Finance:List of gig economy companies
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The following is a list of gig economy companies. The list includes only companies that have been noted by sources as being former or current gig economy companies.
Background
The Congressional Research Service defines the "gig economy" as:
the collection of markets that match providers to consumers on a gig (or job) basis in support of on-demand commerce. In the basic model, gig workers enter into formal agreements with on-demand companies to provide services to company's clients. Prospective clients request services through an Internet-based technological platform or smartphone application that allows them to search for providers or to specify jobs. Providers (gig workers) engaged by the on-demand company provide the requested service and are compensated for the jobs.[1][2]
In 2019, Queensland University of Technology published a report stating 7% of Australians participate in the gig economy.[3] 10% of the American workforce participated in the gig economy in 2018.[4] According to a 2019 Bank of Canada report, 18% of Canadians worked in the gig economy for non-recreational reasons.[5] Around 2018, 15% of China's workforce, representing over 110 million people, was involved in the gig economy.[4] In 2019, the World Bank estimated that globally, fewer than 0.5% of people in the "active labor force" take part in the gig economy.[6]
List of gig economy companies
Accommodation
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Airbnb |  United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online home rental service[7][8][9] |
| CouchSurfing | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online home rental service[10] |
| FlipKey | United States |
An online home rental marketplace[11][12] |
| Onefinestay |  United Kingdom[lower-alpha 1] |
An online rental service[13] |
| Vrbo/HomeAway | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online home rental service.[14][15][12] In July 2020, HomeAway was merged with Vrbo.[16] |
| Xiaozhu |  China |
An online short-term home and apartment rental platform[17] |
Caregiving
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sittercity.com | United States |
An online platform for hiring caregivers[18] |
| Soothe | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online massage service provider[19][20] |
| UrbanSitter | United States |
An online babysitter company[21] |
Delivery
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Amazon Flex | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online delivery service[2] |
| Cargomatic | United States |
An online delivery platform that connects drivers with customers[22] |
| CitySprint | United Kingdom |
A courier service[23][24] |
| Deliv | United States |
An online delivery service[25][26] |
| DPDgroup |  France[lower-alpha 1] |
An online parcel delivery service[27] |
| Dunzo |  India |
An online delivery service[28] |
| eCourier | United Kingdom |
A courier service[29] |
| ekart | India |
A courier service[30] |
| GoPuff | United States |
A convenience store delivery service[31] |
| Hermes Group |  Germany[lower-alpha 2] |
An online delivery company[32][33] |
| Lalamove | Template:HK[lower-alpha 1] | An online delivery service[34] |
| Rappi |  Colombia[lower-alpha 3] |
An online delivery service[35][36][37] |
| Roadie | United States |
Online delivery[38][39][40] |
| Shipt | United States |
An online delivery service[41][42] |
| Shyp | United States |
Was a courier service company. Now dissolved.[43] |
| UK Mail | United Kingdom |
An online parcel delivery service[27][44] |
| Yodel | United Kingdom |
An online parcel delivery service[27][44] |
Grocery
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Blinkit | India |
An online grocery delivery service[45] |
| The Food Assembly | France[lower-alpha 2] |
An online farmers' market[46] |
| honestbee |  Singapore[lower-alpha 4] |
Was an online grocery and food delivery service. Now dissolved.[47][48] |
| Instacart | United States[lower-alpha 5] |
An Internet-based grocery delivery service[2] |
Food
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Deliveroo | United Kingdom[lower-alpha 1] |
An online food delivery company[49][50][51] |
| DoorDash | United States |
Online food delivery[52] |
| Delivery Hero | Germany[lower-alpha 1] |
Online food delivery[53] |
| EatStreet | United States |
An online food ordering service[54] |
| Ele.me | China |
An online food delivery service[55] |
| Favor Delivery | United States |
An online food delivery service[56] |
| Foodora | Germany[lower-alpha 1] |
An online food delivery service[57][58] |
| Foodpanda | Germany[lower-alpha 1] |
An online food delivery platform[59] |
| Glovo |  Spain[lower-alpha 1] |
An online food delivery service[60][61] |
| Grubhub | United States |
Online food delivery[62] |
| iFood |  Brazil[lower-alpha 3] |
An online food delivery service[63][64] |
| Just Eat | United Kingdom[lower-alpha 1] |
Online takeaway food delivery[51][65] |
| Just Eat Takeaway |  Netherlands[lower-alpha 1] |
Online food delivery[66] |
| Menulog |  Australia[lower-alpha 1] |
Online food delivery[67][68] |
| Munchery | United States |
Was an online food delivery service[69] |
| OrderUp | United States |
Was an online food delivery service[70] |
| Postmates | United States |
Delivers restaurant-prepared meals and other goods[8] |
| Seamless | United States |
An online food delivery service. Now a subsidiary of Grubhub[71] |
| SkipTheDishes |  Canada |
An online restaurant ordering and food delivery company[72][73] |
| Swiggy | India |
An online food delivery platform[28][74][75][76] |
| Uber Eats | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online food delivery platform[61] |
| Wolt |  Finland[lower-alpha 1] |
Online food delivery[77] |
| Zomato | India[lower-alpha 1] |
An online food delivery platform[28] |
Education
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| italki | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online language learning platform[78] |
| VIPKid | China |
An online platform for Chinese students to receive lessons from fluent English-speaking teachers[79] |
Knowledge Work (Freelancing platforms)
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Airtasker | Australia |
An online marketplace for outsourcing tasks[3] |
| Amazon Mechanical Turk | United States |
An online crowdsourcing website for performing tasks[80] |
| Toloka | United States |
An online crowdsourcing website for performing tasks[80] |
| Figure Eight Inc. | United States |
An online work platform to complete tasks[2] |
| Freelancer.com | Australia[lower-alpha 1] |
An online freelancing platform[2] |
| Upwork | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online freelancing platform[2] |
| Fiverr |  Israel[lower-alpha 1] |
An online freelancing platform[2] |
| PeoplePerHour | United Kingdom |
An online freelancing platform[81] |
| Toptal | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online freelancing platform[82] |
| Hello Alfred | United States |
An online platform for completing tasks[83] |
| InnoCentive | United States |
An online platform where problem solvers can receive monetary rewards from organizations[84][85] |
Business and technical services
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Andela | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online platform for training software programmers in Africa and connecting them with clients[86][87] |
| Catalant | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
A matchmaking platform for office work. Was formerly known as HourlyNerd[88][89] |
| Expert360 | Australia |
An online platform for matching independent business consultants with clients [90] |
| Field Agent | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
A platform for retailers to request in-store information from users[26] |
| Field Nation | United States |
An online marketplace that matches IT and other freelancers with corporate clients[91] |
| Gigster | United States |
An online platform to complete software projects[92][93] |
| Kaggle | United States |
An online platform for data science competitions[90][85] |
| Managed by Q | United States |
An online office management platform company[52] |
| PeoplePerHour | United Kingdom |
An online freelancing platform[94] |
| Shiftgig | United States |
An online staffing firm[95] |
| Toptal | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online freelancing platform[82] |
| Upwork | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online freelancing platform[2] |
Creative services
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 99designs | Australia[lower-alpha 1] |
An online platform to connect graphic designers and clients[96] |
| Crowdspring | United States |
An online platform for creative services[97] |
| Fiverr | Israel[lower-alpha 1] |
An online marketplace for freelance services[98] |
| Tongal | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online platform that connects businesses in need of creative work with writers and directors[99] |
Home services
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| AskforTask | Canada |
An online marketplace where people can outsource their daily tasks[100] |
| Bellhops | United States |
An online moving service[101] |
| GreenPal | United States |
An online landscaping network company[102] |
| Handy | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online home services company[2] |
| Helpling | United Kingdom[lower-alpha 2] |
An online platform for cleaning services[103] |
| HomeAdvisor | United States |
An online platform that connects homeowners to contractors[104] |
| Homejoy | United States |
Was an online maid company. Now closed[105][106][107] |
| Pimlico Plumbers | United Kingdom |
A plumbing firm[108][109] |
| Porch | United States |
An online platform that connects homeowners to home improvement contractors[110] |
| Rover.com | United States |
An online dog-walking service[62] |
| SudShare | United States |
An online laundry service[111][112] |
| TaskRabbit | United States |
An on-demand freelance labor service[2] |
| Thumbtack | United States |
An online platform that connects people to professionals[113][114] |
| Wag | United States |
An online dog-walking service[62] |
| YourMechanic | United States |
An online platform that connects car owners with mechanics[115] |
Health services
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pager | United States |
An online platform that connects healthcare providers and patients[116] |
| Talkspace | United States |
An online platform to connect to therapists[117] |
Legal services
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| LegalZoom | United States |
An online platform that connects consumers with lawyers[118] |
| Rocket Lawyer | United States United Kingdom |
An online platform that connects consumers with lawyers[118] |
| UpCounsel | United States |
An online marketplace for legal services[119][120][121] |
Retail
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Carousell | Singapore[lower-alpha 1] |
An online marketplace for selling goods[122][123] |
| Etsy | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online marketplace for handmade goods[124][125] |
| Lazada Group | Singapore[lower-alpha 1] |
An online marketplace for selling goods[122][123] |
| Meituan-Dianping | China |
An online food delivery, consumer products and retail service[126] |
Transportation and parking
| Company | Based in | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Addison Lee | United Kingdom |
A minicab firm[127] |
| Bird | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online electric scooter sharing platform[128][129][130] |
| BlaBlaCar | France[lower-alpha 1] |
An online marketplace for carpooling[131][132][133][134] |
| Blacklane | Germany[lower-alpha 1] |
An online transportation network[135] |
| Bolt |  Estonia[lower-alpha 1] |
An online transportation network company[30][136] |
| Bridj | Australia |
A private commuter shuttle service[2] |
| Cabify | Spain[lower-alpha 1] |
A ridesharing company[137][138] |
| Careem |  United Arab Emirates[lower-alpha 1] |
A transportation network company[139] |
| Carma |  Ireland[lower-alpha 1] |
An online transportation network company[92] |
| Chariot | United States |
A commuter shuttle service[140] |
| DiDi | China[lower-alpha 1] |
An online ride-hailing service[126] |
| DriveNow | Germany[lower-alpha 2] |
An online carsharing service[32] |
| Easy Taxi | Brazil[lower-alpha 1] |
An online transportation network company[141] |
| EasyCar | United Kingdom |
An online carsharing service[142] |
| Free Now | Germany[lower-alpha 2] |
A transportation network company[143] |
| Getaround | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online car-sharing service[144] |
| Gett | Israel[lower-alpha 1] |
A transportation network company[143] |
| GOGOX | Template:HK[lower-alpha 4] | An online transportation network company[145] |
| Gojek |  Indonesia[lower-alpha 4] |
An online transportation network company[146][90] |
| Grab | Singapore Indonesia[lower-alpha 4] |
An online transportation network company[122][123][147] |
| Hailo | United Kingdom |
An online transportation network company[148] |
| HopSkipDrive | United States |
A transportation network company for children[149] |
| Juno | United States |
An online transportation network company[52] |
| JustPark | United Kingdom |
An online platform that matches drivers with parking spaces[142] |
| Kakao T |  South Korea[lower-alpha 4] |
An online transportation network company[150] |
| Lime | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online transportation company[62] |
| Luxe | United States |
An online parking service[106] |
| Lyft | United States[lower-alpha 5] |
A transportation network company[2] |
| Meru Cabs | India |
An online ridesharing company[151] |
| Quiqup | United Kingdom |
An online transportation network[152][153] |
| Ola Cabs | India[lower-alpha 1] |
An online transportation company[59] |
| Sidecar | United States |
Was an online transportation company. Now closed[80][92] |
| Spin | United States |
An online scooter sharing platform[154] |
| Turo | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online carsharing platform[155][156] |
| Uber | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online transportation network company[2] |
| Via | United States[lower-alpha 1] |
An online transportation network company[62] |
| ViaVan | Netherlands[lower-alpha 2] |
An online transportation network company[157][158][159] |
| Wingz | United States |
An online transportation network company[160] |
| Yandex |  Russia[lower-alpha 1] |
An online transportation network company[6] |
| YourParkingSpace | United Kingdom |
An online platform that matches drivers with parking spaces[161] |
Notes
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 Service available worldwide in several different countries. See individual company page(s) for details.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Service currently only available in select European countries.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Service currently only available in South America
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Service currently only available in select Asian countries.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Service currently only available in USA and Canada.
See also
- Business model
- Peer-to-peer
- Sharing economy
- Temporary work
- Crowdsourcing
References
- Footnotes
- ↑ Donovan, Sarah A.; Bradley, David H.; Shimabbukuro, Jon O. (2016-02-05). "What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?". Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Kalleberg, Arne L.; Dunn, Michael (2016). "Good Jobs, Bad Jobs in the Gig Economy". Perspectives on Work: 10–13, 74. http://michael-dunn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ALK-MD.-JQ-in-Gig-Economy.pdf. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Carey, Rachel (2019-06-19). "The so-called 'gig economy' changing the Australian workforce". Special Broadcasting Service. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-so-called-gig-economy-changing-the-australian-workforce.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rothschild, Viola (2018-09-07). "China's Gig Economy is Driving Close to the Edge". Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/07/chinas-gig-economy-is-driving-close-to-the-edge/.
- ↑ Kostyshyna, Olena; Luu, Corinne (June 2019). "The Size and Characteristics of Informal ("Gig") Work in Canada". Bank of Canada. p. 3. https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/san2019-6.pdf.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 World Bank (2019), p. 26
- ↑ Ravenelle (2019), p. 166
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Gelles, David (2018-11-06). "Give Gig Economy Workers Equity? The S.E.C. Is Considering It". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/business/dealbook/gig-economy-equity-sec-rule-701-uber-airbnb.html.
- ↑ Meyer, David (2019-04-30). "Why Airbnb Could Escape the Uber Trap in Europe". Fortune. https://fortune.com/2019/04/30/airbnb-europe-uber-ecj-opinion/.
- ↑ Sanders, Donald E.; Pattison, Patricia (2016-10-01). "Worker Characterization in a Gig Economy Viewed through an Uber Centric Lens". Southern Law Journal 26 (1). ProQuest 1860277041. https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-4305516551/worker-characterization-in-a-gig-economy-viewed-through. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
- ↑ Peng, Jenny (2015-07-22). "Asia must get to grips with Airbnb and the growing 'gig economy' to make business competition fair". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1842776/asia-must-get-grips-airbnb-and-growing-gig-economy-make.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Pagano (2017)
- ↑ Mulcahy (2016), p. 160
- ↑ Udell & Woodill (2019)
- ↑ Overly, Steven (2016-10-13). "Uber and Airbnb helped expand the gig economy. These researchers think they've measured how much.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/10/13/uber-and-airbnb-helped-expand-the-gig-economy-these-researchers-think-theyve-measured-how-much/.
- ↑ "This July, HomeAway is becoming Vrbo — a single brand giving families even more ways to travel better together.". 2020-07-01. https://www.homeaway.com/.
- ↑ Jing, Meng (2017-02-26). "Pots of gold await in China's gig economy: how mobile technology is transforming the world's biggest jobs market". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/tech/china-tech/article/2073048/pots-gold-chinas-gig-economy.
- ↑ Said, Carolyn (2017-11-22). "Nonprofit offers free course on how to do gig work". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Nonprofit-offers-free-course-on-how-to-do-gig-work-12378761.php.
- ↑ Bass, Debra D. (2016-06-24). "Massage on-demand app comes to St. Louis". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/massage-on-demand-app-comes-to-st-louis/article_4f4ee185-afbf-5ff4-b2df-0cc18ebb7d8a.html.
- ↑ Wen, Tiffanie (2018-02-02). "The entourages of the travel elite". BBC Online. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180201-the-entourages-of-the-travel-elite.
- ↑ Gee, Kelsey (2017-08-08). "In a Job Market This Good, Who Needs to Work in the Gig Economy?". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-a-job-market-this-good-who-needs-to-work-in-the-gig-economy-1502184607.
- ↑ Ward, Marguerite (2015-08-03). "How apps are transforming US trucking". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/03/how-apps-are-transforming-us-trucking.html.
- ↑ Butler, Sarah (2018-09-26). "Uber and CitySprint among gig economy firms to face parliament". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/sep/26/uber-and-citysprint-among-gig-economy-firms-to-face-parliament.
- ↑ Chapman, Ben (2018-04-06). "Gig economy union files £200,000 holiday pay claim against courier company CitySprint". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/citysprint-gig-economy-union-iwgb-holiday-pay-claim-courier-employment-tribunal-a8292531.html.
- ↑ Said, Carolyn (2019-06-22). "Deliv switching California couriers to employees – 'start of a wave'". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Deliv-switching-California-couriers-to-employees-14029663.php.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Mims, Christophoer (2019-05-04). "In a Tight Labor Market, Gig Workers Get Harder to Please". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-a-tight-labor-market-gig-workers-get-harder-to-please-11556942404.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "DPD improves workers' rights after driver's death". BBC Online. 2018-03-26. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43545589.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Rao, Mohit M (2019-08-30). "The 'gig' economy is creating lakhs of jobs, but workers don't see a future". The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/the-gig-economy-is-creating-lakhs-of-jobs-but-workers-dont-see-a-future/article29299673.ece.
- ↑ Booth, Robert (2017-05-12). "Royal Mail firm launches review after admitting it denied courier benefits: eCourier says it wrongly classified Demille Flanore as an independent contractor, thus denying him holiday and sick pay". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/may/12/gig-economy-ecourier-admits-denying-courier-employment-benefits.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Lomas, Natasha (2019-03-26). "Flipkart ranked highly for 'fairness' of working conditions in India gig platform study". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/26/flipkart-ranked-highly-for-fairness-of-working-conditions-in-india-gig-platform-study/.
- ↑ Cowan, Emery (2018-03-26). "The good and the bad of gig work in Flagstaff". Arizona Daily Sun. https://azdailysun.com/news/local/the-good-and-the-bad-of-gig-work-in-flagstaff/article_705e0519-72e7-5b48-92de-ec24632ef864.html.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Hall (2019), p. 164
- ↑ Wright, Robert (2019-02-03). "Hermes couriers awarded union recognition in gig economy first". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/255950d2-264d-11e9-b329-c7e6ceb5ffdf.
- ↑ "Socso hopes more gig workers will benefit from social protection [NSTTV"]. New Straits Times. Bernama. 2020-06-16. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/06/601164/socso-hopes-more-gig-workers-will-benefit-social-protection.
- ↑ Bandeira, Luiza (2019-07-02). "The gig economy is a double-edged sword for migrant workers: Is this the model for an economy that breeds unicorns?". BBC Online. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20190701-the-gig-economy-is-a-double-edged-sword-for-migrant-workers.
- ↑ Rueda, Manuel (2019-07-29). "Venezuelan migrants propel billion-dollar delivery app: Rappi, like similar companies, has also come under criticism for its modern-day labour practices, which reflect some of the shortcomings of the gig economy.". Buenos Aires Times. Associated Press. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/latin-america/venezuela-migrants-propel-billion-dollar-delivery-app.phtml.
- ↑ Wyss, Jim (2019-05-20). "How a Colombian billion-dollar delivery app became a lifeline for Venezuelan migrants". Miami Herald. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article230530169.html.
- ↑ Morris, David Z. (2018-01-15). "Why Empty Backseats May Be the Next Big Thing In Delivering Packages to Your Doorstep". Fortune. https://fortune.com/2018/01/15/last-mile-delivery-ups-fedex-roadie/. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
- ↑ Kerr, Dara (2017-12-20). "Hitching a ride with delivery app Roadie". CNET. https://www.cnet.com/news/roadie-ludacris-hitching-a-ride-with-the-delivery-app-gig-economy/.
- ↑ Schwartz, Karen (2019-07-03). "Have Work, Will Travel". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/03/travel/travel-temporary-jobs.html.
- ↑ Raymond, Art (2018-05-07). "New gig economy service bringing groceries right to your door – in an hour". Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/2018/5/7/20644667/new-gig-economy-service-bringing-groceries-right-to-your-door-in-an-hour.
- ↑ Finaldi, Laura (2019-06-10). "'Gig' economy workers in Sarasota-Manatee strive for higher pay". The Palm Beach Post. https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/20190610/gig-economy-workers-in-sarasota-manatee-strive-for-higher-pay.
- ↑ Harnett, Sam (2016-09-21). "Gig Companies Go Old School and Hire Workers". KQED. https://www.kqed.org/news/11032310/gig-companies-go-old-school-and-hire-workers.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Fernyhough, James (2016-11-04). "Uber ruling has 'profound implications' for auto-enrolment". Financial Times. https://www.ftadviser.com/Articles/2016/11/04/Uber-ruling-has-profound-implications-for-auto-enrolment.
- ↑ "Zomato, Swiggy, Uber score least on fair working conditions for workers among all apps". 2020-12-17. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/zomato-swiggy-uber-score-least-fair-working-conditions-workers-among-all-apps-139773.
- ↑ "L'alveare che dice si, una rete al femminile. Chi ha detto che l'agricoltura è un mestiere maschile?" (in Italian). TeleAmbiente TV. 2018-03-12. https://www.teleambiente.it/lalveare-che-dice-si-spesa-prodotti-locali-agricoltura-donne/.
- ↑ Cheng, Kenneth; Ming, Toh Ee (2017-05-19). "The Big Read: The unstoppable march of the gig economy". Today. http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/big-read-unstoppable-march-gig-economy.
- ↑ Wei, Aw Cheng (2019-05-13). "Honestbee can fly high again: Analysts". The Straits Times. https://www.sgsme.sg/news/startups/honestbee-can-fly-high-again-analysts.
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- Carter, Chris James (2018). "Social Media and the Future of Creativity at Work". in Martin, Lee; Wilson, Nick. The Palgrave Handbook of Creativity at Work. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-77349-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=5e1lDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
- Cavallini, Gionata (2019). "Foodora, Deliveroo & Co.: le fattispecie della gig-economy italiana, tra previsioni contrattuali ed effettive modalità di esecuzione del rapporto*". in Alessi, Cristina; Barbera, Marzia; Guaglianone, Luciana (in Italian). Impresa, lavoro e non lavoro nell'economia digitale. Bari: Cacucci Editore. ISBN 978-88-99068-51-6. https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/543080/1022430/Cavallini%20-%20paper%20brescia%20-. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- English-Lueck, J.A. (2017). Cultures@SiliconValley: Second Edition. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0023-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=dPcoDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- Fishman, Stephen (2018). Fitzpatrick, Diana. ed. Tax Guide for Gig Workers. Berkeley: Nolo. ISBN 978-1-4133-2603-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=WLh2DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- Gratton, Lynda; Scott, Andrew (2016). The 100-Year Life: Living and Working in an Age of Longevity. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-3015-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=a5BADAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
- Hall, Jo-Carby (2019). "Innovatory Forms of Employment in the Twenty-First Century Versus Employment Status". in Redinha, Maria Regina; Guimarães, Maria Raquel; Fernandes, Francisco Liberal. The Sharing Economy: Legal Problems of a Permutations and Combinations Society. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-2076-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=_dh9DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- Kennedy, Paul (2016). Vampire Capitalism: Fractured Societies and Alternative Futures. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-55265-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=HI_LDQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- Madariaga, Javier; Buenadicha, Cesar; Molina, Erika; Ernst, Christoph (2019). Economía de plataformas y empleo: ¿Cómo es trabajar para una app en Argentina?. Buenos Aires: Inter-American Development Bank. OCLC 1121089882. https://books.google.com/books?id=682aDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- Manthorpe, Jonathan (2020). Restoring Democracy in an Age of Populists and Pestilence. Toronto: Cormorant Books. ISBN 978-1-77086-583-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=j9YeEAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
- Massotte, Pierre (2017). Ethics in Social Networking and Business 2: The Future and Changing Paradigms. London: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-45703-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=xFE3DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- Mulcahy, Diane (2016). The Gig Economy: The Complete Guide to Getting Better Work, Taking More Time Off, and Financing the Life You Want. New York: American Management Association. ISBN 978-0-8144-3734-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=mP3nDAAAQBAJ.
- Oppong, Thomas (2018). Working in the Gig Economy: How to Thrive and Succeed When You Choose to Work for Yourself. London: Kogan Page. ISBN 978-0-7494-8355-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=OLlwDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- Pagano, Michael A., ed (2017). Jobs and the Labor Force of Tomorrow: Migration, Training, Education. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-04153-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=prs1DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- Park, Hai-Woong (2018). "New forms of business and increased nonregular forms of employment: Opportunity and challenge for skills for inclusion and innovation in the Republic of Korea". in Sakamoto, Akiko; Sung, Johnny. Skills and the Future of Work: Strategies for inclusive growth in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: International Labour Organization. ISBN 978-92-2-132306-8. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@sro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_650239.pdf. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
- Ravenelle, Alexandrea J. (2019). Hustle and Gig: Struggling and Surviving in the Sharing Economy. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-30056-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xtp5DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- Sinicki, Adam (2018). Thriving in the Gig Economy: Freelancing Online for Tech Professionals and Entrepreneurs. Bicester: Apress. ISBN 978-1-4842-4089-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=TuN3DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- Udell, Chad; Woodill, Gary (2019). Shock of the New: The Challenge and Promise of Emerging Technologies. Alexandria, Virginia: American Society for Training and Development. ISBN 978-1-947308-81-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=tt-RDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- Weltman, Barbara (2018). J.K. Lasser's Small Business Taxes 2018: Your Complete Guide to a Better Bottom Line. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-38041-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=lnw3DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- World Bank (2019). The Changing Nature of Work. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1328-3. ISBN 978-1-4648-1328-3. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/816281518818814423/2019-WDR-Report.pdf. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
Further reading
- Donovan, Sarah A.; Bradley, David H.; Shimabbukuro, Jon O. (2016-02-05). "What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?". Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf.
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