iCloud leaks of celebrity photos

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Short description: August 2014 computer security incident which led to the leaking of celebrity photographs

On August 31, 2014, a collection of almost 500 private pictures of various celebrities, mostly women, and with many containing nudity, were posted on the imageboard 4chan, and later disseminated by other users on websites and social networks such as Imgur and Reddit. The images were initially believed to have been obtained via a breach of Apple's cloud services suite iCloud,[1][2] or a security issue in the iCloud API which allowed them to make unlimited attempts at guessing victims' passwords.[3][4] Apple claimed in a press release that access was gained via spear phishing attacks.[5][6]

The incident, which media outlets and Internet users referred to under names such as "The Fappening" (a play on "fap", a slang term for masturbation, and The Happening) and "Celebgate", was met with a varied reaction from the media and fellow celebrities. Critics felt the distribution of the images was a major invasion of privacy for their subjects, while some of the allegedly depicted subjects denied their authenticity. The leak also prompted increased concern from analysts surrounding the privacy and security of cloud computing services such as iCloud—with a particular emphasis on their use to store sensitive, private information.

Etymology

"The Fappening" is a jocular portmanteau coined by combining the words "fap", an internet slang term for masturbation, and the title of the 2008 film The Happening. Though the term is a vulgarism originating either with the imageboards where the pictures were initially posted or Reddit, mainstream media outlets soon adopted the term themselves, such as the BBC.[7][8] The term has received criticism from journalists like Radhika Sanghani of The Daily Telegraph and Toyin Owoseje of the International Business Times,[9] who said that the term not only trivialized the leak, but also, according to Sanghani, "[made] light of a very severe situation." Both articles used the term extensively to describe the event, including in their headlines.[10]

"Celebgate" is a reference to the Watergate scandal.[11]

Procurement and distribution

The images were obtained via the online storage offered by Apple's iCloud platform for automatically backing up photos from iOS devices, such as iPhones.[12] Apple later reported that the victims' iCloud account information was obtained using "a very targeted attack on user names, passwords and security questions", such as phishing and brute-force attack guessing.[5][6][13] It was initially believed that the images were obtained using an exploit in the Find My iPhone service.[12] Court documents from 2014 indicated that one user created a fake email account called "appleprivacysecurity" to ask celebrities for security information.[14] The photos were being passed around privately for at least a couple of weeks before their public release on August 31. There are claims that unreleased photos and videos exist.[15]

The hacker responsible for the leak, who described themselves as being a "collector", distributed the leaked images on the image boards 4chan and Anon-IB in exchange for Bitcoin.[16][17] Ultimately, the images were widely circulated online via other channels, including Imgur and Tumblr. Celebrity gossip blogger Perez Hilton also re-posted some of the photos on his blog, but soon took them down and issued an apology, saying "he had acted in bad taste".[18][19]

A major center of activity was the link-sharing website Reddit,[20] where a subreddit was created for sharing the photos;[21] in a single day, it amassed over 100,000 followers. Reddit administrators were criticized for allowing this to take place in an alleged violation of their anti-doxing rules.[22][23] As McKayla Maroney claimed to be under 18 at the time the photos of her were taken, Reddit staff took photos of her down and warned that anyone re-posting them, or underage photos of Liz Lee which had been circulating prior to this incident, would be permanently banned from the site and could be prosecuted for distributing child pornography.[24] On September 7, citing copyright issues, Reddit banned its TheFappening subreddit,[21][25] also saying the workload of dealing with them had become too much.[26] Reddit banned another subreddit named "Fappening" on the same day.[25]

Content and affected celebrities

Kate Upton and Justin Verlander confirmed the authenticity of leaked photos

The original release contained photos and videos of more than 100 individuals that were allegedly obtained from file storage on hacked iCloud accounts,[27] including some the leakers claimed were A-list celebrities.[28][29] Shortly after the photos were leaked, several affected celebrities issued statements either confirming or denying the photos' authenticity.[30][31] Celebrities who confirmed the photos' authenticity include Jennifer Lawrence (confirmed by her publicist),[32] Kate Upton and her husband Justin Verlander (confirmed by Upton's lawyer),[33][34][35] Mary Elizabeth Winstead (confirmed via Twitter),[36][37] Jessica Brown Findlay (confirmed by spokesman),[38] Kaley Cuoco (confirmed via Instagram),[39][40] and Kirsten Dunst, who also criticized the iCloud service.[41] Jill Scott confirmed on Twitter that one of the leaked photos was of her while stating that another was fake.[42]

Celebrities who denied the photos' authenticity include Ariana Grande[43][44] and Yvonne Strahovski.[45] Olympic gymnast McKayla Maroney initially denied the images' authenticity on Twitter,[46][47] but later confirmed the photos were legitimate while also claiming that she was underage when they were taken.[24] Victoria Justice denied the photos were authentic but later stated on Twitter that she was pursuing legal actions and found the leak to be a massive invasion of not just her privacy, but of the privacy of all the celebrities affected by the leak.[43][48] Reports in October indicated that Nick Hogan was the first male star to be directly targeted by hackers; however, Hogan denied the pictures' authenticity.[49]

According to security expert Nik Cubrilovic, in addition to the photographs, other personal information such as text messages, calendars, address books, phone call logs and any other data stored on their phones and backed up to the service were also likely stolen.[50][51]

On September 20, 2014, a second batch of similar private photos of additional celebrities was leaked by hackers.[52] On September 26, 2014, a third batch was also leaked,[53] which was dubbed "The Fappening 3".[54]

Reactions

Actress Lena Dunham pleaded over Twitter for people not to view the pictures, arguing that doing so "violat[es] these women over and over again. It's not okay."[55] Actress Emma Watson condemned not only the leaks, but also "the accompanying comments [on social media] that show such a lack of empathy."[56] Actors Seth Rogen and Lucas Neff also spoke out against the hackers and people who posted the pictures.[57] Justin Verlander, then a pitcher for the Detroit Tigers, told the media prior to a game against the Cleveland Indians that he keeps his private life private and would rather focus on the Tigers' race with the Kansas City Royals for the AL Central title than be a distraction to his teammates.[58] Security analysts have stated that the breach could have been prevented through the use of two-factor authentication,[59] while a Forbes writer recommended completely shutting down the iCloud "Photo Stream" feature (which automatically uploads photos taken with an iOS device to iCloud servers).[60]

Apple CEO Tim Cook announced the company would increase security for iCloud.

In an interview with The Wall Street Journal , Apple CEO Tim Cook stated that in response to the leaks, the company planned to take additional steps to protect the privacy and security of iCloud users in the future.[61] Notifications will be provided whenever data is restored to a device via iCloud and after logging into iCloud via a web browser,[62] in addition to existing notifications when a user's iCloud password is changed. Additionally, Apple will broaden and encourage the use of two-factor authentication in future versions of its software and operating systems, such as the then-upcoming iOS 8. In conclusion, he emphasized that "we want to do everything we can do to protect our customers, because we are as outraged if not more so than they are."[13]

Jennifer Lawrence contacted authorities and her publicist stated that the authorities would prosecute anyone who posted leaked images of her.[63] Forbes columnist Joseph Steinberg questioned whether the reactions by law enforcement and technology providers indicated that celebrities were being treated differently from ordinary Americans, which, in the case of law enforcement, may be illegal.[64]

On October 1, 2014, Google was threatened with a lawsuit by lawyer Martin Singer for $100 million on behalf of unnamed victims of the leaks, alleging that Google had refused to respond to requests for the images to be removed from its platforms (including Blogger and YouTube), "[failing] to act expeditiously, and responsibly to remove the images", and "knowingly accommodating, facilitating, and perpetuating the unlawful conduct".[65][66]

In an interview with Vanity Fair, Lawrence called the hack a "sex crime" and a "sexual violation"; she added, "Anybody who looked at those pictures, you're perpetuating a sexual offense. You should cower with shame."[67] This view was contrasted by another victim of the hack, Emily Ratajkowski, who told GQ, "A lot of people who were victims of [the hack] said anyone who looks at these pictures should feel guilty, but I just don't think that's fair", and "I'm not sure that anyone who Googles it is necessarily a criminal. I think the people who stole the photos are".[68]

Investigation

The FBI said it was "aware of the allegations concerning computer intrusions and the unlawful release of material involving high profile individuals, and is addressing the matter."[69] Similarly, Apple stated that it had been investigating whether a security breach of the iCloud service was responsible for the leaked photographs, as per the company's commitment to user privacy.[59][70] On September 2, 2014, Apple reported that the leaked images were the result of compromised accounts, using "a very targeted attack on user names, passwords and security questions, a practice that has become all too common on the Internet".[5][6]

In October 2014, the FBI searched a house in Chicago , Illinois and seized several computers, cellphones and storage drives after tracking the source of a hacking attack to an IP address linked to an individual named Emilio Herrera. A related search warrant application mentioned eight victims with initials A.S., C.H., H.S., J.M., O.W., A.K., E.B., and A.H., which supposedly point to stolen photos of Abigail Spencer, Christina Hendricks, Hope Solo, Jennette McCurdy, Olivia Wilde, Anna Kendrick, Emily Browning, and Amber Heard respectively. According to law enforcement officials, Herrera was just one of several people under investigation and the FBI carried out various searches across the country.[71][72]

Guilty pleas

In March 2016, 36-year-old Ryan Collins of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, agreed to plead guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information resulting in an 18-month sentence.[73] While no victims were named in the court documents, numerous media outlets connected Collins' case to The Fappening. During the investigation, it was found that Collins phished by sending e-mails to the victims that looked like they had been sent by Apple or Google, warning the victims that their accounts might be compromised and asking for their account details. The victims would enter their passwords, and Collins gained access to their accounts, downloading e-mails and iCloud backups.[74] In October 2016, Collins was sentenced to 18 months in prison.[75][76]

In August 2016, 28-year-old Edward Majerczyk of Chicago, agreed to plead guilty to a similar phishing scheme, although authorities believe he worked independently and he was not accused of selling the images or posting them online.[77][78] On January 24, 2017, Majerczyk was sentenced to nine months in prison and was ordered to pay $5,700 in restitution to cover the counseling services of one unnamed celebrity victim.[78]

Emilio Herrera, also from Chicago, had first been named in the press in 2014;[71] he pleaded guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information in October 2017. Herrera had accessed the accounts of unnamed celebrities and others but was not accused of being involved in leaking or sharing the photos and videos he obtained.[79] He was sentenced to 16 months in jail in March 2018.[80]

In April 2018, 26-year-old George Garofano of North Branford, Connecticut, pleaded guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information. Garofano's attorney said he had been led into the phishing scheme by criminals.[80] On August 29, 2018, a federal court sentenced Garofano to eight months in prison.[81]

On October 22, 2018, Christopher Brannan, a former Virginia teacher, became the fifth man to be convicted in relation to the hacking. Brannan pled guilty to federal charges of aggravated identity theft and unauthorized access to a protected computer. Through a phishing expedition, he hacked more than 200 people. In addition to his celebrity victims, Brannan targeted his underage sister-in-law, as well as teachers and students at the school where he used to teach.[82] Brannan was sentenced to 34 months in prison on March 1, 2019.[83]

See also

  • Criticism of Apple Inc.
  • Edison Chen photo scandal
  • Imagery of nude celebrities
  • List of "-gate" scandals
  • Sexting

References

  1. ↑ Arthur, Charles (September 1, 2014). "Naked celebrity hack: security experts focus on iCloud backup theory". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/01/naked-celebrity-hack-icloud-backup-jennifer-lawrence. 
  2. ↑ Terrence McCoy (September 2, 2014). "4chan: The 'shock post' site that hosted the private Jennifer Lawrence photos". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/02/the-shadowy-world-of-4chan-the-shock-post-site-that-hosted-the-private-jennifer-lawrence-photos/. "They quickly spilled to Reddit, where thousands purveyed it under the handle of "the Fappening" — "fap" means to masturbate — before the news reached Buzzfeed and the rest of the viral media gang." 
  3. ↑ Landi, Martin (September 2, 2014). "Stars' nude photo attack may have been down to password codes". Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/business/technology/news/stars-nude-photo-attack-may-have-been-down-to-password-codes-30552629.html. 
  4. ↑ Alistair Charlton (January 2, 2015). "iCloud accounts at risk of brute force attack as hacker exploits 'painfully obvious' password flaw". http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/icloud-accounts-risk-brute-force-attack-hacker-exploits-painfully-obvious-password-flaw-1481623. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Apple – Press Info – Apple Media Advisory". Apple Inc.. September 2, 2014. https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2014/09/02Apple-Media-Advisory.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Apple denies iCloud breach in celebrity nude photo hack". https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/2/6098107/apple-denies-icloud-breach-celebrity-nude-photo-hack. 
  7. ↑ "Meet the man behind the leak of celebrity nude photos, called the fappening". BBC Newsbeat. March 16, 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/35820521/meet-the-man-behind-the-leak-of-celebrity-nude-photos-called-the-fappening. 
  8. ↑ "How what you do at home on your computer could land you in jail". BBC Newsbeat. January 25, 2017. http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/38743628/how-what-you-do-at-home-on-your-computer-could-land-you-in-jail. 
  9. ↑ Owoseje, Toyin. "A New Kind of Pervert? 'The Fappening' Proves Revenge Porn Culture is Thriving". IB Times. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-kind-pervert-fappening-proves-revenge-porn-culture-thriving-1464012. 
  10. ↑ Radhika Sanghani (September 2, 2014). "Jennifer Lawrence photo leak: Let's stop calling this hacking 'The Fappening'". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11069829/Jennifer-Lawrence-photo-leak-Lets-stop-calling-this-hacking-The-Fappening.html. 
  11. ↑ Alfonso III, Fernando (August 30, 2014). "Hundreds of alleged celebrity nudes leak on the seediest corners of the Web". Daily Dot. http://www.dailydot.com/entertainment/jennifer-lawrence-4chan-nudes-leaked/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Williams, Owen (September 1, 2014). "This could be the iCloud flaw that led to celebrity photos being leaked". The Next Web. https://thenextweb.com/apple/2014/09/01/this-could-be-the-apple-icloud-flaw-that-led-to-celebrity-photos-being-leaked/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Tim Cook Says Apple to Add Security Alerts for iCloud Users". The Wall Street Journal. September 5, 2014. https://www.wsj.com/articles/tim-cook-says-apple-to-add-security-alerts-for-icloud-users-1409880977. 
  14. ↑ Biddle, Sam (2016). "Feds Raided Another Chicago Home in Nude Celeb Hack Investigation, Still No Charges Pressed". Gawker. http://gawker.com/feds-raided-another-chicago-home-in-nude-celeb-hack-inv-1753200305. 
  15. ↑ Sargent, Jordan (September 1, 2014). "Is This 4chan Offshoot the Ground Zero for the Leaked Celebrity Nudes?". Gawker. http://gawker.com/is-this-4chan-offshoot-the-ground-zero-for-the-leaked-c-1629190208. 
  16. ↑ Alexander, Ella (September 1, 2014). "4Chan nude photo hacker disappointed by lack of money earned from naked celebrity leaks: 'I really didn't get close to what I was hoping'". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/4chan-nude-photo-hacker-disappointed-by-lack-of-money-earned-from-naked-celebrity-leaks-i-really-didnt-get-close-to-what-i-was-hoping-9704243.html. 
  17. ↑ "Inside AnonIB, Where Hacking Is a Sport and Women's Bodies Are the Prize". http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2014/09/03/anonib_nude_photo_site_where_hackers_and_users_treat_women_as_property.html. 
  18. ↑ Selby, Jenn (September 1, 2014). "Perez Hilton apologises for Jennifer Lawrence naked photo leak". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/perez-hilton-apologises-for-jennifer-lawrence-nude-photo-leak-9703045.html. 
  19. ↑ Jaworski, Michelle (September 1, 2014). "Perez Hilton removes 'Celebgate' photos, calling his post a mistake". Daily Dot. http://www.dailydot.com/entertainment/perez-hilton-celebgate-photos-backlash/. 
  20. ↑ Dewey, Caitlin (September 5, 2014). "Meet the unashamed 33-year-old who brought the stolen celebrity nudes to the masses". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/09/05/meet-the-unashamed-33-year-old-who-brought-the-stolen-celebrity-nudes-to-the-masses/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Woollacott, Emma (September 8, 2014). "Reddit Gives Mixed Messages After Pulling Leaked Celebrity Photos". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/emmawoollacott/2014/09/08/reddit-gives-mixed-messages-after-pulling-leaked-celebrity-photos/. 
  22. ↑ Price, Rob (September 1, 2014). "Reddit's privacy rules fail as celebrity nudes spread like wildfire". Daily Dot. http://www.dailydot.com/business/reddit-jennifer-lawrence-kate-upton-nude-photos-leak-privacy-dox-ban/. 
  23. ↑ Jenni, Ryall (August 31, 2014). "Social Media Goes Wild Over Massive Celebrity Nude Photo Leak". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2014/08/31/social-media-goes-wild-over-celebrity-nude-photo-leak/. 
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  26. ↑ "Time to talk : announcements". reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/announcements/comments/2fpdax/time_to_talk/. 
  27. ↑ Alexander, Ella. "Jessica Brown Findlay: Downton Abbey star is linked to list of celebrities targeted by hackers". Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/jessica-brown-findlay-downton-abbey-actress-is-linked-to-list-of-celebrities-targeted-by-hackers-9704785.html. 
  28. ↑ Kedmey, Dan. "Hackers Leak Explicit Photos of More Than 100 Celebrities". TIME. http://time.com/3246562/hackers-jennifer-lawrence-cloud-data/. Retrieved September 3, 2014. 
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  31. ↑ l, Hollywood Life Staff. "Tenna Torres: 'American Idol' Semi-Finalist Latest Victim Of Nude Leak". http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/09/02/tenna-torres-nude-photos-naked-hack-leak-american-idol-season-12/. 
  32. ↑ "Nude Jennifer Lawrence photos leaked by hacker who claims to have 'private pictures of 100 A-listers'". The Daily Telegraph. September 1, 2014. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11067182/Nude-Jennifer-Lawrence-photos-leaked-by-hacker-who-claims-to-have-private-pictures-of-100-A-listers.html. 
  33. ↑ "Justin Verlander, Kate Upton apparent victims of nude photo leak". September 1, 2014. http://www.wzzm13.com/story/news/2014/09/01/justin-verlander-kate-upton-apparent-victims-of-nude-photo-leak/14937653/. 
  34. ↑ Kalaf, Samer. "Justin Verlander And His Hacked Photos: A Partial Timeline". http://deadspin.com/justin-verlander-and-his-hacked-photos-a-partial-timel-1629246666. 
  35. ↑ Zarrell, Rachel. "Jennifer Lawrence, Victoria Justice, Others Victims Of More Alleged Leaks, Apple Denies Breach". https://www.buzzfeed.com/rachelzarrell/jennifer-lawrence-ariana-grande-picture-leak. 
  36. ↑ Arthur, Charles (September 1, 2014). "Nude celebrity picture leak looks like phishing or email account hack". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/01/nude-celebrity-pictures-hack-jennifer-lawrence-rihanna. 
  37. ↑ Selby, Jenn (September 1, 2014). "Mary E. Winstead nude photo leak: 'To those looking at photos I took with my husband, hope you feel great about yourselves'". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/mary-e-winstead-nude-photo-leak-to-those-looking-at-photos-i-took-with-my-husband-hope-you-feel-great-about-yourselves-9704329.html. 
  38. ↑ "Amy Duncan: Downton Abbey star Jessica Brown Findlay is latest naked photos victim as her sex tapes emerge online". http://metro.co.uk/2014/09/01/downton-abbey-star-jessica-brown-findlay-is-latest-naked-photos-victim-as-her-sex-tapes-emerge-online-4853610/. 
  39. ↑ Bryan Durnham (September 2, 2014). "Hacked and leaked: Nude Hollywood". DNA India. http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hacked-and-leaked-nude-hollywood-2015378. 
  40. ↑ "Kaley Cuoco Addresses Nude Photo Leaks With Topless Picture". Yahoo. https://celebrity.yahoo.com/news/kaley-cuoco-addresses-nude-photo-leaks-with-topless-picture-153847730.html. 
  41. ↑ "Kirsten Dunst breaks silence on nude photo leak scandal rocking Hollywood". Independent. http://www.independent.ie/style/celebrity/celebrity-news/kirsten-dunst-breaks-silence-on-nude-photo-leak-scandal-rocking-hollywood-30554953.html. 
  42. ↑ Selby, Jenn. "4Chan naked photos leak: Celebrity Twitter reactions to the mass breach of privacy". Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/4chan-nude-photos-leak-celebrity-twitter-reactions-to-the-mass-privacy-breach-9707344.html. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Ariana Grande Denies Authenticity of Alleged Leaked Nude Photos". Billboard. August 31, 2014. http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6236536/ariana-grande-denies-authenticity-of-alleged-leaked-nude-photos. 
  44. ↑ McCormick, Rich (September 1, 2014). "Reported iCloud hack leaks hundreds of nude celebrity photos". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/1/6092089/nude-celebrity-hack. 
  45. ↑ Schlossberg, Mallory. "YVONNE STRAHOVSKI'S RESPONSE TO LEAKED NUDES IS POWERFUL — PHOTO". Bustle. http://www.bustle.com/articles/38171-yvonne-strahovskis-response-to-leaked-nudes-is-powerful-photo. 
  46. ↑ Boren, Cindy (September 1, 2014). "Olympic gymnast McKayla Maroney says leaked racy photos are fake, fends off Twitter backlash". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2014/09/01/olympic-gymnast-mckayla-maroney-says-leaked-racy-photos-are-fake-fends-off-twitter-backlash/. 
  47. ↑ @McKaylaMaroney (September 1, 2014). "the fake photos of me are crazy!!
    was trying to rise above it all, and not give "the creator" the time of day.. BUT.."    . https://twitter.com/McKaylaMaroney/status/506356524915388416.     
  48. ↑ Alexander, Ella. "Victoria Justice 'angry' at 'massive invasion of privacy' after naked photos leak online". Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/victoria-justice-angry-at-massive-invasion-of-privacy-after-nude-photos-leak-9709021.html. 
  49. ↑ Denham, Jess. "The Fappening 4 naked photo leaked: Hulk Hogan's son Nick Hogan becomes first male victim". Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/the-fappening-nude-photo-leaks-hulk-hogans-son-nick-hogan-becomes-first-male-victim-9775428.html. 
  50. ↑ Grubb, Ben (September 3, 2014). "iCloud celebrity photo hack: texts, address books and more 'also accessible'". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/consumer-security/icloud-celebrity-photo-hack-texts-address-books-and-more-also-accessible-20140903-10bov5.html. 
  51. ↑ "Notes on the Celebrity Data Theft". https://www.nikcub.com/posts/notes-on-the-celebrity-data-theft/. 
  52. ↑ "Business Insider: Here's How Hacked Celebrities Are Responding To The Latest Round Of Nude Photos". Business Insider. September 22, 2014. http://www.businessinsider.com/hacked-celebrities-response-to-new-nude-photo-leak-2014-9. 
  53. ↑ "The Fappening 3: More Nude Photos Of Stars Leak Online — Cara Delevingne & More – Hollywood Life". Hollywood Life. September 28, 2014. http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/09/28/the-fappening-3-nude-photos-anna-kendrick-cara-delevingne/. 
  54. ↑ "The Fappening 3 – Jennifer Lawrence Nude Photos Leaked". The Hacking Post – Latest hacking News & Security Updates. http://hackingpost.com/fappening-3-jennifer-lawrence-nude-photos-leaked/. 
  55. ↑ Clark, Cindy (September 1, 2014). "Lena Dunham asks people not to look at leaked nude photos". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/09/01/lena-dunham-asks-people-not-to-look-at-leaked-nude-photos/14929881/. 
  56. ↑ "Emma Watson on Jennifer Lawrence naked photo leak: 'Even worse than seeing women's privacy violated is reading the comments'". The Independent. September 2, 2014. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/emma-watson-on-jennifer-lawrence-nude-photo-leak-even-worse-than-seeing-womens-privacy-violated-is-reading-the-comments-9705570.html. 
  57. ↑ Lubitz, Rachel (September 1, 2014). "More stars react to the massive celebrity-photo leak". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/09/01/more-stars-react-to-the-massive-celebrity-photo-leak/. 
  58. ↑ Justin Verlander addresses scandal ESPN.com (September 2, 2014)
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Hesseldahl, Arik (September 1, 2014). "Apple Says It Is "Actively Investigating" Celeb Photo Hack". Re/code. http://recode.net/2014/09/01/apple-says-it-is-actively-investigating-celeb-photo-hack/. 
  60. ↑ Kelly, Gordon (January 9, 2014). "Staying Safe And How To Disable Apple iCloud". https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2014/09/01/nude-celebrity-photos-hack-security-steps-and-how-to-disable-apple-icloud/. 
  61. ↑ Wakabayashi, Daisuke (September 5, 2014). "Tim Cook Says Apple to Add Security Alerts for iCloud Users". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/tim-cook-says-apple-to-add-security-alerts-for-icloud-users-1409880977. 
  62. ↑ "Apple just added another layer of iCloud security, a day before iPhone 6 event". The Verge. September 8, 2014. https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/8/6121515/apple-just-added-another-layer-of-icloud-security-a-day-before-iphone. 
  63. ↑ "Jennifer Lawrence requests investigation after nude pics leaked online by hacker". Associated Press. Fox News Channel. September 1, 2014. http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2014/09/01/nude-photos-jennifer-lawrence-leaked-online-by-hacker/. 
  64. ↑ Steinberg, Joseph (August 31, 2014). "Nude Photos Of Jennifer Lawrence And Kate Upton Leak: Five Important Lessons For All of Us". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/josephsteinberg/2014/08/31/nude-photos-of-jessica-lawrence-and-kate-upton-leak-five-important-lessons-for-all-of-us/. Retrieved September 2, 2014. 
  65. ↑ "Google Blasted With $100M Lawsuit Threat Over Hacked Celeb Photos". https://deadline.com/2014/10/hacked-celebrity-photos-google-lawsuit-jennifer-lawrence-844715/. 
  66. ↑ "Google threatened with $100m lawsuit over nude celebrity photos". https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/02/google-lawsuit-nude-celebrity-photos. 
  67. ↑ "Cover Exclusive: Jennifer Lawrence Calls Photo Hacking a "Sex Crime"". Vanity Fair. October 8, 2014. http://www.vanityfair.com/vf-hollywood/2014/10/jennifer-lawrence-cover. 
  68. ↑ "Emily Ratajkowski On Nude Photo Leak: 'People Who Google My Photos Are Not Criminals' : The Eye". Fashion & Style. August 4, 2015. http://www.fashionnstyle.com/articles/70210/20150804/emily-ratajkowski-nude-photo-leak-people-who-google-photos-criminals.htm. 
  69. ↑ "FBI "addressing" leak of celebrities' nude photos". CBS News. September 1, 2014. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/jennifer-lawrence-other-celebs-pictures-leaked-fbi-addressing-the-matter/. 
  70. ↑ "Apple statement on celebrity hacking: our systems weren't breached". September 2, 2014. http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-statement-on-celebrity-hacking-2014-9. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Diamond, Jeremy. "FBI seized tech from home linked to celebrity hack". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/10/politics/celebrity-hack-search-warrant-emilio-hernandez/. 
  72. ↑ Otis, Ginger. "FBI pinpoints Chicago home, suspect in 2014 'Celebgate' nude photo leak". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/fbi-pinpoints-perpetrator-2014-celebgate-nude-pic-leak-article-1.2252039. 
  73. ↑ Blankstein, Andrew (March 15, 2016). "Pennsylvania Man Is Charged in Celebrity Hack, Reaches Plea Deal". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/pennsylvania-man-arrested-will-plead-guilty-celebrity-hacking-n539166. 
  74. ↑ Prosecutors find that ‘Fappening’ celebrity nudes leak was not Apple’s fault March 15, 2016, Techcrunch
  75. ↑ Hacker who stole nude photos of celebrities gets 18 months in prison October 27, 2016, The Guardian
  76. ↑ "Celebgate hack: Collins sentenced over nude photos theft". October 28, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37796986. 
  77. ↑ Meisner, Jason (August 31, 2016). "Chicago man to plead guilty in Jennifer Lawrence celebrity nude photo hack". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-celebrity-photos-hacking-chicago-suspect-met-20160830-story.html. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Meisner, Jason (January 24, 2017). "Chicagoan gets prison for 'Celebgate' nude-photo hacking that judge calls 'abhorrent'". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-celebgate-hacking-scandal-sentencing-met-20170123-story.html. 
  79. ↑ Kelly, Ray (October 23, 2017). "Man faces 5 years in prison after hacking into 40 celebrity accounts and hundreds of others". Los Angeles Times. https://latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hacking-plea-deal-20171023-story.html. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Tchekmedyian, Alene (April 13, 2018). "Connecticut man pleads guilty to hacking Jennifer Lawrence, celebrity accounts for nude photos". Mass Live. http://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/04/connecticut_man_pleads_guilty.html. 
  81. ↑ "Hacker of celebrity photos gets 8 months in prison". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/hacker-celebrity-photos-months-prison-57486637. 
  82. ↑ Burns, Jake (October 22, 2018). "Ex Hanover special ed teacher pleads guilty in "Celebgate" hacking scandal". WTVR-TV. https://wtvr.com/2018/10/22/former-richmond-special-ed-teacher-pleads-guilty-in-celebgate-hacking-scandal/. 
  83. ↑ "Former Hanover teacher sentenced in 'Celebgate' nude photo hacking". WTVR-TV. March 1, 2019. https://wtvr.com/2019/03/01/christopher-brannan-sentenced/. 
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