Medicine:Blinding (punishment)
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Blinding is a type of physical punishment which results in complete or nearly complete loss of vision. It was used as an act of revenge and torture.[1] The punishment has been used since Antiquity; Greek mythology makes several references to blinding as divine punishment, which reflects human practice.
In the Byzantine Empire and many other historical societies, blinding was accomplished by gouging out the eyes, sometimes using a hot poker, and by pouring a boiling substance, such as vinegar, on them.[2]
In mythology and religious law
Oedipus gouged out his own eyes after accidentally fulfilling the prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother.[3] In the Bible, Samson was blinded upon his capture by the Philistines.[4]
Early Christians were often blinded as a penalty for their beliefs.[5] For example, Saint Lucy's torturers tore out her eyes.[6] This form of torture was also applied to the virgin martyrs Saint Tatiana and Saint Hripsime, according to their stories.
In history
In the Middle Ages, blinding was used as a penalty for treason or as a means of rendering a political opponent unable to rule and lead an army in war.[7] The blinding of Byzantine general Belisarius (c. 500 – 565) at the order of the Emperor Justinian is probably apocryphal. Vazul (before 997 – 1031/1032) of the Hungarian royal House of Árpád was blinded at the order either of his cousin King Stephen I or of his queen, Gisela.
After the disinheritance and subsequent rebellion of Bernard of Italy, Louis the Pious attempted to have him blinded, but the procedure was botched, killing him instead.[8]
After the Battle of Kleidion of 1014, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II had captured several thousand soldiers from the Bulgarian Empire. He put them into groups of 100 and blinded 99 in every group. The last soldiers had only one eye gouged out, and these one-eyed men were ordered to lead their blind friends back to their commander. This earned Emperor Basil II the nickname of 'the Bulgar Slayer'.[1] According to some accounts of the story, Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria died from a heart attack upon seeing the returning blind soldiers.
In the 11th century, William the Conqueror used blinding as a punishment for rebellion to replace the death penalty in his laws for England. King William was also accused of making the killing of a hart or hind in a royal forest into a crime punishable by blinding, but the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle claims that this was made up to tarnish the King's reputation.
Henry I of England blinded William, Count of Mortain, who had fought against him at Tinchebray in 1106. He also ordered blinding and castration as a punishment for thieves.[7] Prince Álmos and his four-year-old son Béla II of Hungary were blinded in 1113 by Álmos' brother Coloman.
Mahmud Shah Durrani, the Afghan Emperor of the Durrani Empire, blinded his brother and former ruler, Zaman Shah Durrani to disqualify him from succession or disputing his power ever again.[9]
Modern era
Blinding survives as a form of penalty in the modern era, especially on the Indian Subcontinent. In 2003, a Pakistani court sentenced a man to be blinded after he subjected his fiancée to an acid attack resulting in her loss of vision.[citation needed]
In response to protests in Indian-administered Kashmir following the assassination of Burhan Wani, Indian Armed Forces used pellet ammunition targeted at blinding protesters in an act referred to by Pakistan's permanent representative to the UN, Dr Maleeha Lodhi as the "first mass blinding in human history." (As of November 2016), 972 people ranging in age from 4 to old age, had been left partially or completely blind.[10][11]
The man who blinded Ameneh Bahrami in an acid attack was sentenced to blinding by an Iranian court in 2009; Bahrami eventually pardoned the attacker.[1][12]
See also
- Abacination
- Eye for an eye
- Mirror punishment
- Mutilation
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Goes, Frank Joseph (2013). The Eye in History. JP Medical Ltd. p. 234. ISBN 978-9350902745.
- ↑ Lawler, Jennifer (2004). Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. McFarland. p. 106. ISBN 1476609292.
- ↑ Rose, Martha L. (2003). The Staff of Oedipus: Transforming Disability in Ancient Greece. University of Michigan Press. pp. 81–82. ISBN 0472113399.
- ↑ Hartsock, Chad (2008). Sight and Blindness in Luke-Acts: The Use of Physical Features in Characterization. Brill. p. 107. ISBN 978-9004165359.
- ↑ Pearman, Tory Vandeventer (2010). Women and Disability in Medieval Literature. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 89. ISBN 978-0230117563.
- ↑
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bridge, James (1910). "St. Lucy". in Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09414a.htm.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Evans, Michael (2007). The Death of Kings: Royal Deaths in Medieval England. A&C Black. pp. 37, 89-90. ISBN 978-1852855857. https://archive.org/details/deathofkingsroya0000evan/page/37.
- ↑ Goldberg, Eric J. (2006) (in en). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876. London: Cornell University Press. pp. 32. ISBN 978-0-8014-7529-0.
- ↑ Lee, Jonathan L. (2022-03-08) (in en). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-78914-019-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=asR9DwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ "India's crackdown in Kashmir: is this the world's first mass blinding?". 8 November 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/08/india-crackdown-in-kashmir-is-this-worlds-first-mass-blinding.
- ↑ "Pellet blinds in Kashmir: First mass blinding in human history, says Pakistan at UN". 10 October 2017. https://kashmirlife.net/pellet-blinds-in-kashmir-first-mass-blinding-in-human-history-says-pakistan-at-un-152923/.
- ↑ "Pakistani court orders blinding with acid" (in en). The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/pakistani-court-orders-blinding-with-acid-1.514482.
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