Organization:Y service

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Short description: British signals intelligence collection sites during WW1 and WW2


The "Y" service was a network of British signals intelligence collection sites, the Y-stations. The service was established during the First World War and used again during the Second World War.[1] The sites were operated by a range of agencies including the Army, Navy and Royal Air Force plus the Foreign Office (MI6 and MI5), General Post Office and Marconi Company receiving stations ashore and afloat. There were more than 600 receiving sets in use at Y-stations during the Second World War.[2]

Background

Arkley View 1943

The "Y" stations tended to be one of two types, for intercepting the signals and for identifying where they were coming from. Sometimes both functions were operated at the same site, with the direction finding (D/F) hut being a few hundred metres from the main interception building, because of the need to minimise interference. The sites collected radio traffic which was then either analysed locally or if encrypted, passed for processing initially to the Admiralty Room 40 in London and during World War II to the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park in Buckinghamshire. In the Second World War a large house called "Arkley View" on the outskirts of Barnet (now part of the London Borough of Barnet) acted as a data collection centre, where traffic was collated and passed to Bletchley Park and it also acted as a Y station.[3]

Many amateur radio (ham) operators supported the work of the Y stations, being enrolled as "Voluntary Interceptors".[4] Much of the traffic intercepted by the Y stations was recorded by hand and sent to Bletchley by motorcycle couriers, and later by teleprinter over post office land lines.[5] The name derived from Wireless Interception (WI).[6] The term was also used for similar stations attached to the India outpost of the Intelligence Corps, the Wireless Experimental Centre (WEC) outside Delhi.[7]

Direction-finding Y stations

Specially constructed Y stations undertook High-frequency direction finding of wireless transmissions. This became particularly important in the Battle of the Atlantic where locating U-boats was vital. Admiral Dönitz told his commanders that they could not be located if they limited their wireless transmissions to under 30 seconds but skilled D/F operators were able to locate the origin of their signals in as few as six seconds. The design of land-based D/F stations preferred by the Allies during the Second World War was the U-Adcock system, which consisted of a small, central operators' hut that was surrounded by four 10 ft-high (3.0 m) vertical aerial poles, usually placed at the points of the compass. Aerial feeders ran underground, surfaced in the centre of the hut and were connected to a direction finding goniometer and a wireless receiver, that allowed the bearing of the signal source to be measured. In the UK some operators were located in an underground metal tank. These stations were usually in remote places, often in the middle of farmers' fields. Traces of Second World War D/F stations can be seen as circles in the fields surrounding the village of Goonhavern in Cornwall.[8]

Y station sites in Britain

The National HRO communication receiver was extensively used by the RSS & Y service
  • Beachy Head, Sussex
  • Beaumanor Hall, near Loughborough, Leicestershire (operated by the Army)[2]
  • Beeston Hill, Beeston Regis, Norfolk
  • Bishop's Waltham, Hampshire (operated by the Army)[9]
  • Brora, Sutherland[10]
  • RAF Canterbury, Kent
  • RAF Cheadle, Cheadle, Staffordshire
  • RAF Chicksands, Bedfordshire (operated by the RAF)
  • RAF Clophill, Bedfordshire
  • Cromer, Norfolk
  • Forest Moor, near Harrogate (operated by the Army)
  • G.P.O. Transatlantic Radiophone Station Kemback, near Cupar Fife
  • Denmark Hill, Camberwell (operated by the Metropolitan Police and General Post Office (GPO) for the Foreign Office )
  • Met Office Dunstable, Bedfordshire
  • Felixstowe, Suffolk
  • Gilnahirk, Belfast[11]
  • Gorleston, Norfolk
  • Hall Place, Kent
  • Harpenden, Hertfordshire (Army, No. 1 Special Wireless Group)
  • Hawklaw, Fife[12]
  • HMS Flowerdown, Winchester, Hampshire
  • HMS Forest Moor, Harrogate, Yorkshire[13]
  • Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire
  • RAF Kingsdown, Hollywood Manor, West Kingsdown, Kent
  • RAF Monks Risborough, Monks Risborough, Buckinghamshire
  • Knockholt, Kent (run by the Foreign Office for Non-Morse radiotelegraphy signals)
  • Markyate, Hertfordshire (operated by the Army)
  • Newbold Revel, RAF 'Y' Service Secret Intelligence and German Telephony Communications Base, Warwickshire.[14]
  • North Walsham, Norfolk
  • Sandridge, Hertfordshire (operated by the Foreign Office)
  • Saxmundham, Suffolk
  • Scarborough, Yorkshire (operated by the Royal Navy)
  • Shenley Brook End Milton Keynes (operated by the Army)
  • South Walsham, Norfolk
  • Southwold, Suffolk
  • Stockland Bristol Nr Bridgwater, Somerset
  • Stockton-on-Tees, Cleveland
  • HMS Ventnor, Rew Down, Isle of Wight
  • RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire
  • Whitchurch, Shropshire in The Old Rectory, Claypit Street (operated by the Foreign Office)[15]
  • Wick (operated by the RAF)
  • Wincombe, Donhead St Mary, Wiltshire (operated by the General Post Office (GPO) for the Foreign Office)[16][17]
  • Withernsea, East Yorkshire from a pub, the St. Leonards, now known as Captain Williams[18]
  • Woodcock Hill, Sandridge, St Albans[19]

See also

  • High frequency direction finding (Huff-Duff)

References

  1. ↑ "Radio Intelligence Developments". https://antiqueradios.com/chrs/journal/intelligence.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kenyon 2019, p. 24.
  3. ↑ Pidgeon, Geoffrey (2003). "15. Box 25: The RSS and Hanslope". The Secret Wireless War: The Story of MI6 Communications 1939–1945. UPSO. pp. 103–118. ISBN 1-84375-252-2. OCLC 56715513. http://www.upso.co.uk. 
  4. ↑ R.B. Sturtevant, AD7IL (December 2013). "The Secret Listeners of 'Box 25, Barnet'". Popular Communications (CQ Communications, Inc) 32 (4): 22–26. ISSN 0733-3315. 
  5. ↑ Nicholls, J., (2000) England Needs You: The Story of Beaumanor Y Station World War II Cheam, published by Joan Nicholls
  6. ↑ McKay, Sinclair (2012). The Secret Listeners. London, UK: Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78131-079-3. 
  7. ↑ Aldrich, Richard James (2000), Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service, Cambridge University Press
  8. ↑ The operators huts can still be seen in the centre of the circles.
  9. ↑ "The National Archives – Piece details HW 50/82". http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8444147&CATLN=6&Highlight=%2CBISHOPS%2CWALTHAM&accessmethod=0&Summary=True. 
  10. ↑ "Brora Intercept Y Station Operations Building". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/276040/contribution/brora+radio+intercept+y+station+operations+building/FNL6094608358/?&z=8. 
  11. ↑ "Gilnahirk Y Station". https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/11/a8533811.shtml. 
  12. ↑ "Hawklaw Intercept Y Listening Station". Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland. http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/907213. 
  13. ↑ "HMS Forest Moor is Decommissioned". Navy News. 17 November 2003. http://www.navynews.co.uk/articles/2003/0311/0003111701.asp. 
  14. ↑ Fry, Helen (2007). The King's Most Loyal Enemy Aliens: Germans Who Fought for Britain in the Second World War: Sidney Goldburg. History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-4700-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=O8I7AwAAQBAJ&q=Newbold+Revel+Section+Y&pg=PT114. Retrieved 2015-07-22. 
  15. ↑ "The Old Rectory, Claypit Street, Whitchurch". Exploring Shropshire's History. http://search.shropshirehistory.org.uk/collections/getrecord/CCS_MSA7242/. 
  16. ↑ Government Wireless Station, Higher Wincombe Farm, Donhead St. Mary (Report). 1950. F14/428/25. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/b09758b1-9f74-4775-997b-5ad2f67ff0fb.  Held at Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre
  17. ↑ Friedman, William F. (11–20 August 1943). Report on E operations at BP (Report). Government Code and Cypher School: Directorate: Second World War Policy Papers. HW 14/85. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C5317602. 
  18. ↑ "Pat Davies, née Owtram". Bletchley Park Trust. p. 3. https://bletchleypark.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/record_attachments/2425.pdf. 
  19. ↑ "Tribute to D-Day veteran Len Davidge who died in Winchester". 28 January 2021. https://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/19042350.tribute-d-day-veteran-len-davidge-died-winchester/. 

Bibliography

  • Kenyon, David (10 May 2019), Bletchley Park and D-Day: The Untold Story of How the Battle for Normandy Was Won, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-24357-4 

Further reading

  • Macksey, Kenneth (2003). The Searchers: Radio Intercept in Two World Wars. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36545-9. 

External links



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