Medicine:Comfort food

From HandWiki
Short description: Type of food
Chicken soup, a common classic comfort food that is found across various cultures

Comfort food is food that provides a nostalgic or sentimental value to someone,[1] and may be characterized by its high caloric nature, high carbohydrate level, or simple preparation.[2] The nostalgia may be specific to an individual, or it may apply to a specific culture.[3]

Definition

The term comfort food has been traced back at least to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post used it in a story: "Adults, when under severe emotional stress, turn to what could be called 'comfort food'—food associated with the security of childhood, like mother's poached egg or famous chicken soup."[4]

Psychological studies

Consuming energy-dense, high calorie, high fat, salt or sugar foods, such as ice cream, chocolate or french fries, may trigger the reward system in the human brain, which gives a distinctive pleasure or temporary sense of emotional elevation and relaxation.[5][6] When psychological conditions are present, people often use comfort food to treat themselves. Those with negative emotions tend to eat unhealthy food in an effort to experience the instant gratification that comes with it, even if only short-lived.[7]

One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods, and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or effect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.[8]

The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak, casseroles, and soup) while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.[9] An article, "The Myth of Comfort Food" asserted that men tend to choose these types of savory comfort foods because they remind them of being "pampered" or spoiled, while women choose snack-related foods because they are associated with low amounts of work and less "cleanup." It also suggested that women are more likely to reach for unhealthier foods in times of stress due to more weight-conscious mindsets.

Comfort food consumption is seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States.[10] The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication.[11]

Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women.[12] The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress.[13] For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.[14]

A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.[15]

By region

A partial list by region of comfort foods around the world.

Afghanistan

Comfort foods in Afghanistan are:


  • Aushak – stuffed dumplings and sauce
  • Bolani – filled flatbread[16]
  • Borani Banjan or Borani-e-Banjan – baked eggplant with yogurt sauce
  • Borani Kadoo or Borani-e-Kado – sweet and savory braised pumpkin with yogurt sauce[17]
  • Chainaki –
  • Chalaw or Challow – steamed rice with spices
  • Kabuli palaw or Qabuli Pulao – steamed rice with raisins, carrots, and lamb[17]
  • Karahai – meat cooked in a traditional karahi pot
  • Kebab – grilled skewered meat[16]
  • Korma Gosht or Qorma-e-Gosht – braised meat[18]
  • Mantu – meat-stuffed dumpling[16][18]
  • Naan – flatbread[17]
  • Sabzi Palu – spinach (sabzi) with spices
  • Sher Berinj – rice pudding[19]


Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

A Pavlova garnished with fruit and cream

Comfort foods in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa may include:


Canada

A plate of classic poutine at a Montreal restaurant.


Egypt

Plate of stewed beans
Ful medames served with hard-boiled eggs, a staple in Egypt.
  • Basbousa – sweet unleavened cake
  • Falafel – fried bean ball
  • Fatteh – meat on cooked rice with crisp flatbread
  • Ful medames – bean stew
  • Hawawshi – pita bread stuffed with flavored meat
  • Kushari – casserole of rice, macaroni, and vegetables
  • Macarona béchamel – baked pasta dish with ground meat and béchamel sauce
  • Mulukhiyah – soup or stew made with mallow leaves
  • Roz bil khalta - brown rice with nuts, raisins and meat bits.

France

A madeleine. A madeleine de Proust is a French expression specifically referring to Marcel Proust's description of comfort food in In Search of Lost Time.
  • Crème caramel – custard dessert[37]
  • French onion soup – onion soup with cheese and bread[37]
  • Gratin dauphinois – potato slices baked with cream[24]
  • Pâté – cold meat paste[37]
  • Pot-au-feu – beef stew[38]
  • Tomates Farcies – Tomatoes stuffed with ground meat

I

Hong Kong

  • Baked Porkchop Rice - a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisine
  • Cart noodle - an à la carte noodle dish traditionally sold using carts
  • Cha Chaan Teng food - a Hong Kong Style-Cafe
  • Dim Sum - small bite-sized portions of food served in small steamer baskets during yum cha
  • Egg Tart
  • Hotpot
  • Macaroni in broth - a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisine
  • Pineapple Bun - a type of pastry that resembles a pineapple
  • Put chai ko - a palm-sized pudding cake snack
  • Siu Mei – meats roasted on spits over an open fire or in a large rotisserie oven


India

  • Biryani - Mutton, chicken, beef or lamb
  • Samosa
  • Cutlet
  • Radhaballavi - Deep-fried flatbread with a filling
  • Kochuri
  • Rolls
  • Momo
  • Fish fry
  • Sambar
  • Puri - Fried flatbread
  • Masala Dosa - rice crepes, with or without a filling of potatoes and onion
  • Khichri - Made with Rice and Legumes(Lentils,Mung bean etc)
  • Pav bhaji - Curry served with buttered buns.
  • Rasam and Curd rice - particularly in South India
  • Maachh-bhaat
  • Daal chawal - particularly in North India
  • Curd rice - Rice mixed with yogurt

Indonesia

Bubur ayam (chicken congee) is an Indonesian comfort food.

Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and either soupy or with a soft texture. Most of them are high in carbs or fat, such as congee, fried rice, and noodles which are high in carbs; while meatballs and grilled skewered meats contain fair amounts of fat and salt. Comfort foods often are the kind of food that provides nostalgic sentiments, as they often called masakan rumahan (home cooking) or masakan ibu (mother's dishes). In Indonesia, the warm and soft texture of bubur ayam is believed to help people to recover during convalescence.[39] Sayur sop or sup ayam is Indonesian chicken soup that often sought during flu. The warm soup contains chunk of chicken, bits of potato, carrot, and common green bean served in chicken stock.[40]

Some Indonesian comfort foods are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences. For some Indonesians, especially those who are abroad, comfort food might also be a certain brand or type of Indonesian instant noodle, such as Indomie Mi goreng.[41] Indonesian comfort foods include:

  • Bakmi or mie ayam – noodles (mi) with pork (bak) or chicken (ayam)[42]
  • Bakso – meatball soup[39][43][44]
  • Bubur ayam – chicken congee[39]
  • Gado-gado – salad containing vegetables, tempeh and egg in peanut sauce[45]
  • Indomie Mi goreng – fried noodle[39][41]
  • Nasi goreng – fried rice[44]
  • Nasi tim – steamed chicken rice[46][47]
  • Sayur sop or sup ayam – Indonesian chicken and vegetables soup[40]
  • Sate – skewered barbecue with peanut sauce[44]
  • Soto ayam – spicy chicken soup[39][48]


Italy

  • Gnocchi – small soft dough dumplings[49]
  • Lasagne – flat noodles (pasta) layered with meat, cheese and tomato sauce[50][51]
  • Pasta all'amatriciana – pasta with guanciale, tomato sauce and pecorino cheese
  • Pasta alla carbonara – pasta with egg guanciale, and pecorino cheese
  • Nutella – sweet spread of cocoa and hazelnuts[52]
  • Pizza – baked flatbread with toppings


Japan

  • Chazuke/ochazuke – rice with green tea[53][54][55]
  • Miso soup – soybean-flavored clear soup[53]
  • Mochi – rice cake[55]
  • Onigiri – rice ball[53][55]
  • Ramen – soup with thin noodles[55][56]
  • Takoyaki – octopus balls[55]
  • Tempura – battered, deep-fried pieces of meat or vegetables[53][55]
  • Udon – soup with thick noodles[53][55]


Philippines

Pork adobo
  • Adobo – A salt and vinegar marinated meat preparation with different variations all around the country.[57][58]
  • Arroz Caldo / Lugaw – A savory rice porridge, often served as breakfast, on rainy days, or when someone is ill.[59][60]
  • Batchoy – A noodle soup with a variety of meats.[61]
  • Filipino spaghetti - Sweet and savory spaghetti
  • Ginataan – A coconut cream-based dessert with bananas, sticky rice balls, sago (tapioca balls), taro and langka (jackfruit).
  • Bulalo – A beef bone marrow soup.[60]
  • Champorado – A chocolate rice porridge, sometimes served savory (as with tuyô)[24][62][60]
  • Dinuguan - A pork offal stew.[62]
  • Halo-halo – A cold crushed ice dessert dish of mixed sweets.[57][61]
  • Kare-kare – A stew with the components of ox tripe and ox tails in a yellow, peanut-rich sauce. It is regarded as a local variation of Indian curry.[58]
  • Lumpia – Spring rolls with a vegetable or meat filling.[58]
  • Lomi – A hot noodle soup with distinctly thick egg noodles.[60]
  • Pancit – Fried noodles, often served during birthday celebrations.[58][63]
  • Puto – Steamed rice cake[62]
  • Sinampalukan - Sour chicken soup[64][65]
  • Sinigang – A sour soup of different varieties with meats or fish[57][60][61]
  • Sopas - A creamy soup (usually made with chicken) with macaroni elbows.[60][66][67]
  • Suman – Glutinous rice cake[61]
  • Tsokolate – Hot chocolate drink[60]


Poland

Steamed pierogi, with fried onions on top

Some Polish comfort food include:

  • Soups and stews
    • Bigos – hunters stew
    • Barszcz z uszkami – clear beetroot soup with forest mushrooms dumplings
    • Gulasz – goulash / meat and vegetable stew
    • Kapuśniak – sauerkraut soup
    • Rosół – chicken soup with fine noodles
    • Zupa grzybowa – wild mushroom soup
    • Zupa ogórkowa – sour cucumber soup
    • Zupa pomidorowa – clear tomato soup with rice or noodles
    • Zupa szczawiowa – sorrel soup served with boiled egg
    • Żurek – sour rye soup
  • Budyń waniliowy z malinami – vanilla pudding with raspberries
  • Kotlet schabowy – pork schnitzel
  • Golonka – pickled ham hock
  • Jagody ze śmietaną – blueberries with cream
  • Kopytka – small potato dumpling
  • Łazanki – large flat noodles with fried sauerkraut
  • Makaron ze śmietaną i truskawkami – pasta with cream and strawberries
  • Mielone z ziemniakami i mizerią – pork burgers with mashed potatoes and cucumber salad
  • Naleśniki z twarogiem – pancakes with milk curd
  • Pierogi – filled dumplings[24][68][69][70]
  • Placki ziemniaczane – potato pancakes
  • Sernik – baked cheesecake
  • Śledź w oleju – pickled herring
  • Zapiekanka – toasted open-face sandwich


Puerto Rico

Arroz con pollo: chicken with rice

Some Puerto Rican comfort foods include:

  • Arroz con gandules – rice with pigeon peas[71][72]
  • Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken[71]
  • Bistec encebollado – steak and onions[73]
  • Carne Guisada – stewed beef[72]
  • Carne mechada – Puerto Rican style meatloaf
  • Churrasco – grilled flank or skirt steak[73]
  • Cuchifritos and Fritanga – assortments of fried appetizers (alcapurrias, bacalaitos, pastelitos/pastelillos, piononos, sorrullos/sorullitos)[73][71][72]
  • Habichuelas guisadas con calabaza – beans stewed with pumpkin[73]
  • Lechón asado – roast pork[73]
  • Mixta – white rice, stewed beans with pumpkin and stewed meat with potatoes and carrots
  • Mofongo and trifongo – fried mashed green plantains[73][74]
  • Mofongo relleno de mariscos, carne o pollo – Fried mashed green plantains stuffed with seafood, meat or chicken[71]
  • Pasteles – Puerto Rican tamales[72]
  • Pastelón de plátano maduro – ripe banana casserole with ground beef and cheddar cheese[72]
  • Pinchos – Puerto Rican skewers[74]
  • Tostones – fried plantain slices[73][74]


Russia

Solyanka

Russian comfort foods may include:

  • Bliny – pancakes
  • Dressed herring – layered herring salad
  • Golubtsy – cabbage rolls[24]
  • Kasha – porridge
  • Kotlety – meatballs
  • Kholodets – savory gelatin
  • Kvass – fermented drink made with bread
  • Napoleon – layered pastry
  • Okroshka – cold vegetable soup
  • Olivier salad – vegetable salad
  • Ponchiki – yeast-raised pastry bun
  • Pelmeni – meat-filled dumpling
  • Pirozhki – meat-filled bun
  • Rassolnik – pickled soup
  • Shashlik – skewered and grilled cubes of meat
  • Shchi – cabbage soup
  • Solyanka – spicy and sour soup
  • Syrniki – fried quark
  • Ukha – clear, fish-based soup
  • Vareniki – filled dumplings (pierogi)


Spain

Chocolate con churros
  • Castañas asadas – roasted chestnuts
  • Chocolate con churros – hot chocolate drink with fried dough
  • Cordero asado – grilled lamb
  • Fried seafood, such as boquerones fritos (fried anchovies) and calamares fritos (fried squid)
  • Gazpacho – cold vegetable soup
  • Jamón serrano – Serrano ham
  • Paella – rice with saffron, cooked in a shallow pan[75]
  • Sausage, such as chorizo, morcilla, and salchichón
  • Sobaos pasiegos – sweet bread
  • Stew, such as cocido madrileño (Madrid stew)[76]
  • Tarta de Santiago – almond cake or tart[75]
  • Torreznos – bacon
  • Tortilla española or tortilla de patata – potato-onion omelet[75][77]

Taiwan

Dan zai noodles
  • Beef noodle soup[78]
  • Dan zai noodles – noodles and prawn with broth[79]
  • Minced pork rice[79]
  • Oyster omelette[80]
  • Red bean soup[81]
  • Small sausage in large sausage – grilled sausage in a rice casing[80]
  • Tangyuan – filled rice dumplings in sweet syrup[81]
  • salt and pepper chicken - fried chicken with salted pepper powder.


Turkey

Mantı, with yogurt and red pepper sauce

In Turkish, comfort food is closest in meaning to Turkish: Anne yemeği, "mother's dish", especially in terms of providing a nostalgic feeling, or Turkish: Ev yemeği, "home dish". Some Turkish comfort foods are:

  • Mantı – spicy meat dumpling[82][83][84]
  • Kuru fasulye – bean and tomato stew[24][85]
  • Pilav – rice dish[86]
  • Mercimek Çorbası – a soup based on lentils
  • Börek – baked filled pastries, a wide variety of regional variations of börek exists
  • Menemen - commonly eaten for breakfast
  • Yaprak Sarma - stuffed grape leaves[87]
  • Gözleme - a stuffed flatbread , commonly stuffed with spinach,minced meat and potato mash[88]


Ukraine

Ukrainian comfort foods includes, but aren't limitied to:

  • Borscht — beetroots soup, also there are few variants:
    • Green borscht
    • White borscht
    • Cabbage borscht
  • Deruny — potato pancakes with sour cream
  • Holubtsi — small, medium or large rolls with prepared rice
    • Cabbage roll
    • Grape leaves roll
  • Kasha — kind of porridge
  • Kholodets —
  • Kolach — sweet, round shaped pastry
  • Mlynci — pancakes.
    • Nalysnyky — pancakes with fillings
  • Pampushky — small savory or sweet yeast-raised bun
  • Pyrizhky — backed or fried small donuts with different (mostly fruits or meat) fillings.
  • Syrnyky — fried quark pancakes, garnished with sour cream
  • Varennia — jam
  • Varenyky — Filled dumplings cooked at boiling water
  • Vinehret — Beans and potato salad colored with beetroots


England

Bangers and mash is a British comfort food.[89]

English comfort foods include:

  • Bacon butty (bacon sandwich)[90][91][92]
  • Bangers and mash – sausages and mashed potatoes[89][91][92][93]
  • Cauliflower cheese[91][93][94][95]
  • Chicken Tikka Masala[93][94][95]
  • Cornish pasty[91][93]
  • Cottage pie (Shepherd's pie)[91][92][93][94]
  • Custard[94]
  • Curry – India-inspired stew over rice[92]
  • Egg and chips[92][96]
  • Egg and soldiers – toast sliced into approximately six to eight pieces lengthwise, to dip into soft-boiled egg yolk[92][97]
  • Fish and chips[91][92][98]
  • Fruit Crumble – stewed fruit with crumbly topping[24][91][93][94]
  • Full English breakfast[91][92]
  • Lancashire hotpot[94]
  • Pies
  • Potatoes
    • Jacket potato[92]
    • Mashed potatoes
  • Puddings
    • Bread and butter pudding[94]
    • Jam Roly-Poly – suet pudding rolled in a spiral with jam
    • Rice pudding[93][94]
    • Spotted dick – steamed pudding with dried fruit[91]
    • Sticky toffee pudding[93]
    • Treacle pudding[91][94]
  • Roasted meat, such as roast beef[24][91][92][93] or chicken[91][93]
  • Scotch egg – hard-boiled egg baked in sausage[91][93]
  • Soups and stews
    • Beef stew with dumplings[92]
    • Cock-a-leekie soup[91]
    • Lobscouse or lobscows – meat stew[95]
    • Potato, leek, and Stilton soup
  • Stottie cake – heavy, round bread[100]
  • Toad in the hole – sausages baked in Yorkshire pudding[92][93][94]
  • Toast
    • Baked beans on toast[92]
    • Welsh Rarebit – hot cheese sauce on toast[93][94]
  • Toastie – grilled sandwich[94]
  • Yorkshire pudding[91][93][101]


United States

Macaroni and cheese is an American comfort food.[102]

American comfort foods may include the following foods:



Germany

German comfort foods may include the following foods:

  • Rindsrouladen
  • Münchner Weißwürscht
  • Obazda
  • Auszogne
  • Schweinshaxn
  • Pichlstoana
  • Gaisburger Marsch
  • Sauerbraten
  • Currywurst
  • Saumagen
  • Regensburger
  • Frankfurter
  • Käsespätzle
  • Schwäbische Spätzle
  • Hamburger Labskaus
  • Hamburger Aalsuppe
  • Kohlrouladen
  • Franzbrötchen
  • Spanferkel
  • Arme Ritter
  • Bouletten, Frikadellen, Fleischpflanzerl etc.
  • Steckerlfisch
  • Schlachtplatte
  • Leberkäse
  • Mett
  • Nürnberger Lebkuchen
  • Maultaschen
  • Rote Grütze
  • Schweinsbraten
  • Kartoffelpuffer
  • Laugenbrezn, Laugengebäck
  • Fleischsalat
  • Nürnberger Rostbratwurst
  • Bratkartoffeln

See also


References

  1. ↑ "Comfort Food." (definition). Merriam-webster.com. Accessed July 2011.
  2. ↑ "Comfort food". WordNet 3.1. http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=comfort+food. 
  3. ↑ Rufus, Anneli (23 June 2011). "How comfort foods work like Prozac". Gilt Taste. http://www.salon.com/2011/06/23/comfort_food_psychology/.  ()
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Romm, Cari (3 April 2015). "Why Comfort Food Comforts". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/04/why-comfort-food-comforts/389613/. Retrieved 21 July 2015. 
  5. ↑ Heshmat, Shahram (28 September 2016). "5 Reasons Why We Crave Comfort Foods" (in en-US). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201609/5-reasons-why-we-crave-comfort-foods. 
  6. ↑ Wansink, Brian; Sangerman, Cynthia (July 2000). "Engineering comfort foods". American Demographics: 66–7. 
  7. ↑ "The Science behind Comfort Food - Desert Hope". Desert Hope. https://deserthopetreatment.com/addiction-psychology/comfort-food/. 
  8. ↑ Locher, Julie L.; Yoels, William C.; Maurer, Donna; Van Ells, Jillian (2005). "Comfort Foods: An Exploratory Journey into the Social and Emotional Significance of Food". Food and Foodways 13 (4): 273–97. doi:10.1080/07409710500334509. 
  9. ↑ Wansink, B; Cheney, M; Chan, N (2003). "Exploring comfort food preferences across age and gender". Physiology & Behavior 79 (4–5): 739–47. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00203-8. PMID 12954417. 
  10. ↑ Dallman, Mary F.; Pecoraro, Norman; Akana, Susan F.; La Fleur, Susanne E.; Gomez, Francisca; Houshyar, Hani; Bell, M. E.; Bhatnagar, Seema et al. (2003). "Chronic stress and obesity: A new view of 'comfort food'". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (20): 11696–701. doi:10.1073/pnas.1934666100. PMID 12975524. 
  11. ↑ Dallman, Mary F.; Pecoraro, Norman C.; La Fleur, Susanne E. (2005). "Chronic stress and comfort foods: Self-medication and abdominal obesity". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 19 (4): 275–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2004.11.004. PMID 15944067. 
  12. ↑ Dube, L; Lebel, J; Lu, J (2005). "Affect asymmetry and comfort food consumption". Physiology & Behavior 86 (4): 559–67. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.023. PMID 16209880. 
  13. ↑ Kandiah, Jayanthi; Yake, Melissa; Jones, James; Meyer, Michaela (2006). "Stress influences appetite and comfort food preferences in college women". Nutrition Research 26 (3): 118–23. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2005.11.010. 
  14. ↑ Lebel, J; Lu, J; Dube, L (2008). "Weakened biological signals: Highly-developed eating schemas amongst women are associated with maladaptive patterns of comfort food consumption". Physiology & Behavior 94 (3): 384–92. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.02.005. PMID 18325547. 
  15. ↑ Wood, Paulette; Vogen, Barbra D (1998). "Feeding the anorectic client: Comfort foods and happy hour". Geriatric Nursing 19 (4): 192–4. doi:10.1016/S0197-4572(98)90153-7. PMID 9866509. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Ibrahim, Mariam (4 July 2013). "Dining Out: Afghan Chopan Kebab House offers comfort food". Edmonton. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Baer, Adam (13 September 2012). "Afghan Comfort Cuisine". Men's Journal (American Media Inc.). https://www.mensjournal.com/food-drink/afghan-comfort-cuisine-20120913/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Mishan, Ligaya (29 November 2018). "At Nansense, Afghan Comfort Comes From an Unlikely Place: a Former Mail Truck". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/29/dining/nansense-food-truck-review.html. 
  19. ↑ Darlene (30 April 2014). "Sheer Birinj – Afghan Rice Pudding". International Cuisine. https://www.internationalcuisine.com/sheer-birinj/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 "Australian Comfort Food Recipes". http://www.food.com/recipes/australian-comfort-food/. 
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 21.17 21.18 21.19 "Ultimate Comfort Food". ninemsn. http://food.ninemsn.com.au/slideshow_ajax.aspx?sectionid=6679172&sectionname=recipes&subsectionid=7803366&subsectionname=comfortfood_slide. 
  22. ↑ Romero, Jo (27 September 2012). "Comfort foods from around the world". Yahoo!. http://uk.lifestyle.yahoo.com/comfort-foods-from-around-the-world.html. 
  23. ↑ Marks, Kathy (6 December 2003). "Adelaide's 'pie floater' fights losing battle in fast food war". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/adelaides-pie-floater-fights-losing-battle-in-fast-food-war-81392.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 "33 comfort foods from around the world". MSN (Microsoft Corporation). https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/other/33-comfort-foods-from-around-the-world/ss-AAjS6ZD#image=3. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Canadian Comfort Food: A collection of uniquely Canadian Cuisine". Historica Canada (The Canadian Encyclopedia ). http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/exhibit/comfort-foods-from-canada/. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 Kelsey, Sarah (20 October 2011). "Canadian Comfort Food: The Bad-For-Us Foods We Can't Resist". HuffPost Canada (The Huffington Post Canada). http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/10/20/canadian-comfort-food_n_1022326.html. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 Duncan, Lindsay (14 June 2017). "22 Foods You Can Only Get In Canada". Concourse Media. http://www.forkly.com/food/15-foods-you-can-only-get-in-canada/. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 The Canadian Living Test Kitchen. "15 recipes for the ultimate comfort food". Canadian Living. http://www.canadianliving.com/food/menus_and_collections/15_recipes_for_the_ultimate_comfort_food.php. 
  29. ↑ "Cashew and tofu merge for creamy vegan cheesecake: Cookbook author and food blogger Sam Turnbull says recipe tastes just like traditional cheesecake". CBC News Ottawa (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/Radio-Canada). 25 October 2017. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/d-is-for-dinner-vegan-cheesecake-1.4371363. 
  30. ↑ Abraham, Lois (13 March 2016). "'Homegrown' cookbook a labour of love and salute to Canada's producers". Ottawa Citizen (Toronto: Postmedia Network Inc.). https://ottawacitizen.com/health/homegrown+cookbook+labour+love+salute+canada+producers+recipes+chili/11783798/story.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Wilson-Smith, Meghan. "Top Spots for 14 Wintry Canadian Comfort Food Favourites". WHERE Canada (St. Joseph Media Inc.). http://www.where.ca/blog/slideshow/top-spots-14-wintry-canadian-comfort-food-favourites/. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 McLean, Dorothy Cummings (14 January 2016). "Anglo-Canadian Comfort Food". http://thehistoricalhouse.blogspot.com/2016/01/anglo-canadian-comfort-food.html. 
  33. ↑ Rose, Nick (24 April 2017). "How Chop Suey and Ginger Beef Helped Canada Discover Itself". Munchies (VICE Media LLC). https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/d7kyjj/how-chop-suey-and-ginger-beef-helped-canada-discover-itself. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Kelsey, Sarah (20 October 2011). "Canadian Comfort Food: The Bad-For-Us Foods We Can't Resist". HuffPost Living (The Huffington Post Canada). http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/10/20/canadian-comfort-food_n_1022326.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Ruiz Leotaud, Valentina (28 April 2016). "Comfort food now caters to Canadian locavores". National Observer. https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/04/28/news/comfort-food-now-caters-canadian-locavores. 
  36. ↑ Food Network Canada Editors (30 September 2015). "Top 10 Things to Add to Your Mac 'n' Cheese". Food Network Canada (Corus Entertainment Inc.). http://www.foodnetwork.ca/comfort-food/blog/top-10-things-to-add-to-your-mac-and-cheese-449/. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Davis, Hilary (1 August 2014). French Comfort Food. Gibbs Smith. p. Table of Contents. ISBN 978-1423636984. 
  38. ↑ Walhout, Hannah (22 March 2017). "Pot-au-Feu: The Ultimate French Comfort Food". Food & Wine. http://www.foodandwine.com/comfort-food/pot-au-feu-ultimate-french-comfort-food. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 Fitria Rahmadianti (26 September 2012). "Comfort Food, Makanan Yang Bikin Nyaman dan Kangen" (in id). Detik Food. http://food.detik.com/read/2012/09/26/093841/2036688/297/2/comfort-food-makanan-yang-bikin-nyaman-dan-kangen. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Christina Andhika Setyanti (13 November 2015). "Alasan Sup Ayam Jadi Makanan Paling Dicari Saat Flu" (in id). CNN Indonesia. http://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20151113133925-262-91459/alasan-sup-ayam-jadi-makanan-paling-dicari-saat-flu/. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 nava-k. "Maggi goreng mamak". Petitchef. http://en.petitchef.com/recipes/indomie-mi-goreng-fid-997251. 
  42. ↑ "My Comfort Food – Mie Jamur Pangsit Bakso". Indonesia Eats. 8 August 2007. http://indonesiaeats.com/my-comfort-food-mie-jamur-pangsit-bakso/. 
  43. ↑ Kinanti Pinta Karana (18 November 2010). "Comfort Food Helps Indonesian Maid Recover". Jakarta Globe (Globe Media Group). http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/comfort-food-helps-indonesian-maid-recover/407204. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 De Launey, Guy (10 November 2010). "Barack Obama's Indonesia charm offensive". BBC News. Jakarta. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11726603. 
  45. ↑ Olivier, Jamie (2014). "Gorgeous gado-gado: An Indonesian mega salad". Jamie's Comfort Food. Michael Joseph. ISBN 978-0718159535. http://www.jamieoliver.com/recipes/vegetables-recipes/gorgeous-gado-gado/. 
  46. ↑ VL. "Nasi Tim Warisan" (in id). Femina. http://www.femina.co.id/shop.dine/makan.di.mana/nasi.tim.warisan/007/003/254. 
  47. ↑ "Indonesian Steamed Rice with Chicken/Nasi Tim Ayam". What to Cook Today?. http://www.femina.co.id/shop.dine/makan.di.mana/nasi.tim.warisan/007/003/254. 
  48. ↑ "Indonesia - Soto Ayam at Malioboro Country". Chowhound. http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/814793. 
  49. ↑ Lempert, Phil (2 December 2008). "Italian comfort food: Ricotta gnocchi". TODAY. http://www.today.com/food/italian-comfort-food-ricotta-gnocchi-1D80357542. 
  50. ↑ Carlos, Angela (27 October 2015). "This is the Ultimate Italian Comfort Food Recipe". The Daily Meal (tronc, Inc.). https://www.thedailymeal.com/cook/ultimate-italian-comfort-food-recipe. 
  51. ↑ Brassinga, Angela. "7 Favorite Lasagna Recipes: These layered pasta dishes will satisfy your comfort food craving". Time Inc. Affluent Travel Group. http://www.sunset.com/food-wine/kitchen-assistant/lasagna#lucies-lasagna. 
  52. ↑ Sandoval, Eva (14 August 2012). "The world's greatest comfort foods". CNN. http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/worlds-greatest-comfort-foods-016576. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Chavez, Amy (10 March 2015). "10 distinctly Japanese comfort foods". SoraNews24 (Socio Corporation). https://en.rocketnews24.com/2015/03/10/10-distinctly-japanese-comfort-foods/. 
  54. ↑ Joe, Melinda; Marx, W. David; Wee, Darryl; Janette, Misha (12 July 2017). "40 Japanese foods we can't live without". CNN (Cable News Network). http://www.cnn.com/travel/article/japan-foods-must-have/index.html. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 55.6 "Japanese Comfort Food". Japan Deluxe Tours, Inc.. 30 August 2017. https://japandeluxetours.com/experiences/japanese-comfort-food. 
  56. ↑ F&W editors (11 January 2016). "9 Japanese Comfort Foods to Make Right Now". Food & Wine (Time Inc.). http://www.foodandwine.com/blogs/9-japanese-comfort-foods-make-right-now. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Valentini, Marinel (17 October 2016). "Best Comfort Food Dishes From The Philippines". The Culture Trip. The Culture Trip Ltd.. https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/lutuing-pilipino-five-comfort-food-dishes-from-the-philippines/. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Kryza, Andy (20 January 2014). "Filipino Food for Beginners: The 7 Dishes You Need to Know". ThrillList. Group Nine Media Inc.. https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/filipino-food-for-beginners-thrillist-nation. 
  59. ↑ Harrison, Melissa (11 May 2014). "24 Delicious Filipino Foods You Need In Your Life". BuzzFeed. https://www.buzzfeed.com/melissaharrison/delicious-filipino-foods. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 60.6 Galvez, Jane (30 July 2016). "12 Best Filipino Comfort Food For The Rainy Days". Philihappy. https://philihappy.com/filipino-comfort-food-for-rainy-days/. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 Ang Pinaka Staff; Ces Vitan (23 August 2012). "Top 10 Best Rainy Day Comfort Foods on 'Ang Pinaka'". GMA News Online (GMA Network). http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/newstv/angpinaka/270799/top-10-best-rainy-day-comfort-foods-on-ang-pinaka/story/. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Pineda, Maida; Lopez-Quimpo, Candice (24 May 2016). "50 dishes that define the Philippines". CNN Travel. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/travel/article/50-delicious-philippines-dishes/index.html. 
  63. ↑ Tayag, Claude (29 July 2012). "26 top Filipino iconic dishes". The Philippine Star. http://www.philstar.com/sunday-life/2012-07-29/832611/26-top-filipino-iconic-dishes. 
  64. ↑ "Sinampalukang Manok Recipe". https://panlasangpinoy.com/sinampalukang-manok/. 
  65. ↑ "Sinampalukan: Filipino Chicken Soup". http://serve-with-rice.com/sinampalukan-filipino-chicken-soup/. 
  66. ↑ "Creamy Chicken Sopas (Filipino Chicken Macaroni Soup)". https://www.manilaspoon.com/2013/11/creamy-chicken-sopas-filipino-chicken.html. 
  67. ↑ "Chicken Noodle Soup (Sopas) – Filipino version". https://www.foxyfolksy.com/chicken-noodle-soup-sopas-filipino-version/. 
  68. ↑ Ardis, Susan (7 November 2012). "Pierogies: Comfort food, Polish style". The State. http://www.thestate.com/2012/11/07/2510094/pierogies-comfort-food-polish.html. 
  69. ↑ Scatts (17 January 2011). "What Is Polish "Comfort Food"?". Polandian. Wordpress. http://polandian.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/what-is-polish-comfort-food/. 
  70. ↑ Izlar, Camille (14 February 2013). "Polish Comfort Food: Best Way to Stay Warm". Steve Dolinsky. http://stevedolinsky.com/?p=10501. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 Russell, Michael (12 March 2015). "Boriken brings Puerto Rican comfort food to Beaverton (and beyond)". The Oregonian. http://www.oregonlive.com/dining/index.ssf/2015/03/boriken_beaverton_review_puert.html. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 Edwards, Melanie (29 May 2012). "5 Traditional Puerto Rican Foods I Wish My Daughter Ate". Fox News Latino. http://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/2012/05/29/5-traditional-puerto-rican-foods-wish-my-daughter-ate.html. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 73.6 Olmsted, Larry (18 October 2012). "Great American Bites: Classic Puerto Rican comfort food at El Jibarito". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/columnist/greatamericanbites/2012/10/18/puerto-rico-food-san-juan-el-jibarito/1636921/. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Speakerman, Meghan Ruth (17 September 2012). "Puerto Rican Inspiration". Austin Chronicle. http://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/food/2012-09-17/puerto-rican-inspiration/. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Acker, Kerry (24 January 2013). "Spanish Comfort Food Favorites". Epicurious. Condé Nast. https://www.epicurious.com/archive/blogs/editor/2013/01/favorite-classic-recipes-from-spain.html. 
  76. ↑ "Traditional Spanish Comfort Food at Home: Cocido Madrileño Recipe". Devour Madrid. Devour Tours. 8 November 2018. https://madridfoodtour.com/cocido-madrileno-recipe/. 
  77. ↑ "Behind the Bite: Tortilla de Patatas". Devour Madrid. Devour Tours. 19 November 2018. https://madridfoodtour.com/tortilla-de-patatas/. 
  78. ↑ "10 Classic Taiwanese Dishes". LA Weekly. 2012. http://www.laweekly.com/squidink/2012/04/04/10-classic-taiwanese-dishes. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 "45 Taiwanese foods we can't live without". CNN. 2014. http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/40-taiwanese-food-296093. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "Tasty snacks go well with TaiwanFest fun". The Georgia Straight. 2008. https://www.straight.com/food/tasty-snacks-go-well-taiwanfest-fun. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "Taiwan's Top Winter Comfort Foods". The Wall Street Journal. 2013. https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/01/01/taiwans-top-winter-comfort-foods/. 
  82. ↑ "The ultimate comfort food: manti, or turkish dumplings". LA Weekly. 2011. http://www.laweekly.com/restaurants/the-ultimate-comfort-food-manti-or-turkish-dumplings-2379377. 
  83. ↑ "Manti: A Food Without Borders". The Atlantic. 2009. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2009/10/manti-a-food-without-borders/29039/. 
  84. ↑ "Yemekten asla bıkmayacağımız 10 lezzetli anne yemeği". Hürriyet Daily News. 2020. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/aile/yemekten-asla-bikmayacagimiz-10-lezzetli-anne-yemegi-421642. 
  85. ↑ "Yemekten asla bıkmayacağımız 10 lezzetli anne yemeği". Hürriyet Daily News. 2020. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/aile/yemekten-asla-bikmayacagimiz-10-lezzetli-anne-yemegi-421642. 
  86. ↑ "Türk Mutfağında Pilav Geleneği". turkish-cuisine.org. 2012. http://www.turkish-cuisine.org/print.php?id=226&link=http://www.turkish-cuisine.org/culinary-culture-202/the-pilaf-tradition-in-turkish-cuisine-226.html. 
  87. ↑ "Yemekten asla bıkmayacağımız 10 lezzetli anne yemeği". Hürriyet Daily News. 2020. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/aile/yemekten-asla-bikmayacagimiz-10-lezzetli-anne-yemegi-421642. 
  88. ↑ "Yemekten asla bıkmayacağımız 10 lezzetli anne yemeği". Hürriyet Daily News. 2020. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/aile/yemekten-asla-bikmayacagimiz-10-lezzetli-anne-yemegi-421642. 
  89. ↑ Barnett, Louise (6 October 2009). "Bacon butty is our favourite naughty snack". Sunday Express. http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/132265/Bacon-butty-is-our-favourite-naughty-snack. 
  90. ↑ 91.00 91.01 91.02 91.03 91.04 91.05 91.06 91.07 91.08 91.09 91.10 91.11 91.12 91.13 91.14 91.15 "British comfort food to make your mouth water". The Daily Telegraph (London). 22 March 2013. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatpicturegalleries/9940948/British-comfort-food-to-make-your-mouth-water.html. 
  91. ↑ 92.00 92.01 92.02 92.03 92.04 92.05 92.06 92.07 92.08 92.09 92.10 92.11 92.12 Avis-Riordan, Katie (27 October 2017). "The 20 most comforting foods, according to Brits: Many of the choices remind people of their childhoods". Country Living (Hearst Magazines UK). https://www.countryliving.com/uk/create/food-and-drink/news/a2756/most-comforting-foods-to-brits/. Retrieved 11 April 2018. 
  92. ↑ 93.00 93.01 93.02 93.03 93.04 93.05 93.06 93.07 93.08 93.09 93.10 93.11 93.12 93.13 93.14 93.15 "Best ever British comfort food recipes". Olive Magazine. http://www.olivemagazine.com/recipes/best-ever-british-comfort-food-recipes/6631.html. 
  93. ↑ 94.00 94.01 94.02 94.03 94.04 94.05 94.06 94.07 94.08 94.09 94.10 94.11 94.12 94.13 94.14 "Comfort food recipes". BBC Good Food. BBC. http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/collection/comfort-food. 
  94. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 Jaffrey, Madhur; Tom Kitchin, Nigel Slater, Tomos Parry, and Clare Smyth (6 October 2015). "20 best comfort food recipes: part 2". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/oct/06/20-best-british-recipes-part-2-chicken-tikka-masala-madhur-jaffrey-nigel-slater. 
  95. ↑ Higgins, Lilly (26 September 2014). "Give Me Five: Who can resist the comfort of egg and chips?". The Irish Times (The Irish Times DAC). https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/give-me-five-who-can-resist-the-comfort-of-egg-and-chips-1.1935250. 
  96. ↑ Carrier, Rhonda (2009). Frommer's London with Kids. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 101. ISBN 978-0470593097. https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn:0470593091. 
  97. ↑ Symon, Michael. "Beer Battered Fish 'n' Chips with Mushy Peas". The Chew (American Broadcasting Company (ABC)). http://abc.go.com/shows/the-chew/recipes/beer-battered-fish-n-chips-with-mushy-peas-michael-symon. 
  98. ↑ Kerridge, Tom; April Bloomfield, Simon Hopkinson, Tim Hughes, Sam and Sam Clark (24 February 2014). "20 best comfort food recipes: part 1". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/feb/24/20-best-winter-comfort-food-recipes-part-1. 
  99. ↑ "Stottie cake - the taste of home". Shields Gazette (2017 Johnston Publishing Ltd.). 12 January 2011. http://www.shieldsgazette.com/time-of-our-lives/stottie-cake-the-taste-of-home-1-3011005. 
  100. ↑ (Journalist), Dent, Karen (2016). The North Yorkshire Cook Book : a celebration of the amazing food & drink on our doorstep, featuring over 40 stunning recipes. Green, Tim (Photographer). Sheffield. ISBN 978-1910863121. OCLC 964356602. 
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  102. ↑ Bretherton, C. (2013). Pies: Sweet and Savory. DK Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4654-1243-0. https://archive.org/details/Pies_Sweet_and_Savory_by_Caroline_Bretherton. Retrieved 1 October 2015. 
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  104. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 105.4 105.5 105.6 105.7 105.8 Brown, Alton. "America's Best: Top 10 Comfort Foods". http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/photos/americas-best-top-10-comfort-foods.html. 
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  106. ↑ Slotnik, Daniel E. (26 May 2012). "What's Your Comfort Food?". The New York Times. http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/25/whats-your-comfort-food/?_r=0. 
  107. ↑ Fiduccia, K.; Rowinski, K. (2013). The Ultimate Guide to Making Chili: Easy and Delicious Recipes to Spice Up Your Diet. Skyhorse Pub.. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-62087-189-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118. 
  108. ↑ Karina Martinez-Carter (14 February 2014). "As American as peanut butter". Pacific Standard. https://psmag.com/social-justice/american-peanut-butter-73234. Retrieved 6 December 2017. 
  109. ↑ Joseph, Scott (3 September 1993). "Pot Roast, Comfort Food Great, Goes With Comfortable Wine". Orlando Sentinel. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-09-03/entertainment/9309020236_1_pot-roast-wine-penedes.  ()
  110. ↑ "Comfort and Company". Food Network. http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/barefoot-contessa/11-series/comfort-and-company.html. 
  111. ↑ "Chefs' Comfort Food Cook-Off". Southern Living (Time Inc. Lifestyle Group). http://www.southernliving.com/food/classic-southern-comfort-foods/red-beans-and-rice-recipe_2. 
  112. ↑ Gardens, B.H. (2011). The Ultimate Casseroles Book: More than 400 Heartwarming Dishes from Dips to Desserts. Better Homes and Gardens Ultimate. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-544-18850-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=QG97OcDYhQcC&pg=PA83. Retrieved 3 July 2016. 
  113. ↑ "Ultimate Comfort Food". http://www.cookingchanneltv.com/recipes/comfort-food-recipes.html. 

Further reading

External links




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