Medicine:Papilloma
A papilloma (plural papillomas or papillomata) (papillo- + -oma) is a benign epithelial tumor[1] growing exophytically (outwardly projecting) in nipple-like and often finger-like fronds. In this context, papilla refers to the projection created by the tumor, not a tumor on an already existing papilla (such as the nipple).
When used without context, it frequently refers to infections (squamous cell papilloma) caused by a human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly in the form of warts. Human papillomavirus infections are a major cause of cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penile cancer, anal cancer, and HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers.[2][3][4][5][6] Most viral warts are caused by human papillomavirus infection (HPV).[7] There are nearly 200 distinct human papillomaviruses (HPVs),[4] and many types are carcinogenic.[2][3] There are, however, a number of other conditions that cause papillomas, and in many cases the cause may be uncertain.
Signs and symptoms
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A benign papillomatous tumor is derived from epithelium, with cauliflower-like projections that arise from the mucosal surface. It may appear white or normal-colored. It may be pedunculated or sessile. The typical size range is 1–5 cm. Neither sex is significantly more likely to develop papillomas. The most common site is the palate–uvula area, followed by tongue and lips. Durations range from weeks to 10 or more years.
Presence of HPV
Immunoperoxidase stains have identified antigens of the human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 in approximately 50% of cases of squamous cell papilloma.[8]
Prognosis
Differential diagnosis
Other conditions which may present similar symptoms (and which are also caused by HPV infections) include:
- Intraoral verruca vulgaris (common warts)
- Condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)
- Focal epithelial hyperplasia (oral warts)
Differentiation is done accurately by microscopic examination.
Treatment
See also
- Skin tag
- Inverted papilloma
- Squamous cell papilloma
- Urothelial papilloma
- Intraductal papilloma of breast
- Wart
- Papillomavirus
- Human papillomavirus
References
- ↑ "papilloma" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Muñoz, N.; Bosch, F. X.; de Sanjosé, S.; Herrero, R.; Castellsagué, X.; Shah, K. V.; Snijders, P. J.; Meijer, C. J. (February 2003). "Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine 348 (6): 518–527. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021641. PMID 12571259.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Parkin, D. M. (June 2006). "The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002". International Journal of Cancer 118 (12): 3030–3044. doi:10.1002/ijc.21731. PMID 16404738.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ljubojevic, S.; Skerlev, M. (2014). "HPV-associated diseases". Clinics in Dermatology 32 (2): 227–234. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.007. PMID 24559558.
- ↑ "Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer". WHO.int. World Health Organization. June 2016. https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs380/en/.
- ↑ Jamal, Zohaib; Anjum, Fatima (January 2024). "Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma". Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. doi:10.32388/G6TG1L. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/.
- ↑ "Warts: Overview". US National Library of Medicine. 4 May 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072770/.
- ↑ Quinlan, Jeffrey D. (August 2021). "Human Papillomavirus: Screening, Testing, and Prevention". American Family Physician 104 (2): 152–159. ISSN 1532-0650. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p152.html.
External links
| Classification |
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- Choroid Plexus Papilloma - Palmer, Cheryl Ann and Daniel Keith Harrison; EMedicine; 5 June 2008
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