Philosophy:2020s controversies around critical race theory

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Anti-critical race theory education across the U.S. as of 2022
State laws restricting race education in the United States as of July 2022
  States with laws restricting education on race in classrooms or state agencies
  States considering bills or policies that would restrict race education in schools or state agencies
  States that failed to pass this type of legislation
  States that have not introduced legislation on this topic

Since 2020, efforts have been made by conservatives and others to challenge critical race theory (CRT) being taught in schools in the United States .

Following the 2020 protests of the murders of Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd as well as the killing of Breonna Taylor, school districts began to introduce additional curricula and create diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI)-positions to address "disparities stemming from race, economics, disabilities and other factors."[1] These measures were met with criticism from conservatives, particularly those in the Republican Party. Critics have described these criticisms to be part of a cycle of backlash against what they view as progress toward racial equality and equity.[2]

Outspoken critics of critical race theory include former U.S. president Donald Trump, conservative activist Christopher Rufo, various Republican officials, and conservative commentators on Fox News and right-wing talk radio shows.[3] Movements have arisen from the controversy; in particular, the No Left Turn in Education movement, which has been described as one of the largest groups targeting school boards regarding critical race theory. In response to the unfounded assertion that CRT was being taught in public schools, dozens of states have introduced bills that limit what schools can teach regarding race, American history, politics, and gender.[4]

Background

Critical race theory (CRT) is a cross-disciplinary intellectual and social movement of civil-rights scholars and activists who seek to examine the intersection of race, society, and law in the United States and to challenge mainstream American liberal approaches to racial justice.[lower-alpha 1] Conservative activism and efforts to censor curricula has resulted in the introduction of legislation banning the teaching of critical race theory in schools in many states across the United States.[6]

United States

In the run-up to and aftermath of the 2020 U.S. presidential election, opposition to CRT was adopted as a campaign theme by president Donald Trump and various conservative commentators on Fox News and right-wing talk radio shows.[7] In an interview on Fox in September 2020, Conservative activist Christopher Rufo strongly denounced critical race theory.[8] After appearing on Fox,[9] Rufo was invited to a series of meetings with Trump. Trump then publicly denounced critical race theory in a speech on September 17, 2020, and announced the formation of the 1776 Commission to promote "patriotic education".[10] Trump also issued an executive order directing agencies of the U.S. federal government to cancel funding for programs that mention "white privilege" or "critical race theory", on the basis that it constituted "divisive, un-American propaganda" and that it was "racist".[11][12][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4] The most outspoken critics of CRT include Trump, Rufo, and Republican Party officials.[16][who?] According to The Washington Post , CRT became a "flash point" in the culture wars in the United States, and is used as "a catchall phrase for nearly any examination of systemic racism" by conservative lawmakers and activists.[17]

Elected officials

Trump's messaging during the 2020 U.S. presidential election campaign and its aftermath included strong messaging against critical race theory. In December 2020, Trump appointed former Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant as a member of the 1776 Commission, which would to produce a report in response to The New York Times' 1619 Project.[lower-alpha 5] On January 18, 2021, The 1776 Report was submitted in the form of a 41-page "national plan" for a "patriotic education" as a rebuttal to the 1619 Project.[18] The commission also criticized what they alleged as being CRT's theoretical underpinnings—Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci, Herbert Marcuse, and the Frankfurt School, identity politics, and Howard Zinn. In contrast, the Trump White House described The 1776 Report as the "definitive chronicle of the American founding, a powerful description of the effect the principles of the Declaration of Independence have had on this Nation's history, and a dispositive rebuttal of reckless "re-education" attempts that seek to reframe American history around the idea that the United States is not an exceptional country but an evil one."[18] The commission was dissolved on January 21 in an executive order signed by President Joe Biden in his first day in office.[19]

Republican senator Tom Cotton introduced an amendment to the 2021 budget reconciliation package that would prohibit the use of federal funds in CRT promotion in Pre-K programs and K-12 schools in August 2021, which passed 50 to 49.[20] Cotton's Stop CRT Act was introduced in July 2021. Rufo praised Cotton's actions, saying that the "fight against CRT has gone national" and Cotton was "leading the way."[20] Jim Pillen won the Republican primary race for governor in the 2022 Nebraska gubernatorial election with an election campaign based on his opposition to critical race theory as well as his stance against abortion rights.[21] Republican candidates Glenn Youngkin and Jason Miyares have also campaigned against CRT.[22] On his first day as governor of Virginia, Youngkin signed executive orders barring the teaching of critical race theory in public schools.[23][24]

Advocacy groups

Opposition to what was purported to be critical race theory has been adopted as a major theme by several conservative think tanks and pressure groups, including The Heritage Foundation, the Idaho Freedom Foundation, the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), and organizations funded by the Koch brothers.[25] Rufo, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute,[26] has been one of the most active critics of CRT,[27] saying that it is anti-American, poses a "an existential threat to the United States", and had "pervaded every aspect of the federal government".[27] In 2021 he wrote on Twitter, "The goal is to have the public read something crazy in the newspaper and immediately think 'critical race theory'"[28] and "We have decodified the term and will recodify it to annex the entire range of cultural constructions that are unpopular with Americans."[29]

The advocacy group No Left Turn in Education has been described by NBC News as "one of the largest groups targeting school boards" regarding critical race theory.[30] Media Matters for America has described No Left Turn in Education as one of the "leading groups fearmongering about the teaching of critical race theory in schools". The article said that the group and Elana Yaron Fishbein its founder, frequently "used toxic and bigoted rhetoric on social media and in right-wing media to downplay CRT".[22] In his 2022 book, How to Raise an Antiracist, American radical activist Ibram X. Kendi, author of How to Be an Antiracist described how Fishbein created No Left Turn in Education in the summer of 2020. Fishbein had pulled her children out of Gladwyne Elementary School and sent the superintendent of Lower Merion School District (LMSD) an email on June 18, 2020, challenging the LMSD's decision to introduce additional lessons in "cultural proficiency" in the wake of the murder of George Floyd, and that as an unspecified number of non-white students were launching a campaign calling for "antiracist education", Fishbein "rejected the premise of antiracism, CRT, comprehensive sex education (CSE), and climate change".[31] Her movement was relatively small initially, but was really launched when she began to be invited as a guest on the prime time Tucker Carlson show in September 2020.[32] Fishbein describes the movement as a grassroots parental organization that uses veteran GOP activists' playbook to enact change on school boards.

Mass media

Conservative commentators on Fox News and right-wing talk radio shows have been strongly critical of CRT.[33] Right-wing media outlets weaponized CRT in advance of the 2021 off-year and 2022 midterm elections.[2] Media Matters for America reported that in June 2021, Fox News network mentioned "critical race theory" a record high of 901 times.[34] Fox News also promoted No Left Turn in Education.[30]

American cultural critic James A. Lindsay, known mainly for his role in the grievance studies affair,[35] published Race Marxism: The Truth About Critical Race Theory and Practice in February 2022 in which he criticized critical race theory.[36] In his book, he cited numerous extracts from texts on critical race theory as proof of CRT's flaws.[37] In February 2021, William A. Jacobson, a conservative blogger and law professor at Cornell University, launched an online database of colleges across the United States teaching what he calls "critical race training", in order to enable parents to avoid those schools.[38]

Public attitudes

The Economist and Reuters have conducted polls on how much the general public understands CRT, a "once-obscure academic concept", and they found that most people are unfamiliar with CRT and misunderstand it.[39] Those who support CRT promote the idea that it is an "intellectual tool set developed by legal scholars for examining systemic racism". CRT originated in legal studies and was intended for legal scholars and academics.[40] The Economist, based on YouGov data from 2021, said that 50% of Americans thought they had a "good idea of what critical race theory was and most people thought it was bad for America.[41] However, The Economist asserted that "the attitudes and beliefs of 70% of Americans actually "chime" with CRT—that racism is a significant social problem in the United States". The claim that CRT makes is that racism is "woven into the U.S. legal system and ingrained in its primary institutions", according to Reuters.[42] Further, according to a survey conducted by The Economist, "a majority" of adult Americans believes that racism exists in the US Congress, in American legal structures, financial institutions, and in organizations and agencies, including the police force.[41]

A Reuters 2021 national opinion survey found that 57% of American adults said that they were not familiar with CRT. Of those who did claim they were familiar with CRT claims, Reuters found that follow-up responses to specific questions about CRT tenets, were informed by "misconceptions about critical race theory that have been largely circulating among conservative media outlets".[42] When asked true-false questions about CRT history and teachings, only 5% of those who said they were familiar with CRT, could provide the correct answers.[42]

Public school boards

A protester speaks against critical race theory at an Alamance-Burlington School System board meeting in 2021

Republicans focused on banning CRT from being used in public schools across the United States.[17] By mid-summer 2021 conservative groups were bringing the battle over CRT to school boards.[30] In Texas, Southlake, Tarrant County Carroll High School a group of POC students vied to address alleged racism after reported incidents dating back to at least 2018, and helped form the Southlake Anti-Racism Coalition (SARC). Dissenting parents formed the Southlake Families PAC and fought against them, endorsing a mayoral candidate and candidates for the school board and the city council. The PAC endorsed candidates won with about 70% of the vote.[43] When they voted down the "call for cultural awareness into the curriculum", the PAC wrote on Twitter, "Critical Race Theory ain't coming here. This is what happens when good people stand up and say, not in my town, not on my watch." On their website, the PAC wrote: "CRT is a theoretical framework which views society as dominated by white supremacy and categorizes people as 'privileged' or 'oppressed' based on their skin color....It also teaches kids to hate America. Ask yourself who in their right mind would want this taught in public schools?"[43]

One of the first suspensions related to critical race theory took place on September 1, 2021, in Colleyville in Tarrant County.[44] James Whitfield, who was the high school's first Black principal at Colleyville Heritage High School, was suspended for allegedly promoting CRT—Whitfield repeatedly denied the allegation.[45] Parents and dozens of teachers pleaded with the school district's board of trustees to reinstate Whitfield, a popular principal.[44] Students held walkouts to support the principal.[46] In the summer of 2020, Whitfield wrote an open letter sharing his concerns over the murders of Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd, and the killing of Breonna Taylor.[47] In response, a former school board candidate, Stetson Clark, spoke up at a July school board meeting and accused Whitfield of promoting CRT. A few people attending the meeting called out, "Fire him."[48]

According to Dallas-based television station WFAA, by February 2022, some Christian pastors were fighting back against what they call the "far-right playbook to take down Texas public schools" saying it is "sheer destructive chaos" that has resulted in an "obscure term called Critical Race Theory...consum[ing] parents who believe it is being taught in Texas classrooms."[49] It has also resulted in the resignations of several school district superintendents, including in the Independent school district (ISD)s of Dallas and Fort Worth.[49]

On June 16, 2022, ProPublica and Frontline published an article on how a group of vocal and organized anti-CRT white parents in the Cherokee County School District (CCSD) in Georgia had targeted Cecelia Lewis, a Black educator, who had been offered a job in early 2021 as CCSD's first diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI)–focused administrative position. Some of the parents researched and targeted the educator and were successful in making her next job impossible, which led to her resignation.[1]

State-level legislation

In December 2020, the conservative nonprofit organization American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), which works with state legislators to draft and share model acts, facilitated a workshop entitled "Against Critical Theory's Onslaught Reclaiming Education and the American Dream" with Rufo as a featured guest and 31 state legislators in attendance.[50][lower-alpha 6] ALEC provides a forum for collaboration on model bills—helping state legislators draft legislation that other states can also modify and introduce as bills.[51] In early 2021, Republican-backed bills were introduced to restrict teaching about race, ethnicity, or slavery in public schools in several states,[52] including Idaho, Iowa, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas .[53] Several of these bills specifically mention "critical race theory" or single out the 1619 Project. CRT is taught at the university level, and public school teachers do not generally use the phrase "Critical Race Theory" or its legal frameworks.[17][54]

In mid-April 2021, a bill was introduced in the Idaho Legislature that would effectively ban any educational entity from teaching or advocating "sectarianism", including critical race theory or other programs involving social justice.[55] On May 4, 2021, the bill was signed into law by Governor Brad Little.[56] On June 10, 2021, the Florida Board of Education unanimously voted to ban public schools from teaching critical race theory at the urging of governor Ron DeSantis.[57] As of July 2021, 10 U.S. states have introduced bills or taken other steps that would restrict teaching critical race theory, and 26 others were in the process of doing so.[58][59] In June 2021, the American Association of University Professors, the American Historical Association, the Association of American Colleges and Universities, and PEN America released a joint statement stating their opposition to such legislation, and by August 2021, 167 professional organizations had signed onto the statement.[60] In August 2021, the Brookings Institution recorded that eight states—Idaho, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, and South Carolina—had passed regulation on the issue, though also noted that none of the bills that passed, with the exception of Idaho's, actually contained the words "critical race theory". Brookings also noted that these laws often extend beyond race to discussions of gender.[61]

Timothy D. Snyder, historian and professor at Yale University, has called these new state laws memory laws–"government actions designed to guide public interpretation of the past". Early memory laws were intended to protect victim groups, such as from revisionism attempts by holocaust deniers, but most recently have been used by Russia to protect "the feelings of the powerful", then by Donald Trump's 1776 Report in January 2021, followed by Republican-led legislatures submitting these bills. Snyder called the Idaho version "Kafkaesque in its censorship: It affirms freedom of speech and then bans divisive speech."[62]

From January 2021 through February 2022, 35 states had introduced 137 bills that limit what "schools can teach with regard to race, American history, politics, sexual orientation and gender identity".[4] PEN America, an American nonprofit association of writers "dedicated to free speech" that is affiliated with the International Freedom of Expression Exchange has been monitoring this legislation.[63] Jeffrey Sachs, who is tracking the legislation, said that the "recent flurry" of bills means that the classroom has become a "minefield" for educators who want to teach "slavery, Jim Crow laws or the Holocaust".[64] An April 2022 article in Education Week said that 42 states had either introduced legislation or "taken other steps" to restrict "teaching critical race theory" and, "more broadly, limit how teachers can discuss racism and sexism in class."[65]

The first state to ban CRT was Idaho when a bill was introduced in mid-April 2021,[55] and signed by Governor Brad Little on May 4.[56] By May 2021, multiple state legislatures introduced bills restricting the teaching of critical race theory (CRT) in public schools.[52] Bills were passed in 14 states, all of which had both Republican-majority legislatures and Republican governors.[66] Several of these bills specifically mention "critical race theory" or single out the New York Times' 1619 Project.[17]

The Texas state legislature, which is predominantly Republican, banned teachers from using the 1619 Project as part of coursework.[41] The 1619 Project revisits the role of African Americans in American history by reframing the consequences of slavery in the United States. Texas House Bill 3979 which was authored by Senator Bryan Hughes (R-Mineola) and others, became law in December 2021 limiting the way in which Texas schools can teach about race and racism, as well as other issues.[67] Under Bill 3979, this bill declares that teachers should avoid teaching the following concepts "(1) one race or sex is inherently superior to the other; (2) an individual is inherently racist, sexist or oppressive because of their own race or sex; (3) an individual should be treated unfairly because their race or sex; (4) members of certain groups should not disrespect individuals on the basis of race, sex, or religion; (5) an individual's morality is based on their race or sex; (6) an individual bears responsibility for actions committed in the past by people of the same race or sex; (7) an individual should be ashamed or guilty because of their race or sex; (8) meritocracy is racist or sexist."[68] As well, teachers no longer have any obligation to undertake any training on how to deal with racism in the classroom.[68] The list is based on the "divisive concepts" listed in Trump's September 28, 2020, executive order,[69]

On June 10, 2021, the Florida Board of Education banned CRT out of concerns that the concept of racism embedded in CRT is one that continues to uphold white supremacy in American society and its legal systems.[vague][41] The board's vote, which was encouraged by governor Ron DeSantis, was unanimous.[57]

In April 2022, when Republican Governor Brian Kemp signed bills banning CRT, he said that the state was protecting parents' fundamental rights to direct their children's education by preventing classrooms in Georgia from becoming "pawns to those who indoctrinate our kids with their partisan political agendas."[70]

A number of state laws to ban CRT from being taught in state public schools, did not include the words "critical race theory," with the exception of the laws passed in Idaho, according to a July 2, 2021, Brookings Institution article.[61]

Religious organizations

Further information: Religion:Statement on Social Justice and the Gospel

Discourse around CRT has been divisive for many churches.[which?][71][72][73]

The Southern Baptist Convention in a 2019 resolution stated that "[c]ritical race theory and intersectionality [...] can aid in evaluating a variety of human experiences".[74][75][76] In 2020 six SBC presidents declared critical race theory to be 'incompatible' with SBC's statement of faith.[77][78][79][76][80][73][81] Consequently, several pastors have left the SBC.[82][83][84]

In November 2020, student leaders of Cru, a student Christian organization, wrote a letter to Cru's president[85] associating CRT with "unbiblical ideas that have led us to disunity".[84]

In an American Association of Christian Counselors talk in 2021 entitled "The Five Greatest Global Epidemics", evangelist Josh McDowell cited critical race theory as the first epidemic while stating that he did not "believe Blacks, African Americans, and many other minorities have equal opportunity". He later apologized to minority families for his comments.[85]

Other countries

In countries outside of the United States, the teaching of critical race theory and white privilege has also been controversial.

Australia

In Australia , the conservative Coalition government supported a Senate motion by Pauline Hanson to ban the teaching of critical race theory in the Australian National Curriculum.[86] The Senate motion occurred during a review of the Australian National Curriculum. The motion did not recognize that the curriculum document did not have a reference to Critical Race Theory. Such a pre-emptive move has been linked to transnational culture wars between the UK, US and Australia.[87]

In June 2021, following media reports that the proposed national curriculum was "preoccupied with the oppression, discrimination and struggles of Indigenous Australians", the Australian Senate approved a motion tabled by right-wing senator Pauline Hanson calling on the federal government to reject CRT, despite it not being included in the curriculum.[88] Despite this, CRT is gaining increasing popularity in Australian academic circles, to investigate Indigenous issues/studies,[89] Islamophobia[90] and Black Africans' experiences.[91]

France

In January 2022, the French minister of education Jean-Michel Blanquer called for "combat against an intellectual frame originating from American universities [...] which seeks to essentialise communities and identities, which is something that goes against to our republican model".[92]

The Netherlands

In 2021 there were 34 ministers out of the 150 member house of representatives who were in favor of removing critical race theory from the curriculum.[93] Representative Caroline van der Plas said in a debate on 25 January 2023:[94]

We will need to continue to have the conversation about [our] history. We will have to keep looking for one anothers stories. I am of the belief we should have a debate here about what is thought, felt and discussed in society [in The Netherlands], not based on what comes blowing over from [the United States]. What happens on universities in [the United states], blows over to [The Netherlands]. It lands in the student life of Amsterdam and in the grachtengordel. But outside of [the randstad], the A10, people are not concerned with this at all. Those people are not busy with terms such as white fragility, critical race theory or decolonization. So I would like to make a call to have the Dutch debate about slavery, and not the American debate.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom , educators were warned that teachers teaching white privilege would be breaking the law.[95] Conservatives within the UK government began to criticize CRT in late 2020.[96] Equalities Minister Kemi Badenoch, who is of Nigerian descent, said during a parliamentary debate to mark Black History Month, "We do not want to see teachers teaching their pupils about white privilege and inherited racial guilt [...] Any school which teaches these elements of critical race theory, or which promotes partisan political views such as defunding the police without offering a balanced treatment of opposing views, is breaking the law."[96]

In an open letter, 101 writers of the Black Writers' Guild denounced Badenoch for remarks about popular anti-racism books such as White Fragility and Why I'm No Longer Talking to White People About Race, made in an interview in The Spectator, in which she said, "many of these books—and, in fact, some of the authors and proponents of critical race theory—actually want a segregated society".[97]

Anti-CRT group Color Us United promised to "battle" The Salvation Army due to the latter's guidance pamphlet titled "Let's Talk About Racism".[98][better source needed]

In September 2023, an Employment Tribunal ruled that opposition to critical race theory, with support for the attitude of Martin Luther King towards race, was a philosophical belief protected under the Equality Act 2010.[99][100]

See also

  • Anti-bias curriculum
  • Judicial aspects of race in the United States
  • Racism in the United States

Notes

  1. ↑ Critical race theory (CRT) refers to an "emerging transdisciplinary, race-equity methodology that originated in legal studies and is grounded in social justice. Critical Race Theory's tools for conducting research and practice are intended to elucidate contemporary racial phenomena, expand the vocabulary with which to discuss complex racial concepts, and challenge racial hierarchies." CRT "integrates transdisciplinary methodologies that draw on theory, experiential knowledge, and critical consciousness to illuminate and combat root causes of structural racism. It emerged after years of struggle by law students and faculty contesting what they perceived as institutionalized racism in the hiring and curricular decisions of elite law schools. Convinced that their understandings of racial power dynamics diverged in important ways from those of other legal models, they convened a meeting in 1989 at which they enumerated key racial equity principles." CRT refers to the "emergent set of methodologies that draws on these principles in pursuing racial equity via the law. Persons whose scholarship relies on Critical Race Theory (called critical race theorists) are often described as "a collection of activists and scholars interested in studying and transforming the relationship among race, racism, and power."[5]
  2. ↑ The September 22, 2020 Executive Order 13950 of Sep 22, 2020 defined "divisive concepts" as "concepts that (1) one race or sex is inherently superior to another race or sex; (2) the United States is fundamentally racist or sexist; (3) an individual, by virtue of his or her race or sex, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously; (4) an individual should be discriminated against or receive adverse treatment solely or partly because of his or her race or sex; (5) members of one race or sex cannot and should not attempt to treat others without respect to race or sex; (6) an individual's moral character is necessarily determined by his or her race or sex; (7) an individual, by virtue of his or her race or sex, bears responsibility for actions committed in the past by other members of the same race or sex; (8) any individual should feel discomfort, guilt, anguish, or any other form of psychological distress on account of his or her race or sex; or (9) meritocracy or traits such as a hard work ethic are racist or sexist, or were created by a particular race to oppress another race. The term "divisive concepts" also includes any other form of race or sex stereotyping or any other form of race or sex scapegoating."
  3. ↑ Rufo participated in drafting the language of the executive order.[13]
  4. ↑ On January 20, 2021, Joe Biden rescinded Trump's order[14] and dissolved the 1776 Commission.[15]
  5. ↑ 1619 Project is both a book, The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story, and a piece of long-form journalism developed by Nikole Hannah-Jones and others.
  6. ↑ Organizers included Bridget Weisenberg from The Heritage Foundation. Featured guests included Rufo, Jonathan Butcher, and Angela Sailor from The Heritage Foundation, Ian Rowe from the American Enterprise Institute, and Robert Woodson from the Woodson Center. Along with corporate representatives, there were also 31 legislators from 20 states in attendance.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Carr (2022).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wilson (2021).
  3. ↑ Dawsey & Stein (2020); Lang (2020); Waxman (2021); Education Week (2021).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gross (2022).
  5. ↑ Ford & Airhihenbuwa 2010.
  6. ↑ Gross (2022); Sachs (2022); Najarro (2022).
  7. ↑ Meyer, Severns & McGraw (2021); Harris 2021.
  8. ↑ Meckler & Dawsey (2021); Ford & Airhihenbuwa (2010).
  9. ↑ Meckler & Dawsey (2021).
  10. ↑ Wise, Alana (September 17, 2020). "Trump Announces 'Patriotic Education' Commission, A Largely Political Move". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/09/17/914127266/trump-announces-patriotic-education-commission-a-largely-political-move. 
  11. ↑ Dawsey & Stein (2020); Lang (2020); Trump (2020)
  12. ↑ Trump, Donald J. (September 22, 2020). "Executive Order on Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping". The White House. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-combating-race-sex-stereotyping/. 
  13. ↑ Trump (2020).
  14. ↑ Guynn, Jessica. "President Joe Biden rescinds Donald Trump ban on diversity training about systemic racism". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2021/01/20/biden-executive-order-overturns-trump-diversity-training-ban/4236891001/. 
  15. ↑ Kelly, Caroline (January 20, 2021). "Biden rescinds 1776 commission via executive order". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/20/politics/biden-rescind-1776-commission-executive-order/index.html. 
  16. ↑ Dawsey & Stein (2020); Lang (2020); Waxman (2021); Education Week (2021).
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Iati (2021).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Scott (2021); Pittman (2021).
  19. ↑ Pittman (2021).
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gregory (2021).
  21. ↑ Bauer (2022).
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Hananoki (2021).
  23. ↑ Cain, Andrew (2022-01-15). "Youngkin signs executive orders to bar 'critical race theory,' COVID-19 mandates". Richmond Times-Dispatch. https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/youngkin-signs-executive-orders-to-bar-critical-race-theory-covid-19-mandates/article_72423217-d285-5946-86f5-5a55274cd7a4.html. 
  24. ↑ Newsroom, NBC12 (January 15, 2022). "Gov. Youngkin signs 11 executive actions on first day of administration" (in en). WWBT. https://www.nbc12.com/2022/01/15/gov-youngkin-signs-11-executive-actions-first-day-administration/. 
  25. ↑ Greenfield (2021); Kingkade, Zadrozny & Collins (2021); Banks (2021).
  26. ↑ Manhattan Institute (n.d.).
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Wallace-Wells (2021).
  28. ↑ Iati (2021); Wallace-Wells (2021); Kingkade, Zadrozny & Collins (2021).
  29. ↑ Kingkade, Zadrozny & Collins (2021); Rufo (2021).
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Kingkade, Zadrozny & Collins (2021).
  31. ↑ Kendi (2022a), p. 169; Kendi (2022b).
  32. ↑ Carlson & Fishbein (2021).
  33. ↑ Meyer, Severns & McGraw (2021); Harris (2021).
  34. ↑ Power (2021).
  35. ↑ Beauchamp (2018).
  36. ↑ Lindsay (2022).
  37. ↑ Manus (2022).
  38. ↑ Herbert (2021); Bunay (2021).
  39. ↑ The Economist (2021); Bernstein (2022).
  40. ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica (2021).
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 The Economist (2021).
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Kahn (2021).
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Asmelash (2021).
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Shepherd (2021b).
  45. ↑ Shepherd (2021b); Reid (2021)
  46. ↑ Shepherd (2021b); Reid (2021).
  47. ↑ Lopez (2021).
  48. ↑ Shepherd (2021b); Lopez (2021).
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Whitely (2022).
  50. ↑ American Legislative Exchange Council (2020); Wiener & Kotch (2021).
  51. ↑ Greenblatt (2011).
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 O'Kane (2021).
  53. ↑ Waxman (2021).
  54. ↑ "Critical race theory". Encyclopaedia Britannica. September 21, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/critical-race-theory. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Richert & Jones (2021).
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Adams (2021).
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Postal (2021).
  58. ↑ Schwartz, Sarah (2021-06-11). "Map: Where Critical Race Theory Is Under Attack". https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/map-where-critical-race-theory-is-under-attack/2021/06. 
  59. ↑ Greenfield (2021).
  60. ↑ "Joint Statement on Legislative Efforts to Restrict Education about Racism in American History". June 16, 2021. https://www.historians.org/divisive-concepts-statement.  PDF.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Ray & Gibbons (2021).
  62. ↑ Snyder, Timothy (2021-06-29). "The War on History Is a War on Democracy". The New York Times Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/29/magazine/memory-laws.html. 
  63. ↑ Sachs (2022); Gross (2022).
  64. ↑ Sachs (2022).
  65. ↑ Najarro (2022).
  66. ↑ Waxman (2021); Education Week (2021).
  67. ↑ Awtrey (2021).
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 The Texas Legislature (2021).
  69. ↑ Federal Register (2020).
  70. ↑ Bernstein (2022).
  71. ↑ Shellnutt, Kate (August 20, 2021). "Bethlehem Baptist Leaders Clash Over 'Coddling' and 'Cancel Culture'" (in en). https://christianitytoday.com/ct/2021/august-web-only/bethlehem-bcs-minneapolis-resign-meyer-empathy-rigney.html. 
  72. ↑ Br; Showalter, on; Reporter, Senior Investigative (2020-11-28). "John Piper warns Christians against critical race theory that makes god of self" (in en-US). https://www.christianpost.com/news/john-piper-warns-christians-critical-race-theory-makes-god-of-self.html. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Moody, Chris (2021-06-16). "How Critical Race Theory Overran the Southern Baptist Convention" (in en-us). https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/06/critical-race-theory-divides-the-southern-baptist-convention.html. 
  74. ↑ "On Critical Race Theory And Intersectionality - SBC.net" (in en-US). Southern Baptist Convention. https://www.sbc.net/resource-library/resolutions/on-critical-race-theory-and-intersectionality/. "WHEREAS, Critical race theory and intersectionality alone are insufficient to diagnose and redress the root causes of the social ills that they identify, which result from sin, yet these analytical tools can aid in evaluating a variety of human experiences; [...]RESOLVED, That critical race theory and intersectionality should only be employed as analytical tools subordinate to Scripture—not as transcendent ideological frameworks;" 
  75. ↑ Smietana (2021a).
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Silk, Mark (2020-12-29). "The SBC's critical race theory debacle" (in en-US). Religion News Service. https://religionnews.com/2020/12/29/the-sbcs-critical-race-theory-debacle/. "June 2019. At its annual convention in Birmingham, Alabama, the SBC passes a resolution that slightly affirms CRT and intersectionality, the (quoting the Oxford English dictionary here) "interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage."" 
  77. ↑ Smietana 2021a. "When asked why he looked to Lindsay to understand critical race theory, rather than Christian scholars, Albert Mohler claimed few people had "given sustained attention to critical theory from a conservative viewpoint."
  78. ↑ "Seminary presidents reaffirm BFM, declare CRT incompatible | Baptist Press" (in en-US). 2020-11-30. https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/news/seminary-presidents-reaffirm-bfm-declare-crt-incompatible/. 
  79. ↑ Smietana, Bob (2022-03-22). "Anti-woke preachers Voddie Baucham and Tom Ascol to be nominated as SBC leaders" (in en-US). Religion News Service. https://religionnews.com/2022/03/22/voddie-baucham-and-tom-ascol-nominated-as-sbc-leaders-president-social-justice-woke/. 
  80. ↑ "Two Prominent Pastors Break With SBC After Critical Race Theory Statement". 2020-12-18. https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2020/december/charlie-dates-ralph-west-southern-baptist-sbc-crt.html. "In op-eds announcing their decisions to leave, Charlie Dates of Chicago's Progressive Baptist Church and Ralph D. West of Houston's The Church Without Walls both criticized SBC seminary presidents' declaration that critical race theory was "incompatible" with the denomination's statement of faith." 
  81. ↑ Shimron, Yonat (2020-12-01). "Southern Baptist seminary presidents nix critical race theory" (in en-US). Religion News Service. https://religionnews.com/2020/12/01/southern-baptist-seminary-presidents-nix-critical-race-theory/. "[T]he [SBC] presidents' statement takes aim at the race-based theory that has become a bugaboo to many conservatives within the Christian right.
    "We stand together on historic Southern Baptist condemnations of racism in any form and we also declare that affirmation of Critical Race Theory, Intersectionality, and any version of Critical Theory is incompatible with the Baptist Faith & Message," the statement reads."     
  82. ↑ "Several Black pastors break with the Southern Baptist Convention over a statement on race" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2020/12/23/black-pastors-break-southern-baptist-critical-race-theory/. 
  83. ↑ Stone, Roxanne (2020-12-18). "'We out': Charlie Dates on why his church is leaving the SBC over rejection of critical race theory" (in en-US). Religion News Service. https://religionnews.com/2020/12/18/we-out-charlie-dates-on-why-his-church-is-leaving-the-sbc-over-rejection-of-critical-race-theory/. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Yee, Curtis (2021-06-03). "Cru Divided Over Emphasis on Race" (in en). https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/june/cru-divided-over-emphasis-on-race.html. "[the document's] authors, a grassroots group of Cru staff members, raise concerns that a "victim-oppressor worldview" has become embedded throughout the organization, dividing staff and detracting from the true gospel.
    "In pursuing [diversity], we have inadvertently adopted a system of unbiblical ideas that have led us to disunity," the document reads. "These concepts have created distrust, discouragement, and a host of other problems."
    [...]The anti-CRT document says that "at least 1,000 staff" share the group's concerns[..]
    [T]he Southern Baptist Convention's six seminary presidents released a statement calling the theory "incompatible" with the denomination's message, prompting at least four Black pastors to break with the denomination."     
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Smietana, Bob (19 Sep 2021b). "Christian author Josh McDowell steps away from ministry after comments about Black, minority families" (in en-US). Religion News Service. https://religionnews.com/2021/09/19/christian-author-josh-mcdowell-denounces-crt-says-black-and-minority-families-dont-value-hard-work-and-education/. "The talk, entitled "The Five Greatest Global Epidemics," identified a series of threats McDowell claims face the Christian church. The first, he said, was critical race theory, an academic field of study on the nature of systemic racism. [...] CRT [...] has become controversial among Christian conservatives[...].
    McDowell told Christian counselors that CRT "negates all the biblical teaching" about racism — because it focuses on systems rather than the sins of the human heart and said today's definition of "social justice" is not biblical.
    [...] Cru, formerly known as Campus Crusade for Christ, has faced criticism by some long-term staff because of its recent focus on issues of race and diversity. A group of staff has accused Cru of "embracing a secular system of ideas that divides humans into victims and oppressors."
    [...]"I do not believe Blacks, African Americans, and many other minorities have equal opportunity. Why? Most of them grew up in families where there is not a big emphasis on education, security — you can do anything you want. You can change the world. If you work hard, you will make it. So many African Americans don't have those privileges like I was brought up with."
    After being contacted by Religion News Service, McDowell issued a statement on social media apologizing for his remarks, saying they do not reflect his own beliefs. He said his comment about minority families "does not reflect reality."
    "Racism has kept equality from being achieved in our nation," he said."     
  86. ↑ Knowles (2021).
  87. ↑ Napier-Raman (2021).
  88. ↑ Gatwiri, Kathomi; Anderson, Leticia (June 22, 2021). "The Senate has voted to reject critical race theory from the national curriculum. What is it, and why does it matter?". http://theconversation.com/the-senate-has-voted-to-reject-critical-race-theory-from-the-national-curriculum-what-is-it-and-why-does-it-matter-163102. 
  89. ↑ Bargallie, Debbie; Lentin, Alana (September 2022). "Beyond convergence and divergence: Towards a 'both and' approach to critical race and critical Indigenous studies in Australia". Current Sociology 70 (5): 665–681. doi:10.1177/00113921211024701. 
  90. ↑ Sanfilippo, Antonietta Angela (2021-08-20). A study of Young Victorian Muslims' Lived Experiences, Identities and Counternarratives (Thesis). Monash University.
  91. ↑ Gatwiri, Kathomi (3 April 2021). "Racial Microaggressions at Work: Reflections from Black African Professionals in Australia". The British Journal of Social Work 51 (2): 655–672. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcaa145. 
  92. ↑ "" Thèses intersectionnelles " : Blanquer vous explique tout, mais n'a rien compris" (in fr). 2020-10-26. https://www.nouvelobs.com/idees/20201026.OBS35242/theses-intersectionnelles-blanquer-vous-explique-tout-mais-n-a-rien-compris.html. 
  93. ↑ "Jaarverslag en slotwet Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap 2020" (in nl) (PDF). The Hague: House of Representatives of the States General. 2021-06-16. https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/detail?id=2021Z07707&did=2021D16992. 
  94. ↑ "Plenair verslag: Tweede Kamer, 44e vergadering | Woensdag 25 januari 2023" (in nl). The Hague: House of Representatives of the States General. https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/plenaire_verslagen/detail/2022-2023/44. 
  95. ↑ Wood (2020).
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Ducey, Kimberley; Feagin, Joe R. (2021). "Preface". Revealing Britain's Systemic Racism: The Case of Meghan Markle and the Royal Family. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-38010-1. [page needed]
  97. ↑ Cain, Sian (October 30, 2020). "Writers protest after minister suggests anti-racism books support segregation". http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/30/writers-protest-after-minister-suggests-anti-racism-books-support-segregation. 
  98. ↑ Kellner, Mark A. (1 December 2021). "Advocacy group accuses Salvation Army of 'covering up' embrace of critical race theory". The Washington Times. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/dec/1/advocacy-group-accuses-salvation-army-covering-emb/. 
  99. ↑ Moss, Rob (29 September 2023). "Opposing critical race theory ruled a philosophical belief". Personnel Today. https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/opposing-critical-race-theory-belief-belief-corby-v-acas/. 
  100. ↑ Sen, Shibani (6 October 2023). "Sean Corby v ACAS: ET Sides with ACAS Conciliator and Says His Beliefs Are Worthy of Respect". Employment Law Review. https://www.employmentlawreview.co.uk/sean-corby-v-acas-et-sides-with-acas-conciliator-and-says-his-beliefs-are-worthy-of-respect/. 

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