Medicine:Rain Man

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Short description: 1988 film directed by Barry Levinson
Rain Man
Rain Man poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster by John Alvin
Directed byBarry Levinson
Produced byMark Johnson
Screenplay by
  • Barry Morrow
  • Ronald Bass
Story byBarry Morrow
Starring
  • Dustin Hoffman
  • Tom Cruise
  • Valeria Golino
  • Jerry Molen
Music byHans Zimmer
CinematographyJohn Seale
Edited byStu Linder
Production
company
  • United Artists
  • Guber-Peters Company[1]
  • Star Partners II, Ltd.[1]
Distributed byMGM/UA Communications Co.
Running time
134 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States[1]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$25 million[2]
Box office$354.8 million[2]

Rain Man is a 1988 American road comedy-drama film directed by Barry Levinson, from a screenplay written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass. It tells the story of abrasive, selfish young wheeler-dealer Charlie Babbitt (Tom Cruise), who discovers that his estranged father has died and bequeathed virtually all of his multimillion-dollar estate to his other son, Raymond (Dustin Hoffman), an autistic savant, of whose existence Charlie was unaware. Charlie is left with only his father's beloved vintage car and rosebushes. Valeria Golino also stars as Charlie's girlfriend Susanna. Morrow created the character of Raymond after meeting Kim Peek, a real-life savant; his characterization was based on both Peek and Bill Sackter, a good friend of Morrow who was the subject of Bill (1981), an earlier film that Morrow wrote.[3]

Rain Man premiered at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Golden Bear, the festival's highest prize.[4] It was theatrically released by MGM/UA Communications Co. in the United States on December 16, 1988, to critical and commercial success, grossing $354.8 million, on a $25 million budget, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1988, and received a leading eight nominations at the 61st Academy Awards, winning four (more than any other film nominated); Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (for Hoffman), and Best Original Screenplay.[5]

(As of 2022), Rain Man is the first and only film to win both Golden Bear and Academy Award for Best Picture. It was also the last MGM title to be nominated for Best Picture until Licorice Pizza (2021) 33 years later.[6]

Plot

Collectibles dealer Charlie Babbitt is in the middle of importing four grey market Lamborghinis to Los Angeles for resale. He needs to deliver the cars to impatient buyers, who have already made down payments, in order to repay the loan he took out to buy them, but the EPA is holding the cars at the port because they have failed emissions tests. Charlie directs an employee to lie to the buyers while he stalls his creditor.

When Charlie learns that his estranged father Sanford Babbitt has died, he and his girlfriend Susanna travel to Cincinnati in order to settle the estate. He inherits only a group of rosebushes and a classic 1949 Buick Roadmaster convertible over which he and his father clashed, while the remainder of the $3 million estate is going to an unnamed trustee. He learns that the money is being directed to a local mental institution, where he meets his elder brother, Raymond, of whom he was unaware his whole life.

Raymond has autism and savant syndrome and adheres to strict routines. He has superb recall, but he shows little emotional expression except when in distress. Charlie spirits Raymond out of the mental institution and into a hotel for the night. Susanna becomes upset with the way Charlie treats his brother and leaves him. Charlie asks Raymond's doctor, Dr. Gerald Bruner, for half the estate in exchange for Raymond's return, but Bruner refuses. Charlie decides to attempt to gain custody of his brother in order to get control of the money.

After Raymond refuses to fly to Los Angeles, he and Charlie resort to driving there instead. They make slow progress because Raymond insists on sticking to his routines, which include watching The People's Court on television every day, getting to bed by 11:00 PM, and refusing to travel when it rains. He also objects to traveling on the interstate after they encounter a car accident. During the course of the journey, Charlie learns more about Raymond, including his ability to instantly perform complex calculations and count hundreds of objects at once, far beyond the normal range of human abilities. He also realizes Raymond had lived with the family as a child and was the "Rain Man", a comforting figure that Charlie had falsely remembered as an imaginary friend. Raymond had saved an infant Charlie from being scalded by hot bathwater one day, but their father had blamed him for nearly injuring Charlie and committed him to the institution, as he was unable to speak up for himself and correct the misunderstanding.

Charlie's creditor repossesses the Lamborghinis, forcing him to refund his buyers' down payments and leaving him deeply in debt. Having passed Las Vegas, he and Raymond return to Caesars Palace on the Strip and devise a plan to win the needed money by playing blackjack and counting cards. Though the casino bosses obtain videotape evidence of the scheme and ask them to leave, Charlie successfully wins $86,000 to cover his debts and reconciles with Susanna, who has rejoined the brothers in Las Vegas.

Returning to Los Angeles, Charlie meets with Bruner, who offers him $250,000 to walk away from Raymond. Charlie refuses and says that he is no longer upset about being cut out of his father's will, but he wants to have a relationship with his brother. At a meeting with a court-appointed psychiatrist, Raymond proves unable to decide for himself what he wants. Charlie stops the questioning and tells Raymond he is happy to have him as his brother. As Raymond and Bruner board a train to return to the institution, Charlie promises to visit in two weeks.

Cast

  • Dustin Hoffman as Raymond "Ray" Babbitt
  • Tom Cruise as Charles "Charlie" Babbitt
  • Valeria Golino as Susanna
  • Jerry Molen as Dr. Gerald Bruner
  • Ralph Seymour as Lenny
  • Michael D. Roberts as Vern
  • Bonnie Hunt as Sally Dibbs
  • Beth Grant as Mother at Farm House
  • Lucinda Jenney as Iris
  • Barry Levinson as Doctor


Production

A now-abandoned gas station and general store in Cogar, Oklahoma was used in a scene from the film. The Colvert sign has since been removed, revealing the full name of the business.

In drafting the story for Rain Man, Barry Morrow decided to base the Dustin Hoffman's character, Raymond Babbitt, off of his experiences with both Kim Peek and Bill Sackter, two men who had gained notoriety and fame for their intellectual disabilities. Prior to the conception of Rain Man, Morrow had formed a friendship with the intellectually disabled Sackter, and in doing so ended up taking some situational aspects from his friendship and using them to help craft the relationship between Charlie and Raymond. Following the success of the made-for-TV movie he had written about Sackter, Bill, Morrow met the notorious Kim Peek and was wildly intrigued by his Savant Syndrome. Initially going into the creation of the film, Morrow was essentially unaware of the intricacies of the condition, as well as of autism itself, deciding instead the movie was less about Raymond's intellectual disability and more about the relationship formed between Raymond and Charlie.[7]

Roger Birnbaum was the first studio executive to give the film a green light; he did so immediately after Barry Morrow pitched the story. Birnbaum received "special thanks" in the film's credits.[citation needed]

Real-life brothers Dennis Quaid and Randy Quaid were considered for the roles of Raymond Babbitt and Charles Babbitt.[8] Agents at CAA sent the script to Dustin Hoffman and Bill Murray, envisioning Murray in the title role and Hoffman in the role eventually portrayed by Cruise.[3] Martin Brest, Steven Spielberg and Sydney Pollack were directors also involved in the film.[9] Mickey Rourke was also offered a role but he turned it down.[10]

For a year prior to playing Raymond Babbitt, Hoffman prepared to portray Raymond's autism by seeking out and educating himself on other people with autism, particularly those with Savant Syndrome. Hoffman had some experience with disabled individuals prior to filming, having worked at the New York Psychiatric Institute when he was younger. Inspiration for the portrayal of Raymond Babbitt's mannerisms was drawn from a multitude of sources, including Kim Peek and the autistic brother of a Princeton football player with whom Hoffman was in touch with at the time. Part of Hoffman's research into the role also included in-person meetings with savant Kim Peek, wherein he would observe and mimic Peek's actions in order to attempt to give an accurate portrayal at what an individual with Savant Syndrome might act like. His mimicry of Peek's Savant Syndrome was deemed a poor fit for the character by Hoffman, resulting in Hoffman deciding to make Babbitt not only a man with Savant Syndrome, but also a man with autism.[7] This decision was one that proved to only further the misunderstanding of autism spectrum disorder among the general public: though autism is, in itself, a varying condition with numerous ways in which it is characterized, having both autism and Savant Syndrome is an incredibly rare occurrence.[11] Even so, audiences were swayed into thinking that most autistic individuals were intellectually capable of savant abilities largely by the Hoffman's portrayal of Raymond Babbitt.

Principal photography included nine weeks of filming on location in Cincinnati and throughout northern Kentucky.[12] Other portions were shot in the desert near Palm Springs, California.[13]:168–71

There was originally a different ending to the movie drafted by Morrow which differed from Raymond going back to the institution. Morrow ultimately decided to drop this ending in favor of Raymond returning to the institution, as he felt the original ending would not have stuck with the viewers as effectively as the revised ending did.[7]

Almost all of the principal photography occurred during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike; one key scene that was affected by the lack of writers was the film's final scene.[3] Bass delivered his last draft of the script only hours before the strike started and spent no time on the set.[9]

Release

Box office

Rain Man debuted on December 16, 1988, and was the second highest-grossing film at the weekend box office (behind Twins), with $7 million.[14] It reached the first spot on the December 30 – January 2 weekend, finishing 1988 with $42 million.[15] The film would end up as the highest-grossing U.S. film of 1988 by earning over $172 million. The film grossed over $354 million worldwide.[2]

Critical reception

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 89% based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critical consensus states: "This road-trip movie about an autistic savant and his callow brother is far from seamless, but Barry Levinson's direction is impressive, and strong performances from Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman add to its appeal."[16] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[18]

Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Rain Man a "becomingly modest, decently thought-out, sometimes funny film"; Hoffman's performance was a "display of sustained virtuosity . . . [which] makes no lasting connections with the emotions. Its end effect depends largely on one's susceptibility to the sight of an actor acting nonstop and extremely well, but to no particularly urgent dramatic purpose."[19] Canby considered the "film's true central character" to be "the confused, economically and emotionally desperate Charlie, beautifully played by Mr. Cruise."[19]

Amy Dawes of Variety wrote that "one of the year's most intriguing film premises ... is given uneven, slightly off-target treatment"; she called the road scenes "hastily, loosely written, with much extraneous screen time," but admired the last third of the film, calling it a depiction of "two very isolated beings" who "discover a common history and deep attachment."[20]

One of the film's harshest reviews came from New Yorker magazine critic Pauline Kael, who said, "Everything in this movie is fudged ever so humanistically, in a perfunctory, low-pressure way. And the picture has its effectiveness: people are crying at it. Of course they're crying at it—it's a piece of wet kitsch."[21]

Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four. He wrote, "Hoffman proves again that he almost seems to thrive on impossible acting challenges...I felt a certain love for Raymond, the Hoffman character. I don't know quite how Hoffman got me to do it."[22] Gene Siskel also gave the film three and a half stars out of four, singling out Cruise for praise, "The strength of the film is really that of Cruise's performance...the combination of two superior performances makes the movie worth watching."[23]

Rain Man was placed on 39 critics' "ten best" lists in 1988, based on a poll of the nation's top 100 critics.[24]

Accolades

Award Category Nominee(s) Result
Academy Awards[5] Best Picture Mark Johnson Won
Best Director Barry Levinson Won
Best Actor Dustin Hoffman Won
Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Won
Best Art Direction Ida Random and Linda DeScenna Nominated
Best Cinematography John Seale Nominated
Best Film Editing Stu Linder Nominated
Best Original Score Hans Zimmer Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film Stu Linder Won
American Society of Cinematographers Awards[25] Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases John Seale Nominated
Berlin International Film Festival[26] Golden Bear Barry Levinson Won
Berliner Morgenpost Readers' Jury Award Won
BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Hans Zimmer Won
British Academy Film Awards[27] Best Actor in a Leading Role Dustin Hoffman Nominated
Best Original Screenplay Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Nominated
Best Editing Stu Linder Nominated
César Awards[28] Best Foreign Film Barry Levinson Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[29] Best Actor Dustin Hoffman Nominated
David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Film Barry Levinson Won
Best Foreign Director Nominated
Best Foreign Actor Dustin Hoffman Won
Best Foreign Producer Mark Johnson Nominated
Best Foreign Screenplay Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards[30] Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Barry Levinson Won
Golden Globe Awards[31] Best Motion Picture – Drama Won
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Dustin Hoffman Won
Best Director – Motion Picture Barry Levinson Nominated
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Nominated
Goldene Kamera (1989) Golden Screen Won
Goldene Kamera (1991) Golden Screen with 1 Star Won
Heartland Film Truly Moving Picture Award Barry Levinson Won
Japan Academy Film Prize Outstanding Foreign Language Film Nominated
Jupiter Awards Best International Film Barry Levinson Won
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards[32] Best Film Won
Best Director Barry Levinson Won
Best Actor Dustin Hoffman Won
Best Supporting Actor Tom Cruise Won[lower-alpha 1]
Kinema Junpo Awards Best Foreign Language Film Barry Levinson Won
Mainichi Film Awards Best Foreign Language Film Won
MTV Video Music Awards Best Video from a Film "Iko Iko" – The Belle Stars Nominated
Nastro d'Argento Best Foreign Director Barry Levinson Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Valeria Golino Nominated
National Society of Film Critics Awards[33] Best Actor Dustin Hoffman 3rd Place
New York Film Critics Circle Awards[34] Best Actor 2nd Place
Nikkan Sports Film Awards Best Foreign Film Won
People's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture Won
Turkish Film Critics Association Awards Best Foreign Film 2nd Place
Writers Guild of America Awards[35] Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Nominated
YoGa Awards Worst Foreign Actor Dustin Hoffman Won

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

  • 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers - #63

Legacy

After its release in 1988, Rain Man saw funding for medical research and diagnoses of individuals for autism spectrum disorder increase tenfold. Rain Man is a movie famous in particular for its portrayal of a man with both autism and Savant Syndrome, leading much of its viewing audience to understand the intellectual capabilities of those with autism in an incorrect way.[7]

The character of Raymond Babbitt has been criticized for fitting into the stereotype of the "Magical/Savant" autistic character. Characters like these are portrayed as having an otherworldly intellectual ability that, rather than disable them from living a "normal" life, instead assists them in a nearly magical way, causing those around them to be in awe and wonder as to how a person might have this capability. While having Savant Syndrome is certainly a possibility for autistic individuals, it is incredibly rare.[11]

In popular culture

Rain Man's portrayal of the main character's condition has been seen as creating the erroneous media stereotype that people on the autism spectrum typically have savant skills, and references to Rain Man, in particular Dustin Hoffman's performance, have become a popular shorthand for autism and savantism. Conversely, Rain Man has also been seen as dispelling a number of other misconceptions about autism, and improving public awareness of the failure of many agencies to accommodate autistic people and make use of the abilities they do have, regardless of whether they have savant skills or not.[36]

The film is also known for popularizing the misconception that card counting is illegal in the United States.[37]

The Babbitt brothers appear in The Simpsons season 5 episode $pringfield. The film is mentioned in numerous other films such as Miss Congeniality (2000), 21 (2008), Tropic Thunder (2008) (in which Tom Cruise made an appearance), The Hangover (2009), Escape Room (2019), and also in the television series Breaking Bad.

Raymond Babbitt was caricatured as a rain cloud in the animated episode of The Nanny, "Oy to the World". During the episode, Fran fixes up CC the Abominable Babcock with the Rain Man. He is portrayed as a cloud of rain mumbling about weather patterns and being an excellent driver.

Qantas and airline controversy

During June 1989, at least fifteen major airlines showed edited versions of Rain Man that omitted a scene involving Raymond's refusal to fly, mentioning the crashes of American Airlines Flight 625, Delta Air Lines Flight 191, and Continental Airlines Flight 1713, except on Australia-based Qantas. Those criticizing this decision included film director Barry Levinson, co-screenwriter Ronald Bass, and George Kirgo (at the time the President of the Writers Guild of America, West). "I think it's a key scene to the entire movie," Levinson said in a telephone interview. "That's why it's in there. It launches their entire odyssey across country – because they couldn't fly." While some of those airlines cited as justification avoiding having airplane passengers feel uncomfortable in sympathy with Raymond during the in-flight entertainment, the scene was shown intact on flights of Qantas, and commentators noted that Raymond mentions it as the only airline whose planes have "never crashed".[38][39]

The film is credited with introducing Qantas' safety record to U.S. consumers.[40][41] However, contrary to the claims made in the film, Qantas aircraft have been involved in a number of fatal accidents since the airline's founding in 1920, though none involving jet aircraft, with the last incident taking place in December 1951.[42]

The Buick convertible

Two 1949 Roadmaster convertibles were used in the filming, one of which had its rear suspension stiffened to bear the additional load of camera equipment and a cameraman. After filming completed, the unmodified car was acquired by Hoffman, who had it restored, added it to his collection and kept it for 34 years. Hemmings Motor News reported that this car was auctioned in January 2022 by Bonhams at Scottsdale, Arizona and sold for $335,000.[43] The camera-carrying car was similarly acquired by Barry Levinson, who a few years later had it restored by Wayne Carini of the Chasing Classic Cars television series.

Savant Syndrome in Rain Man

Rain Man's plot revolved heavily around the depiction and performance of Savant Syndrome, as seen in the main character Raymond Babbitt. Savant Syndrome can be described as a subcategory of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), in which certain individuals express extreme and unordinary talents in one or more domains.[44] Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be described as a set of symptoms including (but not limited to) developmental and learning delays, extreme sensitivity to sensory stimuli, unusually specific interests, and difficulty in social situations. As seen in Rain Man, the character of Raymond Babbitt (played by Dustin Hoffman) displays characteristics linked to both ASD and Savant Syndrome; including a strict adherence to a repetitive routine, an unusually precise photographic memory, and an extreme aptitude for mathematical equations.

Although Savant Syndrome can be linked to a number of various developmental conditions, it is most commonly co-identified in Autism, with findings showing that up to 37% of people with Autism also share Savant capabilities.[44] Because the emergence and cause of Savant Syndrome is still not fully understood by medical professionals, there continue to be a wide range of individuals who remain undiagnosed, and others who are improperly diagnosed.

Daniel Tammet, author of Born on a Blue Day: Inside the Extraordinary Mind of an Autistic Savant, faces similar experiences and challenges as the character of Raymond Babbitt, in that he too is an Autistic Savant with extraordinary mathematical skills and an extreme concern for repetitive routines.[45] In his autobiography, he details how his rare condition has informed his life and the way that he sees the world. Like Raymond, Daniel notes that he deals with nervousness through repetitive multiplication of numbers, whereas the character of Raymond Babbitt deals with nervousness through his repetition of Abbott & Costello's famous "Who's on First?" comedy sketch. Daniel also exhibits other qualities characteristic of someone with Savant Syndrome, including his ability to fluently speak ten languages, including one that he invented himself, called Manti.[45]

An emerging theme in Rain Man can be noted as the realization and exploration of the fact that individuals with developmental conditions such as ASD and Savant Syndrome do indeed feel emotions in the same way that others do. While individuals with ASD and Savant Syndrome are able to feel similar emotions as others, they aren't always able to manage them in the way that most neurotypical individuals are. As Pamela Heaton and Gregory Wallace note in their article found in The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, children with ASD and children with Savant Syndrome often show the most difficulty in expressing and understanding emotions that stem from a social background, such as pride or embarrassment, but show a typical understanding in the expression and understanding of more primary emotions such as happiness or sadness.[46] This finding is consistent with previous understandings of the emotional development of individuals with ASD and Savant Syndrome, as well as with several fictional portrayals of these conditions, notably the character of Raymond Babbitt in Rain Man.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Rain Man (1988)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/55772. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rain Man at Box Office Mojo
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Barry Morrow's audio commentary for Rain Man from the DVD release.
  4. ↑ "Berlinale: 1989 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistr_ger_1989/03_Preistraeger_1989.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989. 
  6. ↑ "MGM's Michael de Luca & Pam Abdy on Studio's First In-House Best Picture Oscar Nomination in 33 Years, Being "Mildly Psychotically Obsessive" About Movies & What's Ahead – Q&A". February 9, 2022. https://deadline.com/2022/02/mgm-future-oscars-michael-de-luca-pam-abdy-interview-1234929534/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Rain Man at 30: damaging stereotype or 'the best thing that happened to autism'?" (in en). 2018-12-13. http://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/dec/13/rain-man-at-30-autism-hoffman-cruise-levinson. 
  8. ↑ Mell, Eila (January 24, 2015). Casting Might-Have-Beens: A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others. ISBN 9781476609768. https://books.google.com/books?id=1SqXAAAAQBAJ&q=randy+quaid+rainman+dennis+quaid+google+books&pg=PA197. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bass' audio commentary for Rain Man from the DVD release.
  10. ↑ "Mickey Rourke: a life in film". Time Out. https://www.timeout.com/london/film/mickey-rourke-a-life-in-film-1. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Prochnow, Alexandria (2014). "AN ANALYSIS OF AUTISM THROUGH MEDIA REPRESENTATION". ETC: A Review of General Semantics 71 (2): 133–149. ISSN 0014-164X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24761922. 
  12. ↑ "Then and Now: A look back at 'Rain Man' in Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky". WCPO. February 28, 2014. https://www.wcpo.com/entertainment/local-a-e/rain-man-then-and-now-a-look-back-at-rain-man-in-cincinnati-and-northern-kentucky. 
  13. ↑ Niemann, Greg (2006). Palm Springs Legends: creation of a desert oasis. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications. pp. 286. ISBN 978-0-932653-74-1. OCLC 61211290. https://books.google.com/books?id=RwXQGTuL1M0C&q=palm+springs+film+locations&pg=PA169.  (here for Table of Contents )
  14. ↑ "Weekend Box Office: December 16–18, 1988". Box Office Mojo. https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1988&wknd=51&p=.htm. 
  15. ↑ "Weekend Box Office: December 30 – January 2, 1988". Box Office Mojo. https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1988&wknd=53a&p=.htm. 
  16. ↑ "Rain Man (1988)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rain_man/. 
  17. ↑ "Rain Man Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. https://www.metacritic.com/movie/rain-man. 
  18. ↑ "Cinemascore :: Movie Title Search". 2018-12-20. https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "December 1988 review from The New York Times". https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2D91538F935A25751C1A96E948KGyktL. 
  20. ↑ Rain Man , Variety, December 14, 1988
  21. ↑ Kael, Pauline. {{Metacritic film}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata., The New Yorker (Feb. 1989)
  22. ↑ Rain Man review Ebert, Roger
  23. ↑ Siskel, Gene (December 16, 1988). "Cruise's Perforrmance Gives 'Rain Man' Strength". Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-12-16-8802250650-story.html. 
  24. ↑ "100 Film Critics Can't Be Wrong, Can They? : The critics' consensus choice for the 'best' movie of '88 is . . . a documentary!". January 8, 1989. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-08-ca-257-story.html. 
  25. ↑ "The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography". http://www.theasc.com/asc_news/awards/awards_history.php. 
  26. ↑ "PRIZES & HONOURS 1989". https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistraeger_1989/03_preistraeger_1989.html. 
  27. ↑ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1990". 1990. http://awards.bafta.org/award/1990/film. 
  28. ↑ "The 1990 Caesars Ceremony". César Awards. https://www.academie-cinema.org/evenements/ceremonie-des-cesar-1990/. Retrieved July 10, 2021. 
  29. ↑ "Chicago Film Critics Awards – 1988–97". Chicago Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160422075211/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/1988-97. Retrieved 21 July 2015. 
  30. ↑ "41st DGA Awards". https://www.dga.org/Awards/History/1980s/1988.aspx?value=1988. 
  31. ↑ "Rain Man – Golden Globes". https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/rain-man. 
  32. ↑ "KCFCC Award Winners – 1980-89". December 14, 2013. https://kcfcc.org/kcfcc-award-winners-1980-89/. 
  33. ↑ "Past Awards". December 19, 2009. https://nationalsocietyoffilmcritics.com/about-2/. 
  34. ↑ "1988 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". https://mubi.com/awards-and-festivals/nyfccas?year=1988. 
  35. ↑ "Awards Winners". wga.org. Writers Guild of America. http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551. 
  36. ↑ Treffert, Darold. "Rain Man, the Movie/Rain Man, Real Life". https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/professional/savant-syndrome/resources/articles/rain-man-the-movie-rain-man-real-life/. 
  37. ↑ Rose, I. Nelson; Loeb, Robert A. (1999). Blackjack and the Law. Rge Pub. ISBN 978-0-910575-08-9. 
  38. ↑ "Airlines Cut Scene From 'Rain Man'". The New York Times. June 29, 1989. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/29/movies/airlines-cut-scene-from-rain-man.html. 
  39. ↑ Weinstein, Steve (June 29, 1989). "Uneasy Airlines Get Final Cut on 'Rain Man'". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/1989-06-29/entertainment/ca-3726_1_airlines-plane-rain-man. 
  40. ↑ Kamenev, Marina (November 24, 2010). "Qantas: Airline Safety's Golden Child No More?". Time (magazine). http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2032492,00.html. Retrieved June 6, 2015. 
  41. ↑ "Is Qantas still the world's safest airline?". News.com.au. January 7, 2014. http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/is-qantas-still-the-worlds-safest-airline/story-e6frfq80-1226796848267. 
  42. ↑ Palmer, Brian (1 November 2011). "Is Qantas The World's Safest Airline?". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/11/airline_safety_does_qantas_airlines_crash_free_record_make_it_th.html. Retrieved 5 May 2022. 
  43. ↑ Symes, Steven (31 January 2022). "Rain Man Buick Roadmaster Sells For $335,000". https://www.motorious.com/articles/news/rain-man-buick-roadmaster/. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Hughes, James E. A.; Ward, Jamie; Gruffydd, Elin; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Smith, Paula; Allison, Carrie; Simner, Julia (2018-10-12). "Savant syndrome has a distinct psychological profile in autism". Molecular Autism 9 (1): 53. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0237-1. ISSN 2040-2392. PMID 30344992. PMC 6186137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0237-1. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Lyall, Sarah (2007-02-19). "Living with savant syndrome: Learning to manage an extraordinary gift" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/19/health/19iht-savant.html. 
  46. ↑ Heaton, Pamela; Wallace, Gregory L. (July 2004). "Annotation: The savant syndrome" (in en). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 (5): 899–911. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00284.x. ISSN 0021-9630. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00284.x. 
  1. ↑ Tied with Martin Landau for Tucker: The Man and His Dream and Dean Stockwell for Married to the Mob.

External links




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