History:2020s in history

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Short description: Overview of politics-related events during the 2020s


2020s in history refers to significant political and societal historical events of the 2020s, presented as a historical overview in narrative format.

Chronological

2020

COVID-19 pandemic

Confirmed deaths per 100,000 population as of 20 December 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered global social and economic disruption, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression.[1] It led to the postponement or cancellation of events, widespread supply shortages exacerbated by panic buying, famines affecting hundreds of millions of people, and decreased emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases. Educational institutions were partially or fully closed. Misinformation circulated through social media and mass media. There were incidents of xenophobia and discrimination against Chinese people and against those perceived as being Chinese or as being from areas with high infection rates.[2]

Countries with at least one election date altered

The pandemic impacted international relations and affected the political systems of multiple countries, causing suspensions of legislative activities, isolation or deaths of multiple politicians and reschedulings of elections due to fears of spreading the virus. The pandemic also triggered broader debates about political issues such as the relative advantages of democracy and autocracy,[3][4] how states respond to crises,[5] politicization of beliefs about the virus,[6] and the adequacy of existing frameworks of international cooperation.[7]

Second Cold War

On May 24, 2020, China Foreign Minister Wang Yi said that relations with the U.S. were on the "brink of a new Cold War" after it was fuelled by tensions over the COVID-19 pandemic.[8] In his September 2021 speech to the United Nations General Assembly, US President Joe Biden said that the US is "not seeking a new Cold War or a world divided into rigid blocs." Biden further said that the US would cooperate "with any nation that steps up and pursues peaceful resolution to shared challenges," despite "intense disagreement in other areas, because we'll all suffer the consequences of our failure."[9][10]

By topic

International conflict

Nuclear disarmament

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which totally bans nuclear weapons, went into effect on January 22, 2021. The treaty is not supported by NATO or any known nuclear powers.[11]

Indian border skirmishes

This section is an excerpt from 2020–2022 China–India skirmishes[ edit ]

Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan

Batken Region in Kyrgyzstan.

On 28 April, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan forces on the Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border near Kök-Tash, Leilek, started the clashes, resulting in four deaths and dozens of injuries.[12] The following day clashes resumed, with at least 41 people killed from both sides and roughly 10,000 people evacuated.[13] The same day the foreign ministers of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan agreed to a ceasefire at the border.[14] On 30 April, Tajikistan acknowledged the ceasefire in a statement published by its state information service.[15]

Nagorno-Karabakh

The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war took place in the Nagorno-Karabakh region between the Republic of Artsakh backed by Armenia and Azerbaijan from September 2020 to November 2020. It is the latest escalation of the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. A peace treaty was signed between Armenia, Azerbaijan, Artsakh, and Russia , ending hostilities on 10 November 2020. Widespread protests in Armenia followed the treaty while it was celebrated in Azerbaijan. Since the end of the 2020 War, Azerbaijan regularly violated the November ceasefire agreement, provoking cross-border fights with Armenia.[16][17] The largest escalation occurred in September 2022, when Azerbaijan launched the largest attack on the Republic of Armenia in the history of the conflict between the two countries.[18][19][20][21] Casualties were reported on both sides.[22] Between 19 and 20 September 2023, Azerbaijan initiated a military offensive against the self-declared breakaway state of Artsakh. The offensive took place in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is internationally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan, but populated by Armenians.[23][24][25][26] The attacks occurred in the midst of an escalating crisis caused by Azerbaijan blockading the Republic of Artsakh, which has resulted in significant scarcities of essential supplies such as food, medicine, and other goods in the affected region.[27]

Persian Gulf

The 2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis has led to the attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad during the start of the decade, the subsequent assassination of Qasem Soleimani by the United States days later, the Iranian attack on U.S. forces in Iraq in revenge, as well as the accidental shootdown of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 by Iran soon after.

Syrian civil war

The 2019–2020 northwestern Syria offensive, codenamed was a military operation launched by the armed forces of the Syrian Arab Republic, Russia , Iran, Hezbollah and other allied militias against Syrian opposition and allied fighters of the Syrian National Army, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, Rouse the Believers Operations Room, the Turkistan Islamic Party, and other rebel and Salafi jihadist[28] forces.[29][30]

By February 2020, pro-government forces had encircled several Turkish observation posts that had been established throughout Idlib.[31][32] On 27 February, after intermittent deadly clashes between Turkish and Syrian forces, Turkey formally intervened in the offensive and announced the beginning of Operation Spring Shield with the aim of pushing Syrian government forces back to pre-offensive frontlines.[33]

Operation Spring Shield (Turkish: Bahar Kalkanı Harekâtı) was a cross-border military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) against the Syrian Armed Forces and allied militias in the Idlib Governorate of northwestern Syria,[34] which began on 27 February 2020 in response to the Balyun airstrikes.[35][36] Turkish National Defense Minister Hulusi Akar said that the purpose of the operation had been within the framework of the Astana talks, to ensure a ceasefire agreement in the Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone and to prevent migration from Idlib towards the Turkish border. On 5 March, Turkey and Russia signed a ceasefire agreement in Moscow.[37]

A series of airstrikes were carried out by the Israeli Air Force on multiple Iranian-linked targets in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate of Syria on 13 January 2021.[38] More airstrikes were launched the following February. Later that same month, the United States military carried out an airstrike on a site which it believed to have been occupied by Iranian-backed Iraqi militias operating from across the border in eastern Syria.[39][40][41] The US-led coalition continued to hit targets in Syria, as part of what it described as a war against ISIS.[42]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

This section is an excerpt from 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[ edit ]

History by region

Africa

Asia

Europe

The European Union reduced in member states from 28 to 27 with the exit of the United Kingdom on January 31, 2020. The response to the COVID-19 pandemic caused a rift between Northern and Southern European member states over spending, with the former demanding more stringent measures to curb overspending, while the latter argued for more financial support in order to overcome the crisis.[43] A key issue of contention was the issuing of so-called corona bonds. After a historic debt-sharing deal for economic stimulus was agreed to by the remaining countries, Hungary and Poland threatened to veto both it and the EU's budget unless a clause demanding the upholding of the rule of law by member states was dropped.[44] A compromise was reached to pass the deal, which involved delaying the implementation of the clause.[45]

Americas

The pink tide showed signs of resurging following a series of violent protests against austerity measures and income inequality scattered throughout Latin America, including the 2019-2020 Chilean protests, 2019–2020 Colombian protests, 2018–19 Haitian protests, and the 2021 Colombian protests.[46][47] This development was strengthened by the landslide victory of left-wing MAS and its presidential candidate Luis Arce in Bolivia in the 2020 Bolivian general election.[48] The trend continued throughout 2021, when multiple left wing leaders won elections in Latin America. In the 2021 Peruvian general election, Peru elected the indigenous, socialist union leader Pedro Castillo. In November 2021, Honduras elected leftist president Xiomara Castro,[49] and just weeks later, left-winger Gabriel Boric won the 2021 Chilean election.[50]

Argentina

In 2021, at the request of Bolivia, Argentine prosecutors filed charges against former president Mauricio Macri, security minister Patricia Bullrich, defense minister Oscar Aguad and former Argentine ambassador to Bolivia Normando Álvarez García for allegedly supporting the removal of Evo Morales from power in November 2019.[51] The Argentine government of that time was also accused of sending ammunition and weaponry to help the government of interim president Jeanine Áñez suppress protests organized by Morales's supporters.[51]

Barbados

The government of Barbados announced in September 2020 that it would transition to a republic during the next year. In 2021, an indirect presidential election was held to choose the first ever President of Barbados. The outgoing Governor-General of Barbados, Dame Sandra Mason, was the only candidate nominated; Mason was sworn in on 30 November, the 55th anniversary of Barbadian independence from the United Kingdom .[52]

Brazil

On March 30, 2021, the commanders of all three branches of the Brazilian Armed Forces – General Edson Leal Pujol (Army), Admiral Ilques Barbosa Junior (Navy), and Brigadier Antonio Carlos Moretti Bermudez (Brazilian Air Force ) – announced their intention to resign from their posts. The collective resignation announcement came less than a day after the dismissal of former Defence Minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva and was allegedly a move to signal the Armed Forces' opposition to any military interference in politics.

The 2021 Brazilian protests were popular demonstrations that took place in different regions of Brazil , in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Protests both supporting and opposing government happened.[53] It was also the first time when sectors linked to the two antagonistic sides, such as the left and the right, began to protest against the government over a common goal, holding caravans on January 23 and 24, 2021.[54]

On 8 January 2023, following the victory of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in the Brazilian general elections of October 2022, supporters of the previous president, Jair Bolsonaro, attacked the Supreme Court of Brazil, the National Congress of Brazil and the Planalto Presidential Palace in the Três Poderes Plaza in the capital, Brasília. Senator Veneziano Vital do Rêgo, interim president of the Federal Senate, confirmed that rioters had breached the Chamber of Deputies' Green Hall and attempted to enter the Planalto Palace. Lula was not in Brasília at the time of the attack,[55][56][57] and neither was Bolsonaro, who left Brazil for Orlando, United States, before Lula's inauguration.[58]

Canada

In May and June 2021, the remains of hundreds of Indigenous people, including hundreds of children, were discovered near the former sites of four Canadian Indian residential schools in the provinces of Manitoba, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. In July, Inuk leader Mary Simon was appointed to be the 30th Governor General of Canada, the first Indigenous person to assume this role. Simon succeeded Chief Justice Richard Wagner, who had been acting as Administrator since the resignation of former Governor General Julie Payette in January.[59]

Chile

The 2019–2022 Chilean protests were a series of massive demonstrations and severe riots originated in Santiago and spread to all regions of Chile. The protests have been considered the "worst civil unrest" having occurred in Chile since the end of Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship due to the scale of damage to public infrastructure, the number of protesters, and the measures taken by the government.[60] On 25 October 2019, over 1.2 million people took to the streets of Santiago to protest against social inequality, demanding President Piñera's resignation, in what was called as "The biggest march of Chile."[61][62] At least 29 people died,[63] and nearly 2,500 were injured and 2,840 arrested.[62][64]

On 15 November 2019, Chile's National Congress signed an agreement to hold a national referendum that would rewrite the constitution if it were to be approved.[citation needed] The referendum was rescheduled from April to October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile.[citation needed] On 25 October 2020, Chileans voted 78.28 per cent in favor of a new constitution, while 21.72 per cent rejected the change. Voter turnout was 51 per cent. On 16 May 2021, the election of the 155 Chileans who will form the convention which will draft the new constitution was voted.[65][66] On 21 December 2021, former students leader and constitutional agreement negotiator, 35-year old leftist Gabriel Boric, was elected president of Chile in the 2021 Chilean presidential election with 55,86% of the vote.[67]

Colombia

The 2019–20 Colombian protests were a collection of protests that began on 21 November 2019. Hundreds of thousands of Colombians demonstrated for various reasons. Some protested against various proposed economic and political reforms proposed by the government of Iván Duque Márquez, others against the few violent protestors and in favor of the Colombian peace process, and other issues.[68] Another series of protests began in Colombia on 28 April 2021 against increased taxes and health care reform proposed by the government of President Márquez.

After the presidential elections on 29 May 2022, with a runoff on 19 June 2022, Gustavo Petro, a senator and former Mayor of Bogota, defeated Rodolfo Hernández Suárez, former Mayor of Bucaramanga, in the runoff election.[69] Petro's victory made him the first left-wing candidate to be elected president of Colombia.[70][71] Petro, a former AD/M-19 member, was chosen as a candidate of the Historic Pact for Colombia alliance. Petro's left-wing platform encompassed support for land reform, universal health care, continuing the Colombian peace process, and expanding social services.[72][73]

Cuba

At the 8th Congress of the Communist Party, Raúl Castro officially resigned as the First Secretary, the most powerful position in Cuba.[74] Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel was officially named First Secretary of the Communist Party following the resignation of Raúl Castro. He is the first person not of the Castro family to hold the position since the 1959 Cuban revolution.[75]

A series of protests against the Cuban government and the ruling Communist Party of Cuba began on 11 July 2021, triggered by the shortage of food and medicine and the government's response to the resurgent COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba.[76][77] The protests have been described as the largest anti-government demonstrations since the Maleconazo in 1994.[78]

Dominican Republic

In March 2020, massive protests occurred in the Dominican Republic, due to announced postponement of national elections.[79]

Ecuador

On 7 April 2020, The Criminal Court of the National Court of Justice found the former president Rafael Correa guilty of aggravated passive bribery in 2012–2016. He was sentenced to 8 years in prison in absentia for leading the corruption network that between 2012 and 2016 received "undue contributions" at to finance his political movement in exchange for awarding state contracts to businessmen along with Alexis Mera, former Judiciary Secretary of the Presidency, former Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, María de los Angeles Duarte, former congresswoman Viviana Bonilla and former Constitutional Judge and his secretary Pamela Martínez.[80][81][82]

A series of protests against the economic policies of Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso, triggered by increasing fuel and food prices, began on 13 June 2022. Initiated by and primarily attended by Indigenous activists, in particular the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE), the protests were joined by students and workers who have also been affected by the price increases. Lasso condemned the protests and labelled them as an attempted "coup d'état" against his government.[83]

A political crisis began in Ecuador on 17 May 2023 as a result of the impeachment trial against President Guillermo Lasso. The impeachment inquiry began in the National Assembly on 9 May and lasted until 17 May when Lasso dissolved parliament through the constitutional provision known as muerte cruzada ("mutual death"). This triggered the end of the impeachment inquiry as it dissolved the National Assembly and caused an earlier general election. This was the first time an Ecuadorian president had used this constitutional measure.[84]

El Salvador

in the 2020 Salvadoran political crisis on 9 February 2020, the Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele ordered 1,400 Salvadoran soldiers from the Salvadoran Army to enter the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador to coerce the approval of a loan request of 109 million dollars from the United States for Bukele's security plan for El Salvador.[85] After winning a majority in the 2021 Salvadoran legislative election, President Bukele's party Nuevas Ideas voted to sack the country's Attorney General and the five judges of the Constitutional Court.[86]

Guatemala

Alejandro Giammattei became the new president in 2020. Later in the year, the 2020 Guatemalan protests breakout in response to COVID-19 pandemic and Hurricanes Eta and Iota.

Haiti

The 2021 Haitian protests were a mass protest movement consisting of popular movement and opposition mass street demonstrations and violent protest marches across Haiti that began on 14 January in protest at president Jovenel Moïse's plan to run for one more year in power. The protests and civil unrest that paralysed Haiti hit hard. Since the 14 January protest, hundreds of thousands took part in weekly protests calling for the government to resign.[87][88][89]

President Moïse said he foiled a coup attempt to kill him and overthrow the government in February 2021; at least 23 people were arrested.[90] He was assassinated on 7 July 2021 at 1 a.m. EDT (00) when a group of 28 gunmen stormed his residence and opened fire.[91] First Lady Martine Moïse was also shot multiple times in the attack. Joseph Lambert, the President of the Senate, was nominated as provisional President of Haiti by a group of senators, potentially succeeding Jovenel Moïse.[92] Following the assassination, Ariel Henry assumed the office of acting prime minister on 20 July.

In September 2022, Henry announced that the government would be ending fuel subsidies and that the price of petroleum products would be increasing; this led to protests, including a demonstration in Port-au-Prince that escalated to a riot days later.[93] In response to the government, a federation of over a dozen gangs blockaded the country's largest fuel terminal.[94][95] This blockade and the surrounding unrest has led to the temporary closure of foreign embassies in Haiti, as well as resource shortages, hospital service reductions, school closures, and workers being unable to commute to work.[96]

On 11 October 2022, Henry and his cabinet requested the deployment of foreign troops to oppose the gangs and anti-government demonstrations in Port-au-Prince.[97][98] On 15 October, the United States and Mexico sent armored vehicles and military equipment to aid the Haitian government.[99] On 21 October, the UN Security Council voted unanimously to approve sanctions on Haiti, namely an asset freeze, travel ban and arms embargo aimed at the country's armed gangs.[100][101]

Honduras

In 2021, a former cartel leader testified in a New York City court that he had bribed President Juan Orlando Hernández with 250,000 US dollars to prevent extradition to the United States.[102] His brother Tony Hernández was sentenced to life in prison on allegations of drug trafficking, with court documents claiming that the two had conspired to engage in "state-sponsored drug trafficking".[103]

The leftist Xiomara Castro became in 2021 the country's first female president, as well as the first president not to be a member of either the Liberal Party or the National Party since democracy was restored in 1982.[104]

Mexico

As the Fourth Transformation enters its second year, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) faces challenges involving social violence (particularly drug-related and other killings),[105] corruption, major infrastructure development, universal health care,[106] and decentralization of the government.[107][108] At a news conference on January 15, 2020, journalist Jorge Ramos pointed that during AMLO's first year as president, there were more homicides than under his predecessors; Ramos asked if a change in strategy and/or personal were required. The president assured him that we would see results by December.[109]

Following several notorious cases of femicide, violence against women emerges as a priority concern. Hundreds of thousands march on March 8[110] and millions of women strike on March 9, 2020.[111]

Nicaragua

In May 2021, Nicaragua's Supreme Electoral Council revoked the legal status of opposition party the Democratic Restoration Party (PRD).[112] The same week, the Ortega government opened an investigation into Cristiana Chamorro, alleging money laundering,[113] which threatened to disqualify her candidacy as people under investigation are barred from running.[112] The same day, the police also raided the news offices of her brother Carlos's media channel, Confidencial.[112] On 5 June, the Ortega administration arrested Arturo Cruz.[114] On 8 June, the government arrested Félix Maradiaga, a leader of the Blue and White National Unity (UNAB) opposition group.[115] Later the same day they arrested economist Juan Sebastián Chamorro, the fourth pre-candidate to be detained.[116] On 20 June, the government arrested Miguel Mora, a pre-candidate affiliated with the PRD until the government revoked its charter.[117] Peasant leader Medardo Mairena was also arrested on the night of 5 July 2021,[118] On 9 July, law professor and Civic Alliance attorney María Asunción Moreno announced her intention to register as a pre-candidate with the CxL.[119] The following day, she received a summons from the government,[119] and, following information that she would be arrested, went into hiding and later into exile.[120] On 12 July, Luis Fley confirmed he had gone into exile in response to "threats from the dictatorship to arrest me".[121] Later on 24 July, the government announced the investigation and then the arrest of ACxL conservative pre-candidate Noel Vidaurre,[122] Most of those already arrested are accused of violations of Law 1055, "performing acts that undermine independence, sovereignty, and self-determination".[123]

On 15 June, the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States put out a statement saying it "unequivocally condemns the arrest, harassment and arbitrary restriction imposed on potential presidential candidates, political parties and independent media outlets" and called for "the immediate release of potential candidates and all political prisoners."[124] A large majority of member states (26) endorsed the statement;[124] Following Mora's arrest, Mexico and Argentina jointly recalled their ambassadors from Nicaragua for consultation, citing "the worrying political-legal actions carried out by the Nicaraguan government in recent days that have put at risk the integrity and freedom of various opposition figures (including presidential candidates), Nicaraguan activists and businessmen".[125]

United States

The impeachment trial of Donald Trump found him not guilty in February 2020. The 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries ended up supporting moderate Joe Biden (former Vice President to Barack Obama) as the party's nominee, over more progressive choices such as Bernie Sanders or Elizabeth Warren. The presidential campaign was dominated by the issues of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic fallout. A month before the election, Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg died unexpectedly, leading to the nomination and confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett as her replacement by the sitting President Trump and the Republican-held Senate. The election ended with Biden winning. Trump made numerous false allegations of election fraud and attempted to overturn the election results, but this failed.

George Floyd protests

The George Floyd protests are an ongoing series of protests, lootings, riots, and demonstrations against police brutality and racism in policing. The protests began in the United States in Minneapolis on May 26, 2020,[126] after George Floyd, a 46-year-old black man, was murdered by Derek Chauvin, a white police officer. Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck for almost nine minutes during an arrest the previous day.[127]

The unrest began as local protests in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota before quickly spreading across the entire nation as well as George Floyd protests outside the United States in support of Black Lives Matter. While the majority of protests have been peaceful,[128] demonstrations in some cities descended into riots and widespread looting,[129][130] with some being marked by street skirmishes and strong police reaction, notably against some peaceful protesters and members of the media.[131] At least 200 cities imposed curfews by 3 June, while at least 27 states and Washington, D.C, activated over 74,000 National Guard personnel due to the mass unrest.[132][133][134] From the beginning of the protests to June 3, at least 11,000 people had been arrested,[135] including all four police officers who were present while Floyd was murdered.[136]

2020 elections and aftermath
This section is an excerpt from Attempt to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election[ edit ]

Peru

During the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, President Vizcarra instituted stay-at-home orders and issued relief funds, but existing inequality, overcrowding and a largely informal economy saw Peru being heavily affected by the pandemic. As a result, Peru's gross domestic product declined thirty percent, increasing political pressure on Vizcarra's government. In September 2020, Congress opened impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra on grounds of "moral incapacity", accusing him of influence peddling after audio recordings were released by an opposition legislator, but the process did not receive enough votes to remove him from office.

On 9 November 2020, the Peruvian Congress impeached Vizcarra a second time, after declaring him "morally incompetent"; he was removed from office.[137] The President of Congress, Manuel Merino, succeeded him as President of Peru the following day.[138] Vizcarra's removal from office was seen as a coup by many Peruvians,[139] political analysts[140] and media outlets in the country,[141][142][143][144][145] resulting in the beginning of the 2020 Peruvian protests. Following the deaths of protesters, Merino resigned after only five days.[146] The new president chosen by the legislature was Francisco Sagasti, a former World Bank official characterised as a "centrist technocrat".[147]

After the 2021 Peruvian general election won by Pedro Castillo, the candidate of the Marxist Free Peru party, runner-up Keiko Fujimori disseminated claims of electoral fraud.[148][149] Observers from the Inter-American Union of Electoral Organizations, the Organization of American States, and the Progressive International denied any instances of widespread fraud and praised the accuracy of the elections.[150][151] A letter signed by almost one-hundred retired officers of the Peruvian armed forces was written calling on current military leaders in Peru to refuse recognizing the election of Castillo into the presidency.[152] President Francisco Sagasti condemned the letter, stating: "They want to incite top commanders of the Army, Navy, and Air force to break the rule of law."[152]

Since taking office, Castillo distanced himself from Free Peru, adopted more moderate left-wing cabinets and was later described as holding conservative or right-wing political positions. Going through four cabinets in a little over six months and his choice of appointing close acquaintances as officials led to his government facing the most unstable beginning in more than twenty years, with questions arising about his apparent inexperience for office. Following failed impeachment proceeding in December 2021 and March 2022, a transportation union leader who previously cooperated with politicians and businessmen to destabilize Castillo's government helped organize a general strike that expanded into the 2022 Peruvian protests.

On 7 December 2022, President of Peru Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve Congress in the face of imminent impeachment proceedings by the legislative body because of profiting off of government contracts, immediately enacting a curfew, establishing an emergency government and calling for a constituent assembly.[153][154] The act was recognized by politicians, the Constitutional Court of Peru and media as a coup d'état, with some comparing it to the autogolpe of Alberto Fujimori during the 1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état.[155][156][157] Numerous members of Castillo's government resigned from their positions shortly after he announced the dissolution of Congress, and the Peruvian Armed Forces also refused to support his actions.[157][158]

Venezuela

The Crisis in Venezuela and its presidential crisis continued in 2020.

On 5 January, the 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election was disputed between Luis Parra and opposition leader Juan Guaidó.[159] On 19 January, Guaidó left Venezuela and arrived in Colombia, planning to meet with Mike Pompeo, as well as traveling to Europe and the United States later.[160]

On 26 March, the Department of State declared a $15 million bounty on Nicolás Maduro, as well as $10 million each on Diosdado Cabello, Hugo Carvajal, Clíver Alcalá Cordones and Tareck El Aissami, for charges of drug trafficking and narco-terrorism.[161] Following this, Clíver Alcalá, a former general residing in Colombia, published a video claiming responsibility for a stockpile of weapons and military equipment seized in Colombia.[162] According to Alcalá, he had made a contract with Guaidó and "American advisers" in order to buy weapons to remove Maduro.[162] Alcalá did not present any evidence[162] and Guaidó rejected the allegations.[163] After wishing farewell to his family, Alcalá surrendered to US authorities on 27 March.[164]

On 3 May, eight former Venezuelan soldiers were killed and seventeen rebels were captured on 3 May, including two American security contractors, after approximately 60 men landed in Macuto and tried to invade Venezuela. The members of the naval attack force were employed as private military contractors by Silvercorp USA and the operation aimed to depose Maduro from power.[165]

Oceania

Australia

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Cabinet was established while Australia received praise during 2020 for being one of the few Western countries to successfully suppress the virus,[166] though the slow pace of the COVID-19 vaccination rollout was criticized.[167] In 2021, the country joined the AUKUS security pact amid increased tensions between Australia and China[168] The Morrison government was defeated at the 2022 Australian federal election, with Scott Morrison subsequently announcing he would resign as the leader of the Liberal Party.[169]

Kiribati

A constitutional crisis began in Kiribati when the Cabinet of Kiribati suspended two of its Court Justices. High Court Judge David Lambourne was suspended in May 2022 while Chief Justice Bill Hastings was suspended on 30 June 2022, both over allegations of misconduct.[170][171] A court ruling overturned the suspension and subsequent deportation of Lambourne. In response, the government suspended all judges from the Kiribati Court of Appeal on 6 September 2022.[172]

New Zealand

In the 2020 New Zealand general election, the governing Labour Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern won the election in a landslide victory against the National Party, led by Judith Collins.[173] It was the first time a New Zealand political party has secured a majority government under the mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) system introduced in 1996.[174] Labour also achieved the highest percentage of the popular vote (49.1%) for any political party since the 1951 general election (where the then-National Party won 54.0% of the popular vote). Labour also achieved its third-highest ever percentage of the popular vote (49.1%) in its political history, surpassed only by its previous general election victories of 1938 (55.8%) and 1946 (51.3%).[citation needed] Conversely in this election, the National Party obtained the second-lowest ever percentage of the popular vote (26.79%) in its history, second only to the lowest percentage obtained in 2002 (20.93%).[citation needed]

Samoa

A constitutional crisis began in Samoa on 22 May 2021 when the O le Ao o le Malo (Head of State) Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II issued a proclamation purporting to prevent the Legislative Assembly of Samoa from meeting in the wake of the 2021 Samoan general election.[175] Court rulings had upheld the election results, giving a parliamentary majority to the Faʻatuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi (FAST) party, led by Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa. On 24 May 2021, a makeshift ceremony was held outside of Parliament to swear in Mataʻafa as prime minister. On 23 July the Court of Appeal declared that the ceremony was binding and that FAST had been the government since that date.[176][177]

Solomon Islands

The 2021 Solomon Islands unrest was a series of demonstrations and violent riots in the Solomon Islands, which began on 24 November 2021. Australia responded to the unrest by deploying Australian Federal Police and Australian Defence Force personnel following a request from the Sogavare government under the Australia-Solomon Islands Bilateral Security Treaty.[178]

See also

See also

Notes

References

  1. ↑ "The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression". 14 April 2020. https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-the-great-depression/. 
  2. ↑ Lee, Jennifer; Yadav, Monika. "The Rise of Anti-Asian Hate in the Wake of Covid-19". https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/the-rise-of-anti-asian-hate-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/. 
  3. ↑ Ang, Yuen Yuen (2020). "When COVID-19 meets centralized, personalized power". Nature Human Behaviour 4 (5): 445–447. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0872-3. PMID 32273583. 
  4. ↑ Stasavage, David (2020). "Democracy, Autocracy, and Emergency Threats: Lessons for COVID-19 From the Last Thousand Years". International Organization 74: E1–E17. doi:10.1017/S0020818320000338. 
  5. ↑ Lipscy, Phillip (2020). "COVID-19 and the Politics of Crisis". International Organization 74: E98–E127. doi:10.1017/S0020818320000375. 
  6. ↑ Druckman, James; Klar, Samara (2020). "How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans' Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic". Journal of Experimental Political Science 8 (3): 223–234. doi:10.1017/XPS.2020.28. 
  7. ↑ Fazal, Tanisha (2020). "Health Diplomacy in Pandemical Times". International Organization 74: E78–E97. doi:10.1017/S0020818320000326. 
  8. ↑ "China says virus pushing US ties to brink of 'Cold War'". The Times of India. May 24, 2020. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/us-china-nearing-brink-of-new-cold-war-chinese-foreign-minister/articleshow/75938317.cms. 
  9. ↑ President Biden: 'We are not seeking a new Cold War or a world divided'. BBC News. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  10. ↑ Liptak, Kevin (21 September 2021). "UN General Assembly kicks off in New York City". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/un-general-assembly-09-21-21/h_879666510062571094884da08174cfae. 
  11. ↑ "First-ever treaty to ban nuclear weapons enters into force". news.yahoo.com. AP. January 22, 2021. https://www.yahoo.com/news/first-ever-treaty-ban-nuclear-074010691.html. 
  12. ↑ "Four die as Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan armies clash on disputed border". 29 April 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/29/tajikistan-and-kyrgyzstan-armies-clash-on-disputed-border. 
  13. ↑ "Минздрав Кыргызстана заявил о 31 погибшем в результате пограничного конфликта". 30 April 2021. https://report.az/ru/v-regione/minzdrav-v-rezultate-pogranichnogo-konflikta-pogib-31-kyrgyzstanec/. 
  14. ↑ "Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan agree to ceasefire". TASS. April 29, 2021. https://tass.com/world/1285011. "Foreign Ministers of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan agreed to a ceasefire at the border starting on 20:00 local time (17:00 Moscow time) April 29, Kyrgyz Foreign Ministry announced Thursday." 
  15. ↑ "Deadly fighting on Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan border kills at least 31". 30 April 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-56940011. 
  16. ↑ POSTON, ALEXIS (2023-06-07). "State Fragility and the Shadow of Genocide in Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia (the South Caucasus) | The Fund for Peace". https://fundforpeace.org/2023/06/07/STATE-FRAGILITY-AND-THE-SHADOW-OF-GENOCIDE-IN-NAGORNO-KARABAKH-AND-ARMENIA-THE-SOUTH-CAUCASUS/#_ftn20. "Since the end of the Second Nagorno Karabakh War, Azerbaijan has regularly violated the ceasefire agreement, provoking firefights with Armenia along the border." 
  17. ↑ "Joint statement on the escalation on the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | Communiqués | Documents | DSCA | Delegations | European Parliament". https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/joint-statement-on-the-escalation-on-the/product-details/20211117DPU31721. 
  18. ↑ Sukiasyan, Narek (2022-09-15). "Armenia is under attack" (in en-GB). https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/foreign-and-security-policy/armenia-is-under-attack-6190/. "At midnight on Tuesday Azerbaijan launched the largest attack on the Republic of Armenia (unrelated to the line of contact of Nagorno Karabakh) in the entire history of the conflict between these two countries." 
  19. ↑ Reichardt, Adam (2022-09-20). "What's behind the new round of clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan" (in en-GB). https://neweasterneurope.eu/2022/09/20/armenia-azerbaijan-pelosi-russia-ukraine/. "The September clashes were the most serious armed incident between Armenia and Azerbaijan since the 2020 Karabakh war...however, this time the clashes took place along their shared southern border (not the contested region)." 
  20. ↑ Kucera, Joshua (2022-09-14). "Fighting continues on Armenia-Azerbaijan border". Eurasianet. https://eurasianet.org/fighting-continues-on-armenia-azerbaijan-border. "It is the first time that Azerbaijan has struck targets in large numbers inside Armenian territory; most fighting between the two sides has previously taken place in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, internationally recognized as Azerbaijani territory." 
  21. ↑ Mgdesyan, Arshaluis (2022-09-14). "Attacks on Armenia highlight ongoing disputes over "corridor" for Azerbaijan". Eurasianet. https://eurasianet.org/attacks-on-armenia-highlight-ongoing-disputes-over-corridor-for-azerbaijan. "...Azerbaijan launched a series of unprecedented attacks against targets inside southern Armenia this week..." 
  22. ↑ Demourian, Avet (14 September 2022). "Armenia, Azerbaijan agree on cease-fire to end fighting". https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-azerbaijan-armenia-government-and-politics-bbf809ad3d368fa9c5c497a2d79e22d6. 
  23. ↑ "Azerbaijan Launches Offensive in Breakaway Nagorno-Karabakh, Children Among Casualties". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-armenia-karabakh-mine-explosions/32599318.html. 
  24. ↑ "Azerbaijani forces strike Armenian-controlled Karabakh, raising risk of new Caucasus war". Reuters. 19 September 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/azerbaijan-says-six-its-citizens-were-killed-by-land-mines-karabakh-2023-09-19/. 
  25. ↑ "Azerbaijan launches attack in Nagorno-Karabakh, announces 'evacuation' of Armenian population". 19 September 2023. https://www.politico.eu/article/azerbaijan-launch-anti-terror-operation-nagorno-karabakh-armenia/. 
  26. ↑ Ilyushina, Mary (19 September 2023). "Fighting flares between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/19/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia/. "Azerbaijan and Armenia have repeatedly clashed over Nagorno-Karabakh, which is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but largely populated by ethnic Armenians and largely governed by the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh." 
  27. ↑ Roth, Andrew (19 September 2023). "Azerbaijan launches 'anti-terrorist' campaign in disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/19/azerbaijan-launches-anti-terrorist-campaign-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakh-region. 
  28. ↑ "After 9 days of bloody clashes, Hayyaat Tahrir al-Sham with the "jihadi" factions control about 80% of the area of what is left for the opposition factions within Syrian territory". 9 January 2020. https://www.syriahr.com/en/111974/. 
  29. ↑ "Nearly 700,000 Displaced in NW Syria as Regime Fire Spikes". https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2124516/nearly-700000-displaced-nw-syria-regime-fire-spikes. 
  30. ↑ "Russian, Syrian Regime Forces Step Up Attacks on Rebel Stronghold Idlib". 8 December 2019. https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/russian-syrian-regime-forces-step-attacks-rebel-stronghold-idlib. 
  31. ↑ "Turkey bolsters Idlib outposts as Syrian gov't forces make gains". 2020-02-07. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/turkey-bolsters-idlib-outposts-syrian-gov-forces-gains-200207105046246.html. 
  32. ↑ "Syrian Attacks Draw Turkey Deeper Into Syrian War". 2020-02-12. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/12/world/middleeast/syria-turkey-russia-war.html. 
  33. ↑ "Turkey launches Operation Spring Shield" (in en). 2 March 2020. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/serkan-demirtas/turkey-launches-operation-spring-shield-152580. 
  34. ↑ "Turkey launches Operation Spring Shield against regime aggression in Syria". Istanbul: Daily Sabah. 2020-03-01. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/turkey-launches-operation-spring-shield-in-syrias-idlib/news. 
  35. ↑ Amberin Zaman (2020-03-01). "Turkey launches Operation Spring Shield against Syrian forces". Al-Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/03/operation-spring-shield-clash-turkey-syrian-arab-army-idlib.html. 
  36. ↑ Joe Truzman (2020-03-05). "Turkey's Operation "Spring Shield" delivers blow to Hezbollah". Longwarjournal.org. https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2020/03/turkeys-operation-spring-shield-delivers-blow-to-hezbollah.php. 
  37. ↑ "Rusya'dan İdlib açıklaması: Ateşkes düzenlemesine genel olarak uyuluyor" (in tr). Ankara: Milliyet. 2020-03-12. https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/rusyadan-idlib-aciklamasi-ateskes-duzenlemesine-genel-olarak-uyuluyor-6164473. 
  38. ↑ "Suspected Israeli strikes on Iran-linked targets 'kill dozens'". 2021-01-13. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55646298. 
  39. ↑ "U.S. bombs facilities in Syria used by Iran-backed militia". 26 February 2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/u-s-bombs-facilities-syria-used-iran-backed-militia-n1258912. 
  40. ↑ Romo, Vanessa (25 February 2021). "U.S. Launches Military Airstrikes Against Iranian-Backed Militants In Syria". https://www.npr.org/2021/02/25/971611130/u-s-launches-military-airstrikes-against-iranian-militants-in-syria. 
  41. ↑ Syria in 2022: Deadlock, violence, and a possible famine, Analysis, Paul McLoughlin, 31 December 2021.
  42. ↑ US-led coalition hits rocket launch sites in Syria, January 04, 2022, arabnews website.
  43. ↑ "Dutch try to calm north-south economic storm over coronavirus" (in en-US). 2020-03-27. https://www.politico.eu/article/netherlands-try-to-calm-storm-over-repugnant-finance-ministers-comments/. 
  44. ↑ "Poland, Hungary face growing calls to drop EU budget veto" (in en-GB). 2020-08-12. https://www.dw.com/en/poland-hungary-face-growing-calls-to-drop-eu-budget-veto/a-55865991. 
  45. ↑ "EU leaders back deal to end budget blockade by Hungary and Poland" (in en-US). 2020-12-10. https://www.politico.eu/article/deal-reached-to-unblock-eu-budget-and-recovery-fund/. 
  46. ↑ "Resurgence of the 'Pink Tide'? Revisiting Left Politics in Latin America". EPW Engage. 23 December 2019. https://www.epw.in/engage/article/resurgence-pink-tide-revisiting-left-politics. 
  47. ↑ Prashad, Vijay (December 6, 2019). "Latin America: Return of the Pink Tide". Fronteline. https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30025582.ece. 
  48. ↑ "Luis Arce wins landslide in Bolivian elections". www.aa.com.tr. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/luis-arce-wins-landslide-in-bolivian-elections/2017297. 
  49. ↑ Arsenault, Chris (2021-12-14). "How left-wing forces are regaining ground in Latin America" (in en). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/how-left-wing-forces-are-regaining-ground-in-latin-america. 
  50. ↑ Luna, Patricia; Goodman, Joshua (2021-12-19). "Leftist millennial wins election as Chile's next president" (in en). https://apnews.com/article/elections-caribbean-donald-trump-chile-santiago-5fc78a1fe1cb26a06839e8a7b59c8730. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Charges filed against former Argentine President Macri for helping overthrow Evo in Bolivia" (in en). https://en.mercopress.com/2021/07/17/charges-filed-against-former-argentine-president-macri-for-helping-overthrow-evo-in-bolivia. 
  52. ↑ "Barbados elects first ever president ahead of becoming republic" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2021-10-21. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58993728. 
  53. ↑ "Manifestações pró e contra Bolsonaro tomam conta da Esplanada". Metrópoles. 1 May 2021. https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/manifestacoes-pro-e-contra-bolsonaro-tomam-conta-da-esplanada. 
  54. ↑ "Thousands take to streets protesting Brazil's Bolsonaro". January 24, 2021. https://apnews.com/article/brazil-rio-de-janeiro-coronavirus-pandemic-impeachments-sao-paulo-5ad797067890f06e0fd4d68bda7931fe. 
  55. ↑ Phillips, Tom (8 January 2023). "Jair Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazil's presidential palace and supreme court". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/jair-bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court. 
  56. ↑ Rocha, Lucas. "Manifestantes furam bloqueio, entram na Esplanada e invadem o Congresso Nacional". CNN Brazil. https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/manifestantes-furam-bloqueio-e-entram-na-esplanada-em-brasilia/. 
  57. ↑ "Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazilian Congress". BBC News. 8 January 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64204860. 
  58. ↑ Araujo, Gabriel; Boadle, Anthony; McGeever, Jamie; McGeever, Jamie (2023-01-09). "Bolsonaro in hospital, 1,000 supporters detained after Brasilia riots" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-investigates-who-led-anti-democratic-riots-capital-2023-01-09/. 
  59. ↑ "Inuk leader Mary Simon named Canada's 1st Indigenous governor general". https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-gg-mary-simon-1.6091376. 
  60. ↑ "Bloomberg: "Santiago despierta en la devastación"" (in es). 19 October 2019. https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2019/10/19/bloomberg-santiago-despierta-en-la-devastacion/. 
  61. ↑ ElPais (25 October 2019). "Al menos un millón de personas protestan en Santiago contra Piñera y la desigualdad social" (in es). https://www.elpais.com.uy/mundo/personas-protestan-santiago-chile-medio-estallido-social.html. 
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  63. ↑ "Death toll rises to 29 in Chile protests , Times of India, 28 December 2019.
  64. ↑ "At least 18 dead and thousands arrested in Chile protests". CBS News. 24 October 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chile-news-santiago-at-least-18-dead-and-thousands-arrested-in-chile-protests-2019-10-24/. 
  65. ↑ Bill Chappell (26 October 2020). "Chile celebrates decision to rewrite constitution". https://www.npr.org/2020/10/26/927859270/chile-celebrates-voters-decision-to-scrap-constitution-start-over. 
  66. ↑ "Jubilation as Chile votes to rewrite constitution" (in en). BBC. 26 October 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54687090. 
  67. ↑ "Gabriel Boric: los desafíos del presidente electo de Chile para cumplir su promesa de transformar el país" (in es). BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-59730853. 
  68. ↑ "Colombia protests prompt teargas, curfew and border closures". 22 November 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/21/americas/colombia-national-strike-intl/index.html. 
  69. ↑ "Colombia's presidential race heads to runoff". Al Jazeera. 29 May 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/29/colombias-presidential-race-heads-to-runoff. 
  70. ↑ "Leftist Gustavo Petro wins Colombian presidency". Financial Times. 19 June 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/33d30a93-0f48-41ee-9847-4503c79ca7d9. 
  71. ↑ Bocanegra, Nelson; Griffin, Oliver; Vargas, Carlos (19 June 2022). "Colombia elects former guerrilla Petro as first leftist president". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombians-head-polls-tightest-election-recent-memory-2022-06-19/. 
  72. ↑ Turkewitz, Julie; Glatsky, Genevieve (2022-06-21). "He Promised to Transform Colombia as President. Can He Fulfill That Vow?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/20/world/americas/colombia-gustavo-petro-president.html. 
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  74. ↑ "Cuba's Raul Castro confirms he's stepping down, says he's 'fulfilled his mission'" (in en). 16 April 2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/cubas-raul-castro-confirms-stepping-head-communist-party-rcna689. 
  75. ↑ "Cuba leadership: Díaz-Canel named Communist Party chief" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2021-04-19. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56802129. 
  76. ↑ "Thousands join rare anti-government protests in Cuba" (in en). 2021-07-11. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210711-thousands-join-rare-anti-government-protests-in-cuba. 
  77. ↑ Robles, Frances (2021-07-11). "Cubans Denounce 'Misery' in Biggest Protests in Decades" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/11/world/americas/cuba-crisis-protests.html. 
  78. ↑ "Cubans hold biggest anti-government protests in decades; Biden says U.S. stands with people" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/11/cuba-protests/. 
  79. ↑ Fernandez Geara, Tatiana (March 2, 2020). "Photos: Dominicans Hold Massive #Trabucazo2020 Demonstration For Democracy". https://www.latinousa.org/2020/03/02/trabucazo2020photos/. 
  80. ↑ Cabrera, José María León (2020-04-07). "Ecuador's Former President Convicted on Corruption Charges" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/world/americas/ecuador-correa-corruption-verdict.html. 
  81. ↑ "Ecuador ex-president Correa jailed in absentia" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-04-07. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52208588. 
  82. ↑ "L'ex-président de l'Équateur Rafael Correa condamné à huit ans de prison" (in fr). 2020-04-08. https://www.france24.com/fr/20200408-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-de-l-%C3%A9quateur-rafael-correa-condamn%C3%A9-%C3%A0-huit-ans-de-prison. 
  83. ↑ "Lasso denuncia un intento de golpe de Estado detrás de protestas en Ecuador" (in Spanish). Swiss Info. 24 June 2022. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/ecuador-protestas_lasso-denuncia-un-intento-de-golpe-de-estado-detr%C3%A1s-de-protestas-en-ecuador/47702026. 
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  85. ↑ "Crisis en El Salvador: cuáles son los motivos de la fuerte tensión entre el presidente Nayib Bukele y el Congreso". BBC News Mundo. 10 February 2020. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-51440009. 
  86. ↑ "El Salvador's parliament sacks the country's top judges". The Economist. 2021-05-06. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/05/06/el-salvadors-parliament-sacks-the-countrys-top-judges. 
  87. ↑ "Haiti's Protests: Images Reflect Latest Power Struggle". March 3, 2021. https://www.cfr.org/article/haitis-protests-images-reflect-latest-power-struggle. 
  88. ↑ "Dispute over Haiti presidential term triggers unrest". BBC News. BBC. 15 February 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-56069575. 
  89. ↑ "Haiti protests continue despite police crackdown". 9 February 2021. https://www.africanews.com/2021/02/09/haiti-protests-continue-despite-police-crackdown//. 
  90. ↑ "Haiti political turmoil: Judge and police officer among 23 arrested for 'coup attempt'". BBC News. 7 February 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-55975442. 
  91. ↑ Dupain, Etant; Lemos, Gerardo; Kottasová, Ivana; Hu, Caitlin (7 July 2021). "Haiti President Jovenel Moise assassinated in attack on his residence". https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/07/americas/haiti-president-jovenel-moise-attack-intl/index.html. 
  92. ↑ "Haiti senators nominate Joseph Lambert as president" (in en-GB). 2021-10-07. https://www.dw.com/en/haiti-senators-nominate-joseph-lambert-as-president/a-58222978. 
  93. ↑ Hauteville, Jean-Michael (17 September 2022). "Haiti suffers deadly demonstrations against rise in fuel prices" (in en). https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/17/haiti-suffers-deadly-demonstrations-against-rise-in-fuel-prices_5997305_4.html. 
  94. ↑ Danticat, Edwidge (21 October 2022). "The Fight for Haiti's Future" (in en). The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-fight-for-haitis-future. Retrieved 24 October 2022. 
  95. ↑ Isaac, Harold; Ellsworth, Brian (2022-09-27). "Gang blockade cripples Haiti fuel supplies, hospitals prepare to close" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/gang-blockade-cripples-haiti-fuel-supplies-hospitals-prepare-close-2022-09-27/. 
  96. ↑ Sanon, Evens; Coto, Dánica (4 October 2022). "Haiti at breaking point as economy tanks and violence soars" (in en). https://apnews.com/article/inflation-caribbean-united-nations-economy-port-au-prince-56d75dbd2a77ac97901c81456e6b2e35. 
  97. ↑ "The U.S. and Canada sent armored vehicles and supplies to Haiti to help fight a gang". 16 October 2022. https://www.npr.org/2022/10/16/1129341182/usa-and-canada-armored-vehicles-supplies-haiti-help-fight-gang. 
  98. ↑ Coto, Dánica (11 October 2022). "Haiti's request for troops resurrects troubled history of foreign interventions". https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-haitis-request-for-troops-resurrects-troubled-history-of-foreign-interventions. 
  99. ↑ Coto, Dánica (15 October 2022). "US, Canada send armored vehicles to bolster Haiti's police" (in en). https://apnews.com/article/haiti-gangs-violence-us-canada-send-armored-vehicles-e9b8d65dd858ef5c2fc4ca9a5568fd02. 
  100. ↑ Nichols, Michelle; Garcia, David Alire (21 October 2022). "U.N. unanimously passes Haiti sanctions, targets gang leader" (in en). https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/un-approves-haiti-sanctions-imposes-measures-gang-leader-2022-10-21/. 
  101. ↑ Kelemen, Michele (21 October 2022). "The U.N. imposes sanctions against Haiti's gang members" (in en). https://www.npr.org/2022/10/21/1130644817/the-u-n-imposes-sanctions-against-haitis-gang-members. 
  102. ↑ "Convicted drug trafficker testifies that he bribed Honduran president" (in en). 2021-03-11. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/11/honduras-president-juan-orlando-hernandez-drug-trafficker-bribe-testimony. 
  103. ↑ "Honduras drugs: President's brother gets life in prison" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2021-03-31. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56589088. 
  104. ↑ Díaz, Bastián (29 November 2021). "Xiomara Castro, la izquierdista que se perfila como la primera mujer Presidenta de Honduras". https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-pm/noticia/xiomara-castro-la-izquierdista-que-se-perfila-como-la-primera-mujer-presidenta-de-honduras/5OUIYDF5ORAQRE5KHJIMBHZ7YA/. 
  105. ↑ Señala AMLO que su reto para 2020 es serenar a México Aristegui Noticias, 2 Jan 2020 Una "reaparición fortalecida" del narco y la presión de Trump: la seguridad será el mayor reto de AMLO en 2020 by Patricia Velez Santiago, Univision Noticias, 2 Jan 2020
  106. ↑ Sector salud, el principal reto para el gobierno de AMLO en 2020 El Sol de Mexico, 29 December 2019
  107. ↑ "Top 5: Retos de AMLO en 2020" (in es). Jan 8, 2020. https://www.contrapesociudadano.com/top-5-retos-de-amlo-en-2020/. 
  108. ↑ Define AMLO los dos retos por resolver este 2020: Seguridad Pública y Seguridad Social. Billie Parker Noticias, 14 Jan 2020
  109. ↑ AMLO responde a Jorge Ramos: en diciembre, resultados sobre seguridad by Sara Pantoja, Proceso, 15 Jan 2020
  110. ↑ More than 15,000 march in Monterrey (in Spanish) by Caroline Leon, Milenio, 9 Mar 2020 Thousands of women march on CDMX between slogans, graffiti, and claims for justice (in Spanish) Expansion Politica, 8 Mar 2020
  111. ↑ Fury fuels historic women's strike in Mexico By Will Grant BBC News, 9 Mar 2020 "Today, they did not arrive": This is how Mexico looks for # El9NadieSeMueve (in Spanish) by Gustavo Álvarez, 24 Horas, 9 Mar 2020 Women's strike paralyzes the Chamber of Deputies by Fernando Damián, Milenio, 9 Mar 2020 Bank branches closed in response to women's strike (in Spanish) La Jornada, 9 Mar 2020
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 112.2 Kahn, Carrie (20 May 2021). "Ortega Targets Opposition Figures As Nicaraguan Elections Approach" (in en). NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/05/20/998795586/ortega-targets-opposition-figures-as-nicaraguan-elections-approach. 
  113. ↑ "Nicaragua opens probe into presidential hopeful Chamorro". 21 May 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/nicaragua-opens-probe-into-presidential-hopeful-chamorro-2021-05-21/. 
  114. ↑ "Régimen arresta al precandidato presidencial Arturo Cruz" (in es). 2021-06-05. https://www.confidencial.com.ni/politica/regimen-retiene-en-el-aeropuerto-al-precandidato-presidencial-arturo-cruz/. 
  115. ↑ "Nicaragua arrests a third potential challenger to Ortega" (in en). 2021-06-08. https://www.wral.com/nicaragua-arrests-a-third-potential-challenger-to-ortega/19716595/. 
  116. ↑ "Nicaragua arrests 2 more potential challengers to Ortega" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/nicaragua-arrests-a-third-potential-challenger-to-ortega/2021/06/08/1cd59e9c-c895-11eb-8708-64991f2acf28_story.html. 
  117. ↑ "Policía Nacional captura a Miguel Mora" (in es). Vos TV. https://www.vostv.com.ni/nacionales/18504-policia-nacional-captura-a-miguel-mora/. 
  118. ↑ Miranda, Wilfredo (6 July 2021). "Ortega encarcela a líderes estudiantiles y del movimiento campesino en Nicaragua" (in es). EL PAÍS. https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-07-06/ortega-encarcela-a-lideres-estudiantiles-y-del-movimiento-campesino-en-nicaragua.html. 
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 "Fiscalía cita a María Asunción Moreno tras anunciar su precandidatura presidencial" (in es). July 10, 2021. https://100noticias.com.ni/politica/108649-precandidata-presidencial-asuncion-moreno-fiscalia/. 
  120. ↑ "Aspirante presidencial denuncia "persecución" y abandona Nicaragua" (in es). 2021-07-26. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/07/26/aspirante-presidencial-maria-asuncion-moreno-denuncia-persecucion-abandona-nicaragua-orix/. 
  121. ↑ "Luis Fley, precandidato presidencial, se exilia por amenazas de ser encarcelado por el régimen" (in es). 2021-07-12. https://www.laprensa.com.ni/2021/07/12/politica/2850327-luis-fley-precandidato-presidencial-se-exilia-por-amenazas-de-ser-encarcelado-por-el-regimen. 
  122. ↑ "Régimen de Daniel Ortega arrestó a otro candidato presidencial" (in es). 2021-07-24. https://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/nacional/daniel-ortega-detenciones/862352/2021/. 
  123. ↑ "Policía detiene a estudiantes y líderes campesinos en redada nocturna" (in es). Confidencial. 6 July 2021. https://www.confidencial.com.ni/nacion/policia-detiene-a-dos-estudiantes-y-cuatro-lideres-campesinos-en-una-sola-noche/. 
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 "OAS Condemns Arrests of Opposition in Nicaragua" (in en). 2021-06-16. https://www.confidencial.com.ni/english/oas-resolution-condemns-arrests-of-opposition-in-nicaragua/. 
  125. ↑ "Embajadores de México y Argentina en Nicaragua, a consultas". AP NEWS. 2021-06-21. https://apnews.com/article/noticias-5d8f560e426729ca8e8f02e8196707b5. 
  126. ↑ Taylor, Derrick Bryson (June 2, 2020). "George Floyd Protests: A Timeline". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd-protests-timeline.html. 
  127. ↑ Rumpf, Sarah (May 29, 2020). "Derek Chauvin Had Knee on George Floyd's Neck for Almost 3 Minutes AFTER Floyd Was Unresponsive: Officials" (in en). https://www.mediaite.com/uncategorized/officials-say-derek-chauvin-had-knee-on-george-floyds-neck-for-almost-3-minutes-after-floyd-was-unresponsive/. "The defendant had his knee on Mr. Floyd's neck for 8 minutes and 46 seconds in total. Two minutes and 53 seconds of this was after Mr. Floyd was non-responsive, concludes the complaint." 
  128. ↑ Lovett, Ian (2020-06-04). "1992 Los Angeles Riots: How the George Floyd Protests Are Different" (in en-US). The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-george-floyd-protests-in-los-angeles-differ-from-1992-riots-11591263005. 
  129. ↑ Betz, Bradford (May 31, 2020). "George Floyd unrest: Riots, fires, violence escalate in several major cities" (in en-US). https://www.foxnews.com/us/george-floyd-cities-brace-riots-national-guard-troops-mobilize. 
  130. ↑ "Widespread unrest as curfews defied across US" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-05-31. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52865206. 
  131. ↑ Kindy, Kimberly; Jacobs, Shayna; Farenthold, David (June 5, 2020). "In protests against police brutality, videos capture more alleged police brutality" (in en). Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/protests-police-brutality-video/2020/06/05/a9e66568-a768-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html. 
  132. ↑ Warren, Katy; Hadden, Joey (June 4, 2020). "How all 50 states are responding to the George Floyd protests, from imposing curfews to calling in the National Guard". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/us-states-response-george-floyd-protests-curfews-national-guard-2020-6. 
  133. ↑ Browne, Ryan; Lee, Alicia; Rigdon, Renee. "There are as many National Guard members activated in the US as there are active duty troops in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/01/us/national-guard-protests-states-map-trnd/index.html. 
  134. ↑ Brantley, Max (June 1, 2020). "Governor reveals National Guard activated and participated in shutdown of Sunday demonstration". Arkansas Times. https://arktimes.com/arkansas-blog/2020/06/01/governor-on-demonstrations. 
  135. ↑ "Associated Press tally shows at least 9,300 people arrested in protests since killing of George Floyd". Associated Press. June 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/c51f66bd298157c52520ef56026e4857. 
  136. ↑ Condon, Bernard; Richmond, Todd; Sisak, Michael R. (June 3, 2020). "What to know about 4 officers charged in George Floyd's death" (in en). https://abc7chicago.com/6229951/. 
  137. ↑ "Congreso peruano aprueba moción de vacancia y destituye al Presidente Martín Vizcarra" (in es-ES). 9 November 2020. https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacional/2020/11/09/1003313/Congreso-peru-destituya-Vizcarra.html. 
  138. ↑ "El jefe del Congreso, Manuel Merino, asumirá este martes como nuevo Presidente de Perú" (in es-ES). 9 November 2020. https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacional/2020/11/09/1003317/Manuel-Merino-asumira-presidente-Peru.html. 
  139. ↑ "Peru's swears in new leader as political turmoil hits nation". https://www.startribune.com/peru-impeachment-plunges-nation-into-new-political-turmoil/573024511/. 
  140. ↑ "They threw out the president. Now Peru's anti-corruption drive looks in doubt" (in en-US). 2020-11-12. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-11-12/peru-president-ousted-anti-corruption-drive-in-doubt. 
  141. ↑ "Golpe de estado editorial" (in es-PE). 2020-11-10. https://larepublica.pe/opinion/2020/11/10/golpe-de-estado-editorial/. 
  142. ↑ "Manuel Merino presentó al Gabinete de Antero Flores-Aráoz en medio de protestas NNAV |TVPE |VIDEO |VIDEOS |PAIS | VIDEOS" (in es). 2020-11-12. https://elcomercio.pe/videos/pais/manuel-merino-presento-al-gabinete-de-antero-flores-araoz-en-medio-de-protestas-nnav-tvpe-video-videos-pais-noticia/. 
  143. ↑ "Manuel Merino: crean pedido para rechazar vacancia contra Martín Vizcarra y el golpe de Estado" (in es). 2020-11-11. https://libero.pe/ocio/1593090-manuel-merino-firmar-peticion-rechazar-golpe-martin-vizcarra-change-org-nuevo-presidente-peru-2020-accion-popular. 
  144. ↑ "Trujillo: miles de ciudadanos marchan contra gobierno de Manuel Merino" (in es). 12 November 2020. https://elpopular.pe/actualidad/2020/11/12/golpe-estado-miles-ciudadanos-trujillo-marchan-gobierno-manuel-merino-video-37380. 
  145. ↑ "Inconformes consideran toma de protesta de Manuel Merino como golpe de Estado" (in es-MX). 2020-11-10. https://noticieros.televisa.com/videos/inconformes-consideran-toma-de-protesta-de-manuel-merino-como-golpe-de-estado/. 
  146. ↑ Stefano Pozzebon, Claudia Rebaza and Jaide Timm-Garcia (15 November 2020). "Peru's interim president resigns after just five days". https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/15/americas/peru-interim-president-resigns-intl/index.html. 
  147. ↑ "Peru elects new president in attempt to restore stability". Financial Times. 16 November 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/9eba57a7-03ad-4998-a072-bc88a726263f. 
  148. ↑ Collyns, Dan (8 June 2021). "Peru elections: Fujimori's fraud claims criticised as rival's narrow lead widens" (in en). http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/08/keiko-fujimori-claims-irregularities-peru-presidential-election-pedro-castillo. 
  149. ↑ "Keiko Fujimori alleges fraud in tight Peru election" (in en). France 24. 8 June 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210608-keiko-fujimori-alleges-fraud-in-tight-peru-election. 
  150. ↑ ""We must defend popular sovereignty in Peru"" (in en). 8 June 2021. https://progressive.international/wire/2021-06-08-we-must-defend-popular-sovereignty-in-peru/en. 
  151. ↑ "Perú: Castillo se proclama vencedor sin los resultados definitivos del conteo oficial". France 24. 9 June 2021. https://www.france24.com/es/am%C3%A9rica-latina/20210609-peru-castillo-declara-ganador-sin-resultados-oficiales. 
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 "Peru: Fujimori cries electoral fraud – and unleashes torrent of racism" (in en). 2021-06-20. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/20/peru-elite-election-pedro-castillo-keiko-fujimori. 
  153. ↑ "Presidente Pedro Castillo disuelve temporalmente el Congreso de Perú" (in es). 7 December 2022. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2022/12/07/presidente-pedro-castillo-cierra-temporalmente-el-congreso-de-peru/. 
  154. ↑ Chillitupa Tantas, Rodrigo (7 December 2022). "Presidente de Perú disuelve Congreso, declara "gobierno de excepción" y llama a elecciones" (in es). https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/presidente-de-peru-pedro-castillo-disuelve-el-congreso-/6866334.html. 
  155. ↑ Spinetto, Juan Pablo (7 December 2022). "Peru Constitutional Court Calls Castillo's Dissolution of Congress a Coup". Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-constitutional-court-calls-dissolution-of-congress-a-coup. 
  156. ↑ "Pedro Castillo disuelve el Congreso, anuncia que intervendrá el PJ y decreta Estado de Excepción" (in es). Perú.21. 7 December 2022. https://peru21.pe/politica/pedro-castillo-disolvio-el-congreso-y-anuncia-nueva-constitucion-lo-ultimo-urgente-politica-noticia/. 
  157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 Aquino, Marco (7 December 2022). "Peru's Castillo threatens to dissolve Congress as political crisis deepens" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-president-says-will-dissolve-congress-calls-elections-2022-12-07/. 
  158. ↑ "Pedro Castillo cierra el Congreso, en vivo: disolución, mensaje del presidente y últimas noticias" (in es-pe). Diario AS. 8 December 2022. https://peru.as.com/actualidad/pedro-castillo-cierra-el-congreso-en-vivo-mensaje-del-presidente-y-ultimas-noticias-n/. 
  159. ↑ "Two Venezuela lawmakers declare themselves Speaker" (in en-GB). 2020-01-06. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51000419. 
  160. ↑ "Juan Guaidó llegó a Colombia y se reunirá con Mike Pompeo" (in es). https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2020/01/19/juan-guaido-llego-a-colombia-para-reunirse-con-mike-pompeo/. 
  161. ↑ "Department of State Offers Rewards for Information to Bring Venezuelan Drug Traffickers to Justice". 26 March 2020. https://www.state.gov/department-of-state-offers-rewards-for-information-to-bring-venezuelan-drug-traffickers-to-justice/. 
  162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 162.2 "Alleged Nicolas Maduro co-conspirator is in US custody: Report". 28 March 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/alleged-nicolas-maduro-conspirator-custody-report-200328021011803.html. 
  163. ↑ "Guaidó niega haber firmado contrato con Clíver Alcalá para supuesta "operación armada"" (in ES). 30 March 2020. https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/el-mundo/guaido-niega-haber-firmado-contrato-con-cliver-alcala-para-supuesta-operacion-armada-articulo-912001. 
  164. ↑ Berwick, Angus (28 March 2020). "Alleged Maduro accomplice surrenders to U.S. agents, will help prosecution: sources". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-venezuela-dea-exclusive-idUSKBN21E3IQ. 
  165. ↑ "Venezuela attack: Former US special forces soldier says he led botched plot to overthrow President Maduro" (in en). https://news.sky.com/story/venezuela-attack-former-us-special-forces-soldier-says-he-led-botched-plot-to-overthrow-president-maduro-11982836. 
  166. ↑ "Australia has almost eliminated the coronavirus — by putting faith in science" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/australia-coronavirus-cases-melbourne-lockdown/2020/11/05/96c198b2-1cb7-11eb-ad53-4c1fda49907d_story.html. 
  167. ↑ Topsfield, Jewel (30 May 2021). "Why has the vaccine rollout been so slow?". The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/national/why-has-the-vaccine-rollout-been-so-slow-20210529-p57wao.html. 
  168. ↑ Hadley, Erin (29 December 2021). "Australia-China relations continued to sour in 2021. What can we expect in 2022?". ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-29/australia-china-relations-in-2022-tensions-trade-rights-olympics/100719632. 
  169. ↑ "Live: Morrison calls Albanese to concede electoral defeat as Labor, independents unseat Coalition" (in en-AU). ABC News. 2022-05-20. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-21/federal-election-live-blog-scott-morrison-anthony-albanese/101085640. 
  170. ↑ "Kiribati faces constitutional crisis after government suspends both high court justices" (in en). 1 July 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/01/kiribati-faces-constitutional-crisis-after-government-suspends-both-high-court-justices. 
  171. ↑ "Kiribati suspends its chief justice over article" (in en-nz). 6 July 2022. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/470451/kiribati-suspends-its-chief-justice-over-article. 
  172. ↑ "Kiribati suspends all remaining senior judges after row over Australian justice's deportation" (in en-AU). ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-05/kiribati-suspends-court-of-appeal-judges/101407060. 
  173. ↑ Roy, Eleanor Ainge; Graham-McLay, Charlotte (2020-10-17). "Jacinda Ardern hails 'very strong mandate' after New Zealand election landslide" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/17/jacinda-arderns-labour-party-set-for-victory-in-new-zealand-election. 
  174. ↑ "New Zealand election: Jacinda Ardern's Labour Party scores landslide win" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-10-17. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54519628. 
  175. ↑ Joyetter Feagaimaali'i (22 May 2021). "Head of State suspends Parliament". Samoa Observer. https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/84480. ""Samoa has been thrown into a constitutional crisis"" 
  176. ↑ "Court declares F.A.S.T. Government; impasse over". https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/87898. 
  177. ↑ "Samoa's political crisis ends and first female prime minister installed after court ruling" (in en). 2021-07-23. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/23/samoas-political-crisis-ends-and-first-female-prime-minister-installed-after-court-ruling. 
  178. ↑ Andrews, Karen (25 November 2021). "Joint media release - Solomon Islands" (Press release). Canberra: Australian Government. Retrieved 26 November 2021.



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