-db.com/leitz-wetzlar-super-angulon-21mm-f4-1958/. 
  17. ↑ "Leitz Photographic Equipment". E. Leitz Inc.. November 1969. https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/02889/02889.pdf. 
  18. ↑ "Leitz Wetzlar SUPER-ANGULON 21mm F/3.4". https://lens-db.com/leitz-wetzlar-super-angulon-21mm-f34-1963/. 
  19. ↑ "Leitz Wetzlar SUPER-ANGULON-R 21mm F/3.4". https://lens-db.com/leitz-wetzlar-super-angulon-r-21mm-f34-1965/. 
  20. ↑ "Leitz Wetzlar SUPER-ANGULON-R 21mm F/4". https://lens-db.com/leitz-wetzlar-super-angulon-r-21mm-f4-1968/. 
  21. ↑ "View Camera Lenses". Rodenstock Optical Works. https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/00863/00863.pdf. 
  22. ↑ Sato, Haruo. "NIKKOR-O 2.1cm F4 (No.1)". Nikon Imaging. https://imaging.nikon.com/history/story/0001/index.htm. 
  23. ↑ Ohshita, Kouichi. "NIKKOR Auto 20mmf/4 from (New) NIKKOR-UD Auto 20mm f/3.5 (No.20)". Nikon Imaging. https://imaging.nikon.com/history/story/0020/index.htm. 
  24. ↑ "Nikkor lenses for Large-Format Cameras". Nikon Imaging. April 2001. https://www.mr-alvandi.com/downloads/large-format/nikon-large-format-lenses.pdf. 
  25. ↑ Gudzinowicz, Michael. "Large-Format Lens Specifications". https://www.graflex.org/lenses/lens-spec.html. 
  26. ↑ "Minolta W.ROKKOR-PI 21mm F/4.5". https://lens-db.com/minolta-wrokkor-pi-21mm-f45-1962/. 
  27. ↑ "Minolta W.ROKKOR-QH 21mm F/4". https://lens-db.com/minolta-wrokkor-qh-21mm-f4-1963/. 
  28. ↑ "Minolta 20mm & 21mm Lenses". http://www.subclub.org/minman/2028.htm. 
  29. ↑ "Fujica G690 Lenses". http://www.lallement.com/pictures/lenses.htm. 
  30. ↑ "Fujinon Professional Lenses". Fujifilm. November 1969. https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/00886/00886.pdf. 
  31. ↑ Günter Klemt & Karl Heinrich Macher, "Optical system with large effective image angle", US patent 2897725, published August 4, 1959
  32. ↑ "Improvements in wide angle objectives" GB patent 733308A, published July 6, 1955
  33. ↑ Dr Erhard Glatzel & Dr Hans Schulz, "Dreilinsiges Weitwinkelobjektiv [Three-element wide-angle lens]", DE patent 1241637B, published June 1, 1967

Bibliography

External links



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