Finance:Transit desert

From HandWiki
Short description: Area lacking in transit
Access to jobs by public transit in Toronto in 2016; note that the map does not include the extension of the western leg of Line 1 Yonge–University to the suburban municipality of Vaughan to the north-northwest, which opened in late 2017

A transit desert is an area with limited transportation supply.[1][2] Developed from the concept of food deserts, various methods have been proposed to measure transit deserts. Transit deserts are generally characterized by poor public transportation options and possibly poor bike, sidewalk, or road infrastructure.[3] The lack of transportation options present in transit deserts may have negative effects of people’s health, job prospects, and economic mobility.[4][5][6][7]

History

The term 'desert' has been variously applied to areas that lack key services like banks, food access, or even books.[8][9][10] The idea of transit deserts was coined by Junfeng Jiao and Maxwell Dillivan, first appearing in print in 2013.[1] Since that time, the concept of transit deserts has been expanded upon and competing definitions and measurement techniques have emerged.

Definitions

Gap-based measurements

Gap-based measurement techniques are the most prominent and well-defined definition of transit deserts. Such methods typically use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based methods to measure the gap between transportation supply and demand. These methods quantify demand and supply and then subtract demand from supply in order to find the "gap" in transit service.[2][11] Areas that fall below a certain threshold are termed "transit deserts". Using this method studies have found that nearly all cities in the United States have transit deserts.[12][13] Studies have also consistently shown that central business districts are almost never transit deserts, but the locations of transit desert areas varies considerably in different cities.[1][2]

No-transit definition

A more informal definition of transit deserts has also emerged in which areas that lack some type of transportation, most often public transportation like buses and subway stops, are termed transit deserts.[14] Sometimes this definition has been expanded or slightly redefined to refer areas that lack a certain type of transportation such as "subway deserts".[15]

Implications

The causes of transit deserts are much debated. Some have cited suburban sprawl and deliberately segregationist policies as some of the leading causes of transit deserts.[16][6] Still others contend that transit deserts are often the result of poor planning practices and that better transit planning can help alleviate them.[17]

Examples

Further information: List of countries by rail transport network size § Countries currently without a rail network
Further information: List of countries by road network size

See also

General:

Transport:


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jiao, Junfeng; Dillivan, Maxwell (September 2013). "Transit Deserts: The Gap between Demand and Supply". Journal of Public Transportation 16 (3): 23–39. doi:10.5038/2375-0901.16.3.2. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1054&context=jpt. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jiao, Junfeng (12 January 2017). "Identifying transit deserts in major Texas cities where the supplies missed the demands". Journal of Transport and Land Use 10 (1): 529. doi:10.5198/jtlu.2017.899. 
  3. ↑ Bischak, Chris; Jiao, Junfeng. "People are stranded in 'transit deserts' in dozens of US cities" (in en). The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/people-are-stranded-in-transit-deserts-in-dozens-of-us-cities-92722. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 
  4. ↑ Jiao, Junfeng; McGrath, Nicole. "Stranded in our own communities: Transit deserts make it hard for people to find jobs and stay healthy" (in en). The Conversation US Inc.. https://theconversation.com/stranded-in-our-own-communities-transit-deserts-make-it-hard-for-people-to-find-jobs-and-stay-healthy-77450. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 
  5. ↑ Bouchard, Mikayla (2015-05-07). "Transportation Emerges as Crucial to Escaping Poverty" (in en). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/07/upshot/transportation-emerges-as-crucial-to-escaping-poverty.html. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Williams P., Joseph. "Stranded Without Transit". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/healthiest-communities/articles/2018-04-24/transit-deserts-a-growing-problem-in-the-us. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 
  7. ↑ "Research Shows Transit Deserts Make it Difficult to Find Jobs, Access Medical Care | Texas Architecture | UTSOA" (in en). https://soa.utexas.edu/transit-deserts. 
  8. ↑ Neuman, Susan B.; Moland, Naomi (5 July 2016). "Book Deserts" (in en). Urban Education 54: 126–147. doi:10.1177/0042085916654525. ISSN 0042-0859. 
  9. ↑ Wallace, Lewis. "'Banking Deserts' Spread Across Low-Income Neighborhoods" (in en). National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2013/11/13/244947836/dayton-ohio-is-latest-area-suffering-from-banking-desert. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 
  10. ↑ Cummins, Steven; Macintyre, Sally (24 August 2002). ""Food deserts"—evidence and assumption in health policy making". BMJ: British Medical Journal 325 (7361): 436–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.436. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 12193363. 
  11. ↑ "Transit Deserts in Cook County". The Center for Neighborhood Technology. https://www.cnt.org/sites/default/files/publications/CNT_TransitDesertsCookCounty_0.pdf. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 
  12. ↑ "Transit Gap Finder" (in en). The Center for Neighborhood Technology. https://alltransit.cnt.org/gap-finder/. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 
  13. ↑ "Transit Desert Research - Urban Information Lab - University of Texas at Austin" (in en). The Urban Information Lab. http://www.transitdeserts.org/. 
  14. ↑ Goldchain, Michelle (2018-02-07). "Where D.C.'s households are most underserved by transit, mapped". Vox Media. https://dc.curbed.com/2018/2/7/16985720/transit-map-dc-gap-finder. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 
  15. ↑ Misra, Tanvi (13 July 2016). "A New Map of New York's 'Subway Deserts'". Bloomberg (The Atlantic Monthly Group). https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2016/07/a-new-map-of-new-yorks-subway-deserts/491156/. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 
  16. ↑ Allen Jones, Diana (27 July 2017). Lost in the Transit Desert: Race, Transit Access, and Suburban Form. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-95424-3. 
  17. ↑ Junfeng, Jiao. "Better planning can transform "transit deserts"" (in en). Fort-Worth Star Telegram. https://www.star-telegram.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/other-voices/article183513566.html. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 

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