Medicine:Perseveration
Perseveration according to psychology, psychiatry, and speech-language pathology, is the repetition of a particular response (such as a word, phrase, or gesture) regardless of the absence or cessation of a stimulus. It is usually caused by a brain injury or other organic disorder.[1] Symptoms include "lacking ability to transition or switch ideas appropriately with the social context, as evidenced by the repetition of words or gestures after they have ceased to be socially relevant or appropriate",[2] or the "act or task of doing so",[3] and are not better described as stereotypy (a highly repetitive idiosyncratic behaviour).
In a broader sense, it is used for a wide range of functionless behaviours that arise from a failure of the brain to either inhibit prepotent responses or to allow its usual progress to a different behavior, and includes impairment in set shifting and task switching in social and other contexts.[4]
The primary definition of perseveration in biology and clinical psychiatry involves some form of response repetition or the inability to undertake set shifting (changing of goals, tasks or activities) as required, and is usually evidenced by behaviours such as words and gestures continuing to be repeated despite absence or cessation of a stimulus.[1][2][3][4]
More broadly in clinical psychology, it describes mental or physical behaviours which are not excessive in terms of quantity but are apparently both functionless and involve a narrow range of behaviours.
In etymology, the term derives from "persevere", meaning "to continue determinedly", from Latin "perseverare", meaning "to persist": to persist with clear intentions is said "to persevere", but when those intentions are lost and only the persistence remains, one is said "to perseverate". In general English, "perseveration" refers to insistent or redundant repetition, not necessarily in a clinical context.[5]
Associated conditions and manifestations
Perseveration of thought indicates an inability to switch ideas or responses.[6] An example of perseveration is, during a conversation, if an issue has been fully explored and discussed to a point of resolution, it is not uncommon for something to trigger the reinvestigation of the matter. This can happen at any time during a conversation.[citation needed]
Physical brain injury, trauma or damage
- Perseveration is particularly common with those who have had traumatic brain injury.
- Perseveration is sometimes a feature of frontal lobe lesions,[6] and of other conditions involving dysfunction or dysregulation within the frontal lobe. This is especially true when the lateral orbitofrontal cortex or inferior prefrontal convexity (Brodmann areas 47/12) are affected.[7]
- Perseveration is also sometimes seen as a symptom of aphasia.
Other neurological conditions
- Perseveration is a common feature of frontal lobe syndrome, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome and chronic acetogenin poisoning.[8]
- Perseveration may also refer to the obsessive and highly selective interests of individuals on the autism spectrum.
- In attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), perseveration or "hyperfocus" commonly occurs [9] as an impairment of set shifting and task switching.[10][11][12]
- In people who are both intellectually gifted and suffer a learning disability, the state of hyperfocus and flow can be confounded with perseverance.[9]
- Apart from their direct symptoms, people with obsessive–compulsive disorder can have specific problems with set shifting and inhibition of prepotent responses.[13]
Confounds (conditions with similar appearing symptoms)
- Perseveration may be confused with habitual behaviours in a number of other conditions and disorders, such as obsessive–compulsive disorder, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, and habit problems.[14] However, in animal experiments it can be shown when repetitive behaviour is a cognitive perseveration rather than a motor disorder. For example, under low doses of amphetamine an animal will perseverate in maintaining an arbitrary object preference even when different motor responses are required to maintain that preference.[15]
Unproven:
- Several researchers have tried to connect perseveration with a lack of memory inhibition (the person repeats the answer because they have not been able to forget a past question and move on to the current subject); however, this connection could not be found, or was small.[16][17]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Helm-Estabrooks N (2004). "The problem of perseveration". Semin Speech Lang 25 (4): 289–90. doi:10.1055/s-2004-837241. PMID 15599818. http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/html/ssl/doi/10.1055/s-2004-837241.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Perseveration". Psych Central.com. http://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia/2008/perseveration/.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Perseveration - Define Perseveration at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/perseveration.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dictionary of Biological Psychology - p.595
- ↑ "Perseverate | Define Perseverate at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/perseverate.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Psychiatric Glossary of Terms in Psychiatry". priory.com. http://priory.com/gloss.htm#perseveration.
- ↑ Iversen, Susan D.; Mishkin, Mortimer (1970). "Perseverative interference in monkeys following selective lesions of the inferior prefrontal convexity". Experimental Brain Research 11 (4): 376–86. doi:10.1007/BF00237911. PMID 4993199.
- ↑ http://academic.oup.com/brain/article-pdf/130/3/816/778818/awl347.pdf
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Misdiagnosis And Dual Diagnoses Of Gifted Children And Adults: Adhd, Bipolar... - Webb, p.50-51]: Notes prior research into "hyperfocus" in ADHD, identifies it with "flow" in gifted children, observes that what is called hyperfocus in such cases "seems to be a less medical-sounding description of perseveration. Thus the apparent ability to concentrate in certain limited situations does not exclude the diagnosis of ADD/ADHD."
- ↑ Taking Charge of Adult ADHD, Barkley R. - p.61-62 "One track Mind"
- ↑ Meaux, Julie B. (2000). "Stop, look, and listen: the challenge for children with ADHD". Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 23 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/01460860050121394. PMID 11011659.
- ↑ Miranda, Monica Carolina; Barbosa, Thais; Muszkat, Mauro; Rodrigues, Camila Cruz; Sinnes, Elaine Girão; Coelho, Luzia Flavia S; Rizzuti, Sueli; Palma, Sonia Maria Mota et al. (2012). "Performance patterns in Conners' CPT among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 70 (2): 91–6. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2012000200004. PMID 22311211.
- ↑ Gyula, Demeter; Mihály, Racsmány; Katalin, Csigó; András, Harsányi; Attila, Németh; László, Döme (2013). "Ép rövid távú memória és károsodott végrehajtó funkciók kényszerbetegségben" (in hu). Ideggyógyászati Szemle 66 (1–2): 35–41. PMID 23607228. http://www.elitmed.hu/kiadvanyaink/ideggyogyaszati_szemle/ep_rovid_tavu_memoria_es_karosodott_vegrehajto_funkciok_kenyszerbetegsegben_10586/.
- ↑ Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder~differential at eMedicine
- ↑ Ridley, R.M. (1981). "An involvement of dopamine in higher order choice mechanisms in the monkey". Psychopharmacology 72 (2): 173–177. doi:10.1007/bf00431652. PMID 6782607.
- ↑ "The development of executive function in early childhood". Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 68 (3): vii–137. 2003. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2003.06803010.x. PMID 14723273.
- ↑ Sharon, Tanya; DeLoache, Judy S. (2003). "The role of perseveration in children's symbolic understanding and skill". Developmental Science 6 (3): 289–96. doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00285. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7c1c71ec294a361c34abcd34d8595da496cb13f6.
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