Organization:Jackson State University

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Short description: Public historically black university in Jackson, Mississippi, U.S.
Jackson State University
Jackson State University seal.png
Former name
Natchez Seminary
(1877–1883)
Jackson College
(1883–1940)
Mississippi Negro Training School
(1940–1944)
Jackson College for Negro Teachers
(1944–1967)
Jackson State College
(1967–1974)
MottoExcellentia academia investigatio et officium (Latin)
"Challenging Minds, Changing Lives"
Motto in English
"Academic excellence in research and service"
TypePublic historically black research university
EstablishedOctober 23, 1877; 146 years ago (1877-10-23)
Parent institution
Mississippi Institutions of Higher Learning[1]
Academic affiliations
Endowment$60 million (2019)[2]
PresidentElayne Hayes-Anthony (acting)[3]
Academic staff
450
Administrative staff
1,208
Students7,020 (fall 2019)[4]
Undergraduates5,152 (fall 2019)
Postgraduates1,868 (fall 2019)
Location
Jackson
,
Mississippi
,
United States

[ ⚑ ] : 32°17′46″N 090°12′28″W / 32.29611°N 90.20778°W / 32.29611; -90.20778
CampusMidsize city[5]
NewspaperThe Blue & White Flash[6]
|u}}rsNavy blue and white[7]
         
NicknameTigers
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I FCS – SWAC
MascotBengal Tiger
Websitewww.jsums.edu
Jackson State University logo.png

Jackson State University (Jackson State or JSU) is a public historically black research university in Jackson, Mississippi. It is one of the largest HBCUs in the United States and the fourth largest university in Mississippi in terms of student enrollment. The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

Jackson State University's athletic teams, the Tigers, participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). Jackson State is also the home of the Sonic Boom of the South, a marching band founded in the 1940s. Their accompanying danceline, the Prancing J-Settes, are well known for their unique style of dance, known as J-Setting.

History

Jackson College in 1889

Jackson State University developed from Natchez Seminary, founded October 23, 1877, in Natchez, Mississippi. The seminary was affiliated with the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York, who established it "for the moral, religious, and intellectual improvement of Christian leaders of the colored people of Mississippi and the neighboring states".[8][9] In 1883, the school changed its name to Jackson College and moved from Natchez to a site in Jackson, the capital. Today that site serves as the campus of Millsaps College.[10]

Jackson College moved to its current location early in the 20th century, where it developed into a full state university.[10]

In 1934, during the Great Depression, The Baptist Society withdrew financial support. The school became a state-supported public institution in 1940, known as the Mississippi Negro Training School. The name has since been changed to express development: Jackson College for Negro Teachers (1944). After desegregation, Jackson State College (1967); with the addition of graduate programs and expanded curriculum, Jackson State University (1974).[11]

Many students at Jackson State College became active in the civil rights movement. Work to gain integrated practice and social justice continued after civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s. During an on-campus protest on May 14, 1970, two students were killed by police gunfire.[12] An additional 12 students were injured by gunfire during the clash.[13] A dormitory still bears the bullet marks fired on that day.

The university drew national attention in 2023 when the faculty senate voted "no confidence" in university president Thomas Hudson. They alleged that he "repeatedly failed to respect shared governance, transparency, and accountability".[14] Shortly thereafter, the university's board of trustees placed Hudson on administrative leave and appointed Elayne Hayes-Anthony the acting president.[3]

Campuses

Ayer Hall on main campus

The main campus contains over 50 academic and administrative buildings on 245 acres (0.99 km2). It is located at 1400 John R. Lynch Street between Prentiss and Dalton Streets.

Ayer Hall was constructed in 1903 and is the oldest structure on the main campus. It was named in honor of the first president of the institution, Charles Ayer. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Green-Gibb Pedestrian Walkway was named in honor of the two young men who died in the Jackson State shooting in 1970. As a result of the landmark "Ayers Settlement" in 2002, the university, along with the other two public HBCUs in the state, has completed extensive renovations and upgrades to campus.[15]

Jackson State has satellite campuses throughout the Jackson Metropolitan area:

  • Universities Center (Ridgewood Road)
  • Madison campus
  • Holmes campus
  • Mississippi E-Center
  • Downtown (100 Capitol Street)

Organization and administration

Governance

The board of trustees is the constitutional governing body of the Mississippi State Institutions of Higher Learning.[16] This body appoints the president of the university. There are 575 faculty and 1,431 staff; 54% of the faculty are tenured, teaching approximately 7,000 undergraduate and graduate students.[17]

Presidents

Academics

University rankings
National
Forbes[23] 462
U.S. News & World Report[24] 293-381
Washington Monthly[25] 190[22]

JSU colleges and schools include:

  • College of Business
  • College of Education and Human Development
  • College of Liberal Arts
  • College of Health Sciences
  • College of Science, Engineering and Technology
  • W.E.B. Du Bois – Maria Luisa Alvarez Harvey Honors College
  • School of Life Long Learning

Teaching and learning

In 2015, JSU became the first university in Mississippi approved by the legislature to establish a School of Public Health which is housed under the College of Health Sciences.[26][27] JSU is the only university in Mississippi to earn two consecutive "Apple Distinguished School" distinctions from Apple Inc.[28] Since 2012, Jackson State University has provided all first-time, full-time freshmen brand new iPads.[29] JSU is the first and only HBCU in Mississippi to support a bachelor's and master's level engineering program.[30] The W.E.B. Du Bois – Maria Luisa Alvarez Harvey Honors College is a selective interdisciplinary college at the university that provides a unique academic experience for the most high-achieving undergraduate students.[31]

Academic Centers

  • The Margaret Walker Center is dedicated to the preservation, interpretation, and dissemination of African American culture
  • The COFO Civil Rights Education Center focuses on civil rights and developing future leaders
  • The Richard Wright Center was established to help students improve their writing and presentation skills

Military Science

Tiger Battalion, the university's Army ROTC program is the host US Army ROTC program for Belhaven University, Delta State University, Hinds Community College, Millsaps College, Mississippi College, Mississippi College School of Law, Mississippi Valley State University, Tougaloo College, and University of Mississippi Medical Center's School of Nursing. United States Air Force Detachment 006 is the Air Force ROTC Component for the Jackson metropolitan area. Hosted at Jackson State, it also serves students from Belhaven University, Millsaps College, Mississippi College and Tougaloo College.

Athletics

Jackson State is a member of the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and the Southwestern Athletic Conference. Currently, JSU fields teams in basketball, track and field, cross country, baseball, softball, golf, tennis, soccer, bowling, volleyball, and football. The university's mascot is the Tiger, and the teams are sometimes referred to as the "Blue Bengals."

Official athletics logo

The JSU Tigers football team alumni includes Pro Football Hall of Famers Lem Barney, Jackie Slater and Walter Payton, and former Jacksonville Jaguars wide receiver Jimmy Smith.

JSU participates in a number of notable football games with rival colleges. These include:

  • Jackson State's homecoming football game is annually one of the highest attended and most anticipated home games[32][33]
  • Jackson State–Southern University rivalry – played on a rotating home-and-home schedule
  • Soul Bowl (formerly Capital City Classic) – played against Alcorn State on a rotating home-and-home schedule[34]
The Sonic Boom of the South at halftime in Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium

Sonic Boom of the South

The marching band began in the 1940s at what was then Jackson State College, under the directorship of Frederick D. Hall, who had directed a band at the college as early as the 1920s, in addition to the chorus and orchestra. It was initially made up of students from Jackson College and Lanier High School.[35] Founded as the Jackson State University Marching Band, the name "Sonic Boom of the South" was adopted by the school in 1971, after having been suggested by band members.[35] The first full-time band director, William W. Davis, was appointed in 1948, replacing Charles Saulsburg, who had been director since 1947.[35] Davis had previously played trumpet in Cab Calloway's band, and Calloway's musical style and showmanship influenced Davis's conceptualization of the marching band.[35] The band at this time had around 20 members, increasing to 88 in 1963.[36] Davis retired as director in 1971, but remained the chief arranger for the band.[35] He was replaced by Harold J. Haughton.[35] Haughton was instrumental in the creation of the Prancing J-Settes, the band's accompanying danceline.

Student life

Student body

As of fall 2020, 67% of Jackson State's student community were Mississippi residents, with the majority from Hinds County and Madison County. The top three feeder states were Illinois (409 students), Louisiana (269), and Georgia (220). Nigeria accounted for the highest number of international students on campus. 91% of students identified as Black, 6% identified as white, and 4% identified with various race categories. 31% of students were male, and 69% of students were female.[37]

Student organizations

Entrance of JSU's Gibbs-Green Memorial Plaza

Jackson State University offers over 100 registered student organizations. There are academic, residential, religious, Greek, and special interest groups.[38] All student organizations are governed under the Student Affairs division.

Campus media

Jackson State is home to radio station WJSU-88.5 FM which plays jazz, gospel, news, and public affairs programming. The television station W23BC is known as JSUTV and aired on Comcast. The independent weekly student newspaper is called Blue and White Flash[39] and the Jacksonian magazine features news and highlights about the university.

Notable alumni

  • Notable JSU alumni

  • Lindsey Hunter
    Basketball player, 2-time NBA Champion

  • Rod Paige
    United States Secretary of Education, 2001–2005

  • Walter Payton
    American football player, 9-time Pro Bowler, Hall of Fame

  • DeMarco Morgan
    Anchor on GMA3: What You Need to Know, 2022–present

  • Cassandra Wilson
    Singer, 2-time Grammy winner

Education

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Charlotte P. Morris 1970 Interim president of Tuskegee University (2010; 2017–2018) [40]
Rod Paige 1955 First African-American to serve as Secretary of Education during President George W. Bush administration from 2001 to 2005, former head football coach at Jackson State from 1964 to 1968, and interim president of JSU (2016–2017) [41]
Mary L. Smith 1957 11th president of Kentucky State University (1991 to 1998) [42]

Arts, TV and radio media, entertainment and music

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Derrick Barnes 1999 Children's literature and illustrator [43]
Vivian Brown 1986 American Television Meteorologist [44]
Tobias Dorzon Chef, television personality, restaurateur, and former professional football player [45]
Percy Greene Founding editor of the Jackson Advocate newspaper, Mississippi's oldest black-owned newspaper [46]
Lester Julian Merriweather 2000 Memphis-based visual artist, collagist [47]
Demarco Morgan 2001 News anchor for KCBS-TV in Los Angeles [48]
Willie Norwood American Gospel singer, father and voice coach of R&B singers Brandy and Ray J [49]
Sekou Smith 1997 Sportswriter, reported on the NBA [50]
Tonea Stewart 1969 Actress and educator [51]
Cassandra Wilson 1980 Jazz vocalist and musician [52]

Politics, law, and government

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Felicia C. Adams 1981 United States Attorney for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi from 2011 to 2017 [53]
Cornell William Brooks 1983 Yale trained lawyer that served as the 18th President and CEO of the NAACP
Emmett C. Burns, Jr. Member of the Maryland House of Delegates from the 10th district
Laphonza Butler 2001 United States Senator from California (2023–present)
Robert G. Clark, Jr. 1952 Politician who was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1967. He was the first African American elected to the Mississippi State Legislature since the Reconstruction era. [54]
Flossie Boyd-McIntyre 1960 Member North Carolina House of Representatives (1994–2002) [55]
Carlton W. Reeves 1986 Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi
Bennie G. Thompson 1973 Member U. S. House of Representatives (1993–present)
Tony Yarber 2004 Mayor of Jackson, Mississippi [56]
Dennis Deer 2nd district Cook County Commissioner [57]
Alvin O. Chambliss 1967 Lawyer, civil rights activist; participant in historic Ayers v. Barbour case [58][59]

Sports

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Shasta Averyhardt 2008 Professional golfer, first African-American woman to qualify for the LPGA Tour since 2001, and its fourth African-American woman member in the 60-year history of the tour. [60]
Lem Barney Pro Football Hall of Fame member, cornerback with the Detroit Lions
Marcus Benard 2009 Former NFL linebacker
Dennis "Oil Can" Boyd Former Major League Baseball pitcher
Corey Bradford Former National Football League wide receiver
Robert Braddy Jackson State Tigers baseball player and coach [61]
Robert Brazile Pro Football Hall of Fame member, 7-time NFL Pro Bowl outside linebacker with the Houston Oilers [62]
Wes Chamberlain Former Major Leaguer outfielder
Dave Clark Former Major League outfielder
Eddie Payton 1973 NFL kick returner; current Jackson State golf coach
Walter Payton 1975 Pro Football Hall of Fame member; played entire career as running back for the Chicago Bears
Archie "Gunslinger" Cooley 1962 Former head football coach at Mississippi Valley State University, University of Arkansas–Pine Bluff, Norfolk State University, and Paul Quinn College
Leslie "Speedy" Duncan Former 4-time NFL Pro-Bowl cornerback with the San Diego Chargers and Washington Redskins.
Marvin Freeman Former Major League pitcher
Cletis Gordon Former NFL defensive back
Lindsey Hunter Former NBA point guard. Won the 2001–02 championship with the Los Angeles Lakers and the 2003–04 championship with the Detroit Pistons. He was formerly the interim heach coach of the Phoenix Suns.
Harold Jackson Former Jackson State Head Football Coach; former NFL wide receiver; played majority career with the Los Angeles Rams and New England Patriots
Claudis James Former NFL player
Jaymar Johnson 2008 Current NFL wide receiver
Trey Johnson Current NBA/NBA Development League Player
Robert Kent Jackson State and professional quarterback
Ed Manning Drafted by the Baltimore Bullets in the eighth round (1st pick, 80th overall) of the 1967 NBA draft, father of Danny Manning
Picasso Nelson Gridiron football player
Audie Norris Former NBA Power forward and superstar for Winterthur FC Barcelona in the late 1980s
Donald Reese NFL Player; played for the Miami Dolphins, New Orleans Saints and the San Diego Chargers [63]
Purvis Short Former NBA small forward for the Golden State Warriors in the mid-1980s
Jackie Slater Pro Football Hall of Fame member; played entire career as offensive tackle with the Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams
Jimmy Smith Retired NFL wide receiver; played majority career with the Jacksonville Jaguars [64]
Karen Taylor Played professionally in Europe, mother of Stanley Johnson [65]
Michael Tinsley 2006 Track & Field sprinter [66]
Rickey Young 1975 retired NFL running back with the San Diego Chargers and Minnesota Vikings

Honorary

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Michelle Obama 2016 First African-American to serve as First Lady of the United States. She was given an honorary doctorate from Jackson State University where she served as the keynote speaker for its 2016 Spring undergraduate commencement ceremony [67]

See also

  • Jackson State University Botanical Garden

References

  1. ↑ "IHL System". http://www.mississippi.edu/about/. 
  2. ↑ "JSU Audits | JSU Development Foundation". Jsums.edu. http://www.jsums.edu/jsudf/audit.htm. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Reily, Ross (March 2, 2023). "JSU president Hudson placed on administrative leave by IHL. Here is what we know". Clarion Ledger. https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2023/03/02/jsu-president-thomas-hudson-relieved-of-duties-by-ms-ihl-interim-named/69963034007/. Retrieved March 3, 2023. 
  4. ↑ http://www.jsums.edu/institutionalresearch/files/2019/10/2019-FTE-Enrollment.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  5. ↑ "IPEDS-Jackson State University". https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Jackson&s=all&id=175856. 
  6. ↑ "The Blue & White Flash | JSU's Official Student Newspaper". http://sites.jsums.edu/jsuflash/. 
  7. ↑ "JSU Color Scheme | Style Guide". Jsums.edu. http://www.jsums.edu/styleguide/jsu-color-scheme/. 
  8. ↑ "Jackson State University | Unite Pre-Engineering Summer Program | JSU History". http://www.jsums.edu/unite/jsu-history/. 
  9. ↑ "Jackson State University (1877- ) • BlackPast" (in en-US). 2010-01-07. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/jackson-state-university-1877/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kendrick, Eva Walton. "Jackson State University". Mississippi Encyclopedia. https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/jackson-state-university/. Retrieved 17 February 2020. 
  11. ↑ "JSU History". Jackson State University. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190905202835/http://www.jsums.edu/universitycommunications/jsu-history/. 
  12. ↑ Wyckoff, Whitney Blair (3 May 2010). "Jackson State: A Tragedy Widely Forgotten". npr.org. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126426361. 
  13. ↑ Roy Reed (May 16, 1970). "F.B.I. Investigating Killing Of 2 Negroes in Jackson: Two Negro Students Are Killed In Clash With Police in Jackson". The New York Times: p. 1. ProQuest 80023683. 
  14. ↑ Kyaw, Arrman (January 30, 2023). "Jackson State University Faculty Senate Voted No Confidence in JSU President Thomas Hudson". Diverse Issues in Higher Education. https://www.diverseeducation.com/institutions/hbcus/article/15306186/jackson-state-university-faculty-senate-voted-no-confidence-in-jsu-president-thomas-hudson. Retrieved January 30, 2023. 
  15. ↑ cmaadmin (20 December 2015). "Jackson State Raises Non-Black Enrollment, Gains Control of Endowment". http://diverseeducation.com/article/79655/. 
  16. ↑ "Mississippi Public Universities – The Board of Trustees -". http://www.mississippi.edu/board/. 
  17. ↑ "2017–18 Facts and Figures". http://www.jsums.edu/institutionalresearch/files/2010/06/2017-2018-FACTS-AND-FIGURES-update-2.pdf. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 "Jackson State University has had 7 presidents since 2010. Here is a look at them" (in en-US). https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2023/03/03/jackson-state-university-past-presidents-and-how-they-left-jsu/69966542007/. 
  19. ↑ Vicory, Justin. "Jackson State University president resigns after arrest in prostitution sting". https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/jackson-state-university-president-resigns-after-arrest-in-prostitution-sting/ar-BBZQTZe. 
  20. ↑ "JSU president among 17 arrested in prostitution sting". February 10, 2020. https://www.wlbt.com/2020/02/10/jsu-president-arrested-soliciting-prostitute/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Jaschik, Scott (2023-03-06). "Jackson State U President Placed on Leave" (in en). https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2023/03/06/jackson-state-u-president-placed-leave. 
  22. ↑ "2022 National Universities Rankings". n.d.. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2022-college-guide/national/. 
  23. ↑ "America's Top Colleges 2019". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/list/. 
  24. ↑ "2021 Best National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities. 
  25. ↑ "2020 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2020college-guide/national. 
  26. ↑ "JSU to Create the 1st School of Public Health in Mississippi". Hbculifestyle.com. 2015-05-04. http://hbculifestyle.com/jsu-school-of-public-health/. 
  27. ↑ "Homepage". https://www.jsums.edu/#. 
  28. ↑ "JSU blossoms again as Apple Distinguished School for 2015–2017 | Jackson State Newsroom". Jsumsnews.com. 2015-12-18. http://www.jsumsnews.com/?p=20372. 
  29. ↑ "JSU continues to promote innovation in education with iPad Initiative – Jackson State Newsroom". http://www.jsumsnews.com/?p=25102. 
  30. ↑ "Best Historically Black Engineering Colleges". U.S. News & World Report. http://www.usnewsuniversitydirectory.com/articles/best-historically-black-engineering-colleges_14790.aspx. 
  31. ↑ "W.E.B. Du Bois Honors College – Jackson State University". jsums.edu. http://www.jsums.edu/honorscollege/. 
  32. ↑ "Record Jackson State homecoming crowd sees win over ASU". 16 October 2021. https://hbcugameday.com/2021/10/16/record-jackson-state-homecoming-crowd-sees-win-over-asu/. 
  33. ↑ "JSU has record crowd for Homecoming game". 17 October 2021. https://www.wapt.com/article/jsu-has-record-crowd-for-homecoming-game-10-17/37981692. 
  34. ↑ "Jackson State football pulls away from Alcorn State 24-10 in first sellout of Deion Sanders era". https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/college/jackson-state/2021/11/20/jackson-state-football-beats-rival-alcorn-first-sellout-deion-sanders-era/8584473002/. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 "A Brief History and Chronology of the 'Sonic Boom'". Jackson State University. http://websites.one.jsums.edu/sonicboom/?page_id=518. 
  36. ↑ Grant, Richard (January 2017). "March to the Joyous Raucous Beat of the Sonic Boom of the South". Smithsonian (Smithsonian Institution). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/march-joyous-raucous-beat-sonic-boom-south-180961436/. Retrieved November 28, 2018. 
  37. ↑ https://www.jsums.edu/institutionalresearch/files/2021/07/2020-21-Facts-and-Figures.pdf
  38. ↑ "Student Organizations | Student Affairs". Jsums.edu. 2013-12-20. http://www.jsums.edu/studentlife/student-organizations/. 
  39. ↑ "JSU Student Publications" (in en). https://issuu.com/expmagazine. 
  40. ↑ "Leadership Change at Tuskegee University". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. June 2, 2017. https://www.jbhe.com/2017/06/leadership-change-at-tuskegee-university/. 
  41. ↑ "College Board names Rod Paige interim JSU president" (in en-US). https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2016/11/01/rod-paige-interim-jsu-president/93106816/. 
  42. ↑ "Smith, ex-Kentucky State President, dies". The Park City Daily News: p. 3. December 1, 2020. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74232635/the-park-city-daily-news/. 
  43. ↑ "Derrick Barnes, Award-Winning Children's Author, to Visit the Appalachian State University Academy at Middle Fork on Wednesday, March 20" (in en). 2019-03-04. https://rcoe.appstate.edu/news/derrick-barnes-award-winning-children%E2%80%99s-author-visit-appalachian-state-university-academy. 
  44. ↑ "Ask AP: Vivian Brown" (in en-US). 2010-12-30. https://americanprofile.com/articles/vivian-brown-weather-channel/. 
  45. ↑ "Four former Lackawanna College Falcons sign NFL contracts". The Times Leader: pp. 9. 2010-05-02. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-leader-four-former-lackawanna/128887847/. 
  46. ↑ Speer, Lisa K. (July 11, 2017). "Greene, Percy" (in en-US). Center for Study of Southern Culture. https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/percy-greene/. 
  47. ↑ "Lester Merriweather" (in en). https://locatearts.org/artists/lester-merriweather. 
  48. ↑ staff (January 12, 2006). "Channel 12's Demarco Morgan named 'Leader of the Future' by Ebony". OnMilwaukee.com. https://www.onmilwaukee.com/buzz/articles/demarcomorgan.html. 
  49. ↑ Hayes, Liz. "Music Lasts Forever" (in en). http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2012/jul/18/music-lasts-forever/. 
  50. ↑ "NBA analyst Sekou Smith dies due to COVID-19" (in en). 2021-01-27. https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/30786000/nba-reporter-analyst-sekou-smith-dies-48-due-covid-19. 
  51. ↑ McCann, Bob (2009-12-21) (in en). Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television. McFarland. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-7864-5804-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=X7ZYsnTPIhwC&pg=PA314. 
  52. ↑ Jones, Charisse (1994-09-29). "In The Studio With: Cassandra Wilson; Singing a Song of the South" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/29/garden/in-the-studio-with-cassandra-wilson-singing-a-song-of-the-south.html. 
  53. ↑ "Meet the U.S. Attorney". Justice.gov. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndms/meet-us-attorney. 
  54. ↑ Adderton, Donald (March 13, 2004). "Clark helped move state beyond prejudice". Columbian-Progress: p. 4. 
  55. ↑ "Flossie Boyd-McIntyre Biography". Project Vote Smart. https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/5948/flossie-boyd-mcintyre. 
  56. ↑ "Office of the Mayor". City of Jackson, Mississippi. http://www.jacksonms.gov/index.aspx?nid=245. 
  57. ↑ "About Commissioner Dennis Deer". Cook County Government. https://www.commissionerdeer.com/commissioner-deer-1. 
  58. ↑ Thomas Adams. "Ayers Case, 112 S.Ct. 2727 (1992)." In The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Civil Rights. Ed. Charles D. Lowery and John F. Marszalek. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2003.
  59. ↑ Encyclopedia https://www.encyclopedia.com/african-american-focus/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/chambliss-alvin-o
  60. ↑ "Former Jackson State golfer Shasta Averyhardt qualifies of LPGA tour". http://www.blackamericaweb.com/?q=articles/news/the_state_of_black_america_news/24593. 
  61. ↑ Flynn, Bryan. "Bob Braddy". Jackson Free Press. http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2016/jul/07/bob-braddy/. 
  62. ↑ "Robert Lorenzo Brazile". databaseFootball.com. http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=BRAZIROB01. 
  63. ↑ "Donald Francis Reese". databaseFootball.com. http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=REESEDON01. 
  64. ↑ "Jimmy Lee Smith". Pro-Football-Reference.Com. https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/SmitJi00.htm. 
  65. ↑ Bruce Pascoe (7 November 2013). "Johnson fulfills mom's hoops wishes". Arizona Daily Star. http://tucson.com/sports/basketball/college/wildcats/johnson-fulfills-mom-s-hoops-wishes/article_3cdd7065-1dee-51b2-8da9-864a55497915.html. 
  66. ↑ "MICHAEL TINSLEY". https://www.teamusa.org/usa-track-and-field/athletes/Michael-Tinsley. 
  67. ↑ Woman arrested for 1999 murder of Sheridan man | Wyoming News | trib.com

External links



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