Finance:Unicorn

From HandWiki
Short description: Startup company valued at over $1 billion
Delivery robot company Starship Technologies is an Estonian unicorn
Self-driving truck manufacturer Einride is a Swedish unicorn
Hypercar manufacturer and EV technology developer Rimac Automobili is a Croatian unicorn
Payment provider Adyen is a Dutch decacorn
Spacecraft manufacturer SpaceX is an United States of America centicorn

In business, a unicorn is a startup company valued at over US$1 billion which is privately owned and not listed on a share market.[1]:1270[2] The term was first published in 2013, coined by venture capitalist Aileen Lee, choosing the mythical animal to represent the statistical rarity of such successful ventures.[3][4][5][6]

CB Insights identified 1,170 unicorns worldwide (As of June 2022).[7] Unicorns with over $10 billion in valuation have been designated as "decacorn" companies.[8] For private companies valued over $100 billion, the terms "centicorn" and "hectocorn" have been used.[9]

History

Aileen Lee originated the term "unicorn" in a 2013 TechCrunch article, "Welcome To The Unicorn Club: Learning from Billion-Dollar Startups".[4] At the time, 39 companies were identified as unicorns.[10] In a different study done by Harvard Business Review, it was determined that startups founded between 2012 and 2015 were growing in valuation twice as fast as startup companies founded between 2000 and 2003.[11]

In 2018, 16 US companies became unicorns, resulting in 119 private companies worldwide valued at $1 billion or more.[12]

Globally, according to CB Insights, there were more than 803 unicorns (As of August 2021), with ByteDance, SpaceX and Stripe among the largest,[13] and 30 decacorns, including SpaceX, Getir, Goto, J&T Express, Stripe, and Klarna.[13]

The surge of unicorns was reported as "meteoric" for 2021, with $71 billion invested in 340 new companies, a banner year for startups and for the US venture capital industry; the unprecedented number of companies valued at more than $1 billion during 2021 exceeded the sum total of the five previous years.[14] Six months later, in June 2022, 1,170 total unicorns were reported.[15]

Reasons for rapid growth of unicorns

Fast-growing strategy

During the mid-2000s, investors and venture capital firms were adopting first-mover advantage and get big fast (GBF) strategies for startups, also known by the neologism, "blitzscaling".[16] GBF is a strategy where a startup tries to expand at a high rate through large funding rounds and price cutting to gain an advantage on market share and push away rival competitors as fast as possible.[17] The rapid returns through this strategy seem to be attractive to all parties involved, despite the cautionary note of the dot-com bubble of 2000, as well as a lack of long-term sustainability in value creation of emerging companies of the Internet age.[18]

Company buyouts

Many unicorns were created through buyouts by large public companies. In a low-interest-rate and slow-growth environment, many companies like Apple, Meta, and Google focus on acquisitions instead of focusing on capital expenditures and development of internal investment projects.[19] Some large companies would rather bolster their businesses through buying out established technology and business models rather than creating it themselves.

Increase in private capital available

The average age of a technology company before it goes public is 11 years, as opposed to an average life of 4 years back in 1999.[20] This new dynamic stems from the increased amount of private capital available to unicorns and the passing of the US's Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act in 2012, which increased by a factor of four the number of shareholders a company can have before it has to disclose its financials publicly. The amount of private capital invested in software companies has increased three-fold from 2013 to 2015.[21]

Prevent IPO

Through many funding rounds, companies do not need to go through an initial public offering (IPO) to obtain capital or a higher valuation; they can just go back to their investors for more capital. IPOs also run the risk of devaluation of a company if the public market thinks a company is worth less than its investors.[21] A few recent examples of this situation were Square, best known for its mobile payments and financial services business, and Trivago, a popular German hotel search engine, both of which were priced below their initial offer prices by the market.[22][23] This was because of the severe over-valuation of both companies in the private market by investors and venture capital firms. The market did not agree with both companies' valuations, and therefore, dropped the price of each stock from their initial IPO range.

Investors and startups may choose to avoid an IPO due to increased regulations. Regulations like the Sarbanes–Oxley Act have implemented more stringent regulations following several bankruptcy cases in the U.S. market that many of these companies want to avoid.[19]

Technological advances

Startups have capitalized on the rapid growth of new technology to obtain unicorn status. With the advent of social media and access to millions utilizing this technology to gain massive economies of scale, startups have the ability to expand their business faster than ever.[19] New innovations in technology including mobile smartphones, P2P platforms, and cloud computing with the combination of social media applications has aided in the growth of unicorns.[citation needed]

Valuation

The valuations that designate start-up companies as unicorns and decacorns differ more established companies. A valuation for an established company stems from past years' performances, while a start-up company's valuation is derived from its growth opportunities and its expected development in the long-term for its potential market.[24] Valuations for unicorns usually result from funding rounds of large venture capital firms investing in a start-up company. Another significant final valuation of start-ups is when a much larger company buys out a company, giving it that valuation; some examples are Unilever buying Dollar Shave Club[25] and Facebook buying Instagram[26] for $1 billion each, effectively turning Dollar Shave Club and Instagram into unicorns.

Bill Gurley, a partner at venture capital firm Benchmark, predicted in March 2015 and earlier that the rapid increase in the number of unicorns may "have moved into a world that is both speculative and unsustainable", that will leave in its wake what he terms "dead unicorns".[27][28][29] Also he said that the main reason of unicorns' valuation is the "excessive amount of money" available for them.[30] Similarly, in 2015 William Danoff, who manages the Fidelity Contrafund, said unicorns might be "going to lose a bit of luster" due to their more frequent occurrence and several cases of their stock price being devalued.[31] Research by Stanford professors published in 2018 suggests that unicorns are overvalued by an average of 48%.[32][33]

Valuation of high-growth companies

For high-growth companies looking for the highest valuations possible, it comes down to potential and opportunity. When investors of high-growth companies are deciding on whether they should invest in a company or not, they look for signs of a home run to make exponential returns on their investment along with the right personality that fits the company.[34] To give such high valuations in funding rounds, venture capital firms have to believe in the vision of both the entrepreneur and the company as a whole. They have to believe the company can evolve from its unstable, uncertain present standing into a company that can generate and sustain moderate growth in the future.[24]

Market sizing

To judge the potential future growth of a company, there needs to be an in-depth analysis of the target market.[24] When a company or investor determines its market size, there are a few steps they need to consider to figure out how large the market really is:[35]

After the market is reasonably estimated, a financial forecast can be made based on the size of the market and how much a company thinks it can grow in a certain time period.

Estimation of finances

To properly judge the valuation of a company after the revenue forecast is completed, a forecast of the operating margin, analysis of needed capital investments, and return on invested capital needs to be completed to judge the growth and potential return to investors of a company.[24] Assumptions of where a company can grow to needs to be realistic, especially when trying to get venture capital firms to give the valuation a company wants. Venture capitalists know the payout on their investment will not be realized for another five to ten years, and they want to make sure from the start that financial forecasts are realistic.[34]

Valuation methods

With the financial forecasts set, investors need to know what the company should be valued in the present day. This is where more established valuation methods become more relevant.

This includes the three most common valuation methods:[37]

Investors can derive a final valuation from these methods and the amount of capital they offer for a percentage of equity within a company becomes the final valuation for a startup. Competitor financials and past transactions also play an important part when providing a basis for valuing a startup and finding a correct valuation for these companies.

Trends

Sharing economy

The sharing economy, also known as "collaborative consumption" or "on-demand economy", is based on the concept of sharing personal resources. This trend of sharing resources has made three of the top five largest unicorns (Uber, DiDi, and Airbnb) become the most valuable startups in the world. The economic trends of the 2010s powered consumers to learn to be more conservative with spending and the sharing economy reflected this.[38]

E-commerce

E-commerce and the innovation of the online marketplace have been slowly taking over the needs for physical locations of store brands. A prime example of this is the decline of malls within the United States, the sales of which declined from $87.46 billion in 2005 to $60.65 billion in 2015.[39] The emergence of e-commerce companies like Amazon and Alibaba (both unicorns before they went public) has decreased the need for physical locations to buy consumer goods. Many large corporations have seen this trend for a while and have tried to adapt to the e-commerce trend. Walmart in 2016 bought Jet.com, an American e-commerce company, for $3.3 billion to try to adapt to consumer preferences.[40]

Innovative business model

In support of the sharing economy, unicorns and successful startups have built an operating model defined as "network orchestrators".[41] In this business model, there is a network of peers creating value through interaction and sharing. Network orchestrators may sell products/services, collaborate, share reviews, and build relations through their businesses. Examples of network orchestrators include all sharing economy companies (i.e. Uber, Airbnb), companies that let consumers share information (i.e. TripAdvisor, Yelp), and peer-to-peer or business-to-person selling platforms (i.e. Amazon, Alibaba).

Other nicknames

Minicorn

Minicorn is a startup with a valuation that exceeds $1 million. These are startups post product-market fit and with substantial revenue growth.[42]

Soonicorn

Soonicorn is a startup that is growing quickly and has the potential to reach $1 billion valuation in the near future.[43][44][45]

Decacorn

Decacorn is a startup with a valuation above $10 billion.[46]

Hectocorn

Hectocorn is a rare term, typically used to describe startups with a valuation above $100 billion.[47]

Camel startups

Like "unicorn", "camel" is a term commonly used to describe startups .[48][49] The term refers to companies that can survive unfavourable conditions with minimal resource expenditure.[50][51][52][53]

Criticism

The categorization of startups as unicorns has not been without criticism. For example, an economic policy focus on enabling more unicorns, as the European Union is striving to do,[54] threatens to lose sight of other societally desirable forms of entrepreneurship.[55] Similarly, the definition of unicorns is characterized as only superficially precise. Additionally, a focus on unicorns runs the risk of causing increased unethical behavior among entrepreneurs (such as in the Theranos case).

2022 unicorn dismount

Many unicorns saw their valuations fall in 2022 as an result of an economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in interest rates causing the cost of borrowing to grow,[56] increased market volatility, stricter regulatory scrutiny & underperformance. As a result, many unicorns saw their valuations fall or were acquired by larger companies at lower prices than expected.

The pandemic had a significant impact on the global economy and many startups were negatively affected by the resulting slowdown in consumer spending and decreased investment. The increased volatility in financial markets made it more difficult for startups to raise capital and also caused a decrease in their valuation. With the rise of unicorns, regulators began to pay more attention to these companies, resulting in increased regulatory scrutiny and oversight. As a result, some unicorns faced legal and financial challenges, lowering their valuation. Intense competition, an ability to scale quickly, or mismanagement were common factors that caused unicorns to fail to meet investor expectations, resulting in a lowered valuation.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hirst, Scott; Kastiel, Kobi (2019-05-01). "Corporate Governance by Index Exclusion". Boston University Law Review 99 (3): 1229. https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/601. 
  2. ↑ Cristea, Ioana A.; Cahan, Eli M.; Ioannidis, John P. A. (April 2019). "Stealth research: Lack of peer‐reviewed evidence from healthcare unicorns" (in en). European Journal of Clinical Investigation 49 (4): e13072. doi:10.1111/eci.13072. ISSN 0014-2972. PMID 30690709. 
  3. ↑ Rodriguez, Salvador (September 3, 2015). "The Real Reason Everyone Calls Billion-Dollar Startups 'Unicorns'". IBT Media Inc. http://www.ibtimes.com/real-reason-everyone-calls-billion-dollar-startups-unicorns-2079596. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lee, Aileen (2013). "Welcome To The Unicorn Club: Learning From Billion-Dollar Startups". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/02/welcome-to-the-unicorn-club/. Retrieved 26 December 2015. "39 companies belong to what we call the 'Unicorn Club' (by our definition, U.S.-based software companies started since 2003 and valued at over $1 billion by public or private market investors)... about .07 percent of venture-backed consumer and enterprise software startups". 
  5. ↑ Griffith, Erin; Primack, Dan (2015). "The Age of Unicorns". Fortune. http://fortune.com/2015/01/22/the-age-of-unicorns/. Retrieved 26 December 2015. "Subtitle: The billion-dollar tech startup was supposed to be the stuff of myth. Now they seem to be... everywhere.". 
  6. ↑ Chohan, Usman (2016). "It's Hard to Hate a Unicorn, Until it Gores You". The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/its-hard-to-hate-a-unicorn-until-it-gores-you-54335. Retrieved 26 October 2016. 
  7. ↑ "The Complete List Of Unicorn Companies" (in en). CB Insights. https://www.cbinsights.com/research-unicorn-companies. 
  8. ↑ "What Is A Decacorn? The Era Of Decacorn Companies" (in en-US). 2019-01-25. https://fourweekmba.com/decacorn/. 
  9. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (2019-01-25). "Elon Musk's SpaceX hits $100 billion valuation after secondary share sale" (in en-US). CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/08/elon-musks-spacex-valuation-100-billion.html. 
  10. ↑ Fan, Jennifer S. (March 2016). "Regulating Unicorns: Disclosure and the New Private Economy". BCL Rev. 57 (2): 583, note 1. https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol57/iss2/5/. 
  11. ↑ "How Unicorns Grow". Harvard Business Review: 28–30. January–February 2016. https://hbr.org/2016/01/how-unicorns-grow. Retrieved 2017-03-30. 
  12. ↑ Sumagaysay, Levi (October 9, 2018). "Venture capital: Bay Area's Lucid Motors, Zoox, Uber scored the most in third quarter". The Mercury News. San Jose, Calif.. https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/10/09/venture-capital-bay-areas-lucid-motors-zoox-uber-scored-the-most-in-third-quarter/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The Global Unicorn Club" (in en). CB Insights. https://www.cbinsights.com/research-unicorn-companies. 
  14. ↑ Mathur, Priyamvada (January 6, 2022). "The meteoric rise of US unicorns in 2021". https://pitchbook.com/news/articles/us-unicorns-2021-venture-capital-valuations. 
  15. ↑ "The Complete List Of Unicorn Companies" (in en). CB Insights. https://www.cbinsights.com/research-unicorn-companies. 
  16. ↑ Hackford, Heidi (January 11, 2019). "BLITZSCALING: HOW SILICON VALLEY LEARNED TO GROW". https://computerhistory.org/blog/blitzscaling-how-silicon-valley-learned-to-grow/. 
  17. ↑ Sterman, J. D., Henderson, R., Beinhocker, E. D., & Newman, L. I. (2007). Getting big too fast: Strategic dynamics with increasing returns and bounded rationality. Management Science, 53(4), 683-696.
  18. ↑ Porter, Michael E. (March 2001). "Strategy and the Internet". Harvard Business Review 79 (3): 62–78, 164. PMID 11246925. https://hbr.org/2001/03/strategy-and-the-internet/. Retrieved 2022-07-03. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Howe, Neil. "What's Feeding The Growth Of The Billion-Dollar 'Unicorn' Startups?". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/neilhowe/2015/03/18/whats-feeding-the-growth-of-the-billion-dollar-unicorn-startups/#5549f1182654. 
  20. ↑ "To fly, to fall, to fly again". The Economist. 2015-07-25. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21659722-tech-boom-may-get-bumpy-it-will-not-end-repeat-dotcom-crash-fly. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Grow fast or die slow: Why unicorns are staying private" (in en). http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/grow-fast-or-die-slow-why-unicorns-are-staying-private. 
  22. ↑ Demos, Telis; Driebusch, Corrie (2015-11-19). "Square's $9-a-Share Price Deals Blow to IPO Market". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/square-ipo-prices-at-9-a-share-below-11-to-13-range-1447893733. 
  23. ↑ Balakrishnan, Anita (2016-12-16). "Trivago IPO opens at $11.20 after pricing at $11, below its expected range". https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/16/trivago-ipo-opens-at-1120-after-pricing-at-11-below-its-expected-range.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "Valuing high-tech companies" (in en). http://www.mckinsey.com/business%20functions/strategy-andcorporate-finance/our-insights/valuing-high-tech-companies. 
  25. ↑ "Unilever Buys Dollar Shave Club for $1 Billion". http://fortune.com/2016/07/19/unilever-buys-dollar-shave-club-for-1-billion/. 
  26. ↑ Raice, Shayndi; Ante, Spencer E. (2012-04-10). "Insta-Rich: $1 Billion for Instagram". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303815404577333840377381670. 
  27. ↑ Winkler, Rolfe (2015). "Bill Gurley Sees Silicon Valley on a Dangerous Path". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/bill-gurley-sees-silicon-valley-on-a-dangerous-path-1445911333. "Subtitle: Subtitle: Venture capitalist says companies hurt themselves by trying to delay going public" 
  28. ↑ Blodget, Henry (2008). "Tech: How To Survive Great Depression 2.0 Without Firing Everyone". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/2008/10/benchmark-s-bill-gurley-how-to-survive-depression-without-canning-everyone?op=1. Retrieved 26 December 2015. "It seems every serious venture capital firm has now had a chat with its portfolio companies about how it[']s time to fire people... VC-extraordinaire Bill Gurley's Benchmark has had the same chat with its companies, but Bill tells peHUB that there's actually an alternative to canning half your company: Move to San Jose". 
  29. ↑ Griffith, Erin (2015). "Bill Gurley Predicts 'Dead Unicorns' in Startup-Land this Year". Fortune. http://fortune.com/2015/03/15/bill-gurley-predicts-dead-unicorns-in-startup-land-this-year/. Retrieved 26 December 2015. "Subtitle: A crash would affect more than just startups. ... Bill Gurley, the prominent investor behind Uber and Snapchat, has been sounding the tech bubble alarm for months now. He's preached about the dangerous appetite for risk in the market, the alarmingly high burn rates and the excess of capital sloshing around in Silicon Valley. “There is no fear in Silicon Valley right now,” he said. “A complete absence of fear.” He added that more people are employed by money-losing companies in Silicon Valley than ever before. Will there be a crash? “I do think you’ll see some dead unicorns this year,” he said, using the term used to describe startups with valuations higher than $1 billion.". 
  30. ↑ Rob Price (2018). "Legendary investor Bill Gurley says that there's a 'systematic problem in Silicon Valley' because it's too easy to get cash". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/bill-gurley-interest-rates-corporate-governance-problem-silicon-valley-2018-2?IR=T. Retrieved 12 March 2018. "There's so much easy money in the tech industry, entrepreneurs can afford not to be accountable to their investors. That "excessive amount of money," he says, can inflate a startup's valuation—even if they don't deserve it.". 
  31. ↑ Reuters (01 December 2015). Fidelity star Danoff grows cautious about unicorn phenomenon, CNBC.com, accessed 31 Jan 2020
  32. ↑ Gornall and Strebulaev (2018). "Squaring Venture Capital Valuations with Reality". Stanford University Working Paper. "We develop a valuation model for venture capital-backed companies and apply it to 135 U.S. unicorns—private companies with reported valuations above $1 billion. We value unicorns using financial terms from legal filings and find reported unicorn post-money valuations average 48% above fair value, with 13 being more than 100% above.". 
  33. ↑ Sorkin, Andrew (2017). "How Valuable Is a Unicorn? Maybe Not as Much as It Claims to Be". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/16/business/how-valuable-is-a-unicorn-maybe-not-as-much-as-it-claims-to-be.html. Retrieved 11 March 2018. "The average unicorn is worth half the headline price tag that is put out after each new valuation.". 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 MacMillan, I. C., Siegel, R., & Narasimha, P. S. (1985). Criteria used by venture capitalists to evaluate new venture proposals. Journal of Business venturing, 1(1), 119-128.
  35. ↑ Zhuo, Tx (2016-03-07). "5 Strategies to Effectively Determine Your Market Size" (in en). Entrepreneur. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/270853. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Market Sizing: Is There A Market Size Formula? | B2B International" (in en-US). B2B International. https://www.b2binternational.com/publications/market-size-techniques/. 
  37. ↑ "Valuation methods | Venture Valuation" (in en). http://www.venturevaluation.com/en/methodology/valuation-methods. 
  38. ↑ Newlands, Murray (July 17, 2015). "The Sharing Economy: Why it Works and How to Join". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mnewlands/2015/07/17/the-sharing-economy-why-it-works-and-how-to-join/#441c1bfe58e1. 
  39. ↑ Ho, Ky Trang. "How To Profit From The Death Of Malls In America". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/trangho/2016/12/04/how-to-profit-from-the-death-of-malls-in-america/#6a5bfbd261cf. 
  40. ↑ Nassauer, Sarah (2016-08-08). "Wal-Mart to Acquire Jet.com for $3.3 Billion in Cash, Stock". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/wal-mart-to-acquire-jet-com-for-3-3-billion-in-cash-stock-1470659763. 
  41. ↑ "Rise of the Unicorns" (in en-US). Zinnov Thoughts. 2015-08-27. http://zinnov.com/blog/rise-of-the-unicorns/. 
  42. ↑ "Minicorns to Hectocorns: the Stages of Startup". 2023-03-30. https://itel.com.sg/minicorns-to-hectocorns-the-stages-of-startup/. 
  43. ↑ Nayyar, Trisha (2023-07-28). "Here’s Everything You Need To Know About A Soonicorn". https://inc42.com/glossary/soonincorn/. 
  44. ↑ "Definition of Soonicorn". 2024-01-06. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/submission/23595/soonicorn. 
  45. ↑ "The 2022 European Unicorn & Soonicorn Report". https://europeanunicornmap.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/The-2022-European-Unicorn-Soonicorn-Report-by-i5invest-i5growth-v1.2.pdf. 
  46. ↑ "Startup Valuations: What are Minicorns, Soonicorns, Unicorns, Decacorns, and Hectocorns". 2023-03-14. https://technews180.com/what-are-minicorns-soonicorns-unicorns-decacorns-and-hectocorns/. 
  47. ↑ Kothari, Maitry (2023-09-26). "Apart from unicorn, what are the different ‘corns’ of the startup world?". https://www.dnaindia.com/explainer/report-apart-from-unicorn-what-are-the-different-corns-of-the-startup-world-minicorn-soonicorn-decacorn-hectocorn-3062102. 
  48. ↑ Lazarow, Alex (2020-04-07). "Forget Unicorns. Startups Should Be Camels.". https://www.entrepreneur.com/growing-a-business/forget-unicorns-startups-should-be-camels/347659. 
  49. ↑ Lazarow, Alex (2020-10-16). "Startups, It’s Time to Think Like Camels". https://hbr.org/2020/10/startups-its-time-to-think-like-camels-not-unicorns. 
  50. ↑ "Unicorns är ute – nu letar riskkapitalet efter kameler" (in sv). 2023-09-29. https://www.realtid.se/startupexperten-unicorns-ar-ute-nu-letar-riskkapitalet-efter-kameler/. 
  51. ↑ "Build a Camel Startup". 2023-10-02. https://dmz.torontomu.ca/camel/. 
  52. ↑ Shamia, Gadi (2022-11-08). "Startups Should Forget Aspiring To Be Unicorns—Be Camels Instead". https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/11/08/startups-should-forget-aspiring-to-be-unicorns-be-camels-instead/?sh=53587e742057. 
  53. ↑ Snobar, Abdullah (2023-02-21). "Council Post: 2023 Is The Year Of Camel Startups". https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2023/02/21/2023-is-the-year-of-camel-startups/. 
  54. ↑ "2030 Digital Compass: the European Way for the Digital Decade" (in en). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:12e835e2-81af-11eb-9ac9-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF. 
  55. ↑ Kuckertz, Andreas; Scheu, Maximilian; Davidsson, Per (2023). "Chasing mythical creatures – A (not-so-sympathetic) critique of entrepreneurship's obsession with unicorn startups". Journal of Business Venturing Insights 19 (Article e00365): e00365. doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00365. 
  56. ↑ Streitfeld, David (2023-01-23). "For Tech Companies, Years of Easy Money Yield to Hard Times" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/technology/tech-interest-rates-layoffs.html. 

External links




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