Philosophy:Evil clown

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Short description: Pop culture trope and horror staple


A group of people in evil clown costumes at a PDC 2008 party at Universal Studios

The evil clown, also known as the killer clown, is a subversion of the traditional comic clown character, in which the playful trope is instead depicted in a more disturbing nature through the use of horror elements and dark humor. The modern archetype of the evil clown was popularized by the DC Comics supervillain Joker starting in 1940, and again by Pennywise in Stephen King's It. The character can be seen as playing on the sense of unease felt by sufferers of coulrophobia, the fear of clowns.

Origins

Enrico Caruso as the murderous Canio in Pagliacci

The modern archetype of the evil clown has unclear origins; the stock character appeared infrequently during the 19th century, in such works as Edgar Allan Poe's "Hop-Frog",[1] which is believed by Jack Morgan, of the University of Missouri-Rolla, to draw upon an earlier incident "at a masquerade ball", in the 14th century, during which "the King and his frivolous party, costumed—in highly flammable materials—as simian creatures, were ignited by a flambeau and incinerated, the King narrowly escaping in the actual case."[2] Evil clowns also occupied a small niche in drama, appearing in the 1874 work La femme de Tabarin by Catulle Mendès and in Ruggero Leoncavallo's Pagliacci (accused of being a plagiarism of Mendès' piece), both works featuring murderous clowns as central characters.[3][4]

American serial killer and rapist John Wayne Gacy became known as the Killer Clown when arrested in 1978, after it was discovered he had performed as Pogo the Clown at children's parties and other events; however, Gacy did not actually commit his crimes while wearing his clown costume.[5] During the 1980s, the National Lampoon published a series of mock comic books in the pages of the magazine, entitled "Evil Clown", which featured a malevolent character named Frenchy the Clown.

Evil clown themes were occasionally found in popular music. Zal Cleminson, guitarist with the English rock band The Sensational Alex Harvey Band, wore black and white clown-style makeup and colorful clothes while on stage during the band's 1970s heyday, while his "happy-sad-happy" demeanor helped give their performances an edge of menace.[6]

The evil clown archetype plays strongly off the sense of dislike it caused to inherent elements of coulrophobia; however, it has been suggested by Joseph Durwin[7] that the concept of evil clowns has an independent position in popular culture, arguing that "the concept of evil clowns and the widespread hostility it induces is a cultural phenomenon which transcends just the phobia alone". A study by the University of Sheffield concluded "that clowns are universally disliked by children. Some found them quite frightening and unknowable."[8][9] This may be because of the nature of clowns' makeup hiding their faces, making them potential threats in disguise; as a psychology professor at California State University, Northridge stated, young children are "very reactive to a familiar body type with an unfamiliar face".[10] This natural dislike of clowns makes them effective in a literary or fictional context, as the antagonistic threat perceived in clowns is desirable in a villainous character.

Researcher Ben Radford, who published Bad Clowns[11] in 2016 and is regarded as an expert on the phenomenon,[12] writes that looking throughout history clowns are seen as tricksters, fools, and more; however, they always are in control, speak their minds, and can get away with doing so. When writing the book Bad Clowns, Radford found that professional clowns are not generally fond of the bad-clown (or evil-clown) persona. They see them as "the rotten apple in the barrel, whose ugly sight and smell casts suspicion on the rest of them," and do not wish to encourage or propagate coulrophobia. Yet, as Radford discovered, bad clowns have existed throughout history: Harlequin, the King's fool, and Mr. Punch. Radford argues that bad clowns have the "ability to change with the times" and that modern bad clowns have evolved into Internet trolls. They may not wear clown costume but, nevertheless, engage with people for their own amusement, abuse, tease and speak what they think of as the "truth" much like the court jester and "dip clowns" do using "human foibles" against their victims. Radford states that, although bad clowns permeate the media in movies, TV, music, comics, and more, the "good clowns" outnumber the bad ones. Research shows that most people do not fear clowns but actually love them and that bad clowns are "the exception, not the rule."[11]

Interpretations

"Evil clown" makeup and costume

The concept of the evil clown is related to the irrational fear of clowns, known as coulrophobia, a neologism coined in the context of informal "-phobia lists".[13]

The cultural critic Mark Dery has theorized the postmodern archetype of the evil clown in "Cotton Candy Autopsy: Deconstructing Psycho-Killer Clowns" (a chapter in his cultural critique The Pyrotechnic Insanitarium: American Culture on the Brink).[14]

Tracking the image of the demented or deviant clown across popular culture, Dery analyzes the "Pogo the Clown" persona of the serial killer John Wayne Gacy; the obscene clowns of the neo-situationist Cacophony Society; the Joker (of Batman fame); the grotesque art of R.K. Sloane; the sick-funny Bobcat Goldthwait comedy Shakes the Clown; Scooby-Doo's Ghost Clown from the episode "Bedlam in the Big Top"; Horny the Clown in the 2007 horror-comedy movie Drive-Thru, and Pennywise from Stephen King's It.

Using Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of the carnivalesque, Jungian and historical writings on the images of the fool in myth and history, and ruminations on the mingling of ecstasy and dread in the Information Age, Dery asserts the evil clown is an icon of our times. Clowns are often depicted as murderous psychopaths at many American haunted houses.

Wolfgang M. Zucker points out the similarities between a clown's appearance and the cultural depictions of demons and other infernal creatures, noting "[the clown's] chalk-white face in which the eyes almost disappear, while the mouth is enlarged to a ghoulish bigness, looks like the mask of death".[15]

According to psychology professor Joseph Durwin at California State University, Northridge, young children are "very reactive to a familiar body type with an unfamiliar face".[10] Researchers who have studied the phobia believe there is some correlation to the uncanny valley effect.[16] Additionally, clown behavior is often "transgressive" (anti-social behavior) which can create feelings of unease.[17]

A 2022 survey of 987 adults from 64 countries found that 54% of respondents reported experiencing some degree of coulrophobia.[18]

Urban legends and incidents

The clown sightings

The related urban legend of evil clown sightings in real life is known as "phantom clowns".[19] First reported in 1981 in Brookline, Massachusetts, children said that men dressed up as clowns had attempted to lure them into a van.[20] The panic spread throughout the US in the Midwest and Northeast. It resurfaced in 1985 in Phoenix, Arizona; in 1991 in West Orange, New Jersey;,[21] in 1990 in Brazil , through a story reported by the Brazilian tabloid Notícias Populares,[22] and 1995 in Honduras. Later sightings included Chicago in Illinois in 2008.[20] Explanations for the phenomenon have ranged from Stephen King's It and the crimes of serial killer John Wayne Gacy,[19] to a moral panic influenced by contemporaneous fears of Satanic ritual abuse.[20] It also shows similarities to the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.[21] In most cases the reports were made by children, and no adults or police officers were able to confirm the sightings.[20]

In 2013, a character who became known as "the Northampton Clown" was repeatedly sighted standing silently around the English town. The work of three local filmmakers, Alex Powell, Elliot Simpson and Luke Ubanski, the Northampton clown was similar in appearance to Pennywise from Stephen King's It.[23] Although rumors said that the clown may have a knife, the clown himself denied these rumors through social media.[24] In March 2014, Matteo Moroni from Perugia, Italy, owner of YouTube channel DM Pranks, began dressing up as a killer clown and terrifying unsuspecting passers-by, with his videos racking up hundreds of millions of views.[25] In 2014, further complaints of evil clown pranksters were reported in France, the United States and Germany, possibly inspired by American Horror Story: Freak Show.[26]

In 2014, "the Wasco clown" attracted social media attention in California. Again this clown shared a similar resemblance to Pennywise, and it was revealed that the social media postings were part of a year-long photography project conducted by the artist's wife.[27] In Bakersfield, California "menacing" clowns were reported, some with weapons.[28] In July 2015, a "creepy" clown was seen around a local cemetery in Chicago and terrorizing anyone in the graveyard.[29]

There was another burst of such sightings in 2016, including in South Carolina and New York.[30][31]

Researcher Ben Radford writes that there have been many surges of evil clown sightings reported, Radford says it is most likely pranksters. The urban legends and panic can cause real danger as "face-painted pranksters and innocent bystanders may be at risk" by interaction of well-intended public or police thinking a threat exists when it does not.[32]

Response to evil clowns in media

In 2014, Clowns of America International responded to the depiction of Twisty on American Horror Story, and evil clowns in media generally. President Glenn Kohlberger said, "Hollywood makes money sensationalizing the norm. They can take any situation no matter how good or pure and turn it into a nightmare. ... We do not support in any way, shape or form any medium that sensationalizes or adds to coulrophobia or 'clown fear.'"[33]

Depictions

The contemporary "evil clown" archetype developed in the 1980s, notably popularized by Stephen King's It, and perhaps influenced by John Wayne Gacy, a serial killer dubbed the Killer Clown in 1978. Killer Klowns from Outer Space is a 1988 horror comedy dedicated to the topic. The Joker character in the Batman franchise was introduced in 1940 and has developed into one of the most recognizable and iconic fictional characters in popular culture, leading Wizard magazine's "100 Greatest Villains of All Time" ranking in 2006.[34] Although Krusty the Clown, a cartoon character introduced 1989 in the animated sitcom The Simpsons, is a comical, non-scary clown, the character reveals darker aspects in his personality. In The Simpsons episode "Lisa's First Word" (1992), children's fear of clowns features in the form of a very young Bart being traumatized by an inexpertly built Krusty the Clown themed bed, repeatedly uttering the phrase "can't sleep, clown will eat me...." The phrase inspired an Alice Cooper song in the album Dragontown (2001)[35] and became a popular catchphrase.[36]

The American rap duo Insane Clown Posse have exploited this theme since 1989 and have inspired Twiztid and similar acts, many on Psychopathic Records, to do likewise. Websites dedicated to evil clowns and the fear of clowns appeared in the late 1990s.[37]

  • The Joker, the nemesis of Batman, whose key features are chalk-white skin, emerald-green hair, ruby-red lips and (in some iterations) a perpetual smile, sometimes a permanent sardonic grin or a Glasgow smile, depending on the adaption of the character.[38] He is commonly depicted as a criminal mastermind, as well as a sadistic and murderous psychopath.[39] The character is also known by several nicknames, including "the Clown Prince of Crime".[40][41]
  • The 1982 film Poltergeist, directed by Tobe Hooper and produced by Steven Spielberg, along with the 2015 remake of the same name directed by Gil Kenan, feature a possessed clown doll.[42][43][44]
  • Pennywise the Dancing Clown, the main antagonist in Stephen King's 1986 horror novel It and its adaptations. Pennywise was portrayed in the 1990 television miniseries version by Tim Curry and by Bill Skarsgård in the 2017 film adaptation and its 2019 sequel.[45][46][47][48]
  • The 1988 film Killer Klowns from Outer Space, directed by the Chiodo Brothers, features extraterrestrial evil clowns as the story's antagonists.[49][50]
  • The 1989 film Clownhouse, written and directed by Victor Salva, concerns brothers who are attacked in their own home by escaped mental patients dressed as clowns.[51]
  • The most famous professional wrestling depiction of an evil clown was Doink the Clown, a persona originated in 1992 by professional wrestler Matt Osborne in the World Wrestling Federation. Originally, the gimmick was that of a sadistic, evil clown, playing cruel tricks on fans and wrestlers to amuse himself and put them off guard; to help gain heat for the character, he was placed in a storyline feud with Crush, wherein Doink, after faking an injury, sneak-attacked Crush with a loaded prosthetic arm.[52] The evil clown gimmick would be dropped later in 1993 as he turned face.
  • Violator, a supervillain demon appearing in the Spawn comic books published by Image Comics, is commonly depicted in the form of "Clown", a balding, overweight man with blue facepaint.[53]
  • Sweet Tooth, a character in the Twisted Metal video game series.[54] Sweet Tooth the Clown from Twisted Metal (2012) is a man wearing a psychotic clown mask with a flaming head and carrying a large machete. He drives a weaponised ice-cream van with the same clown face on the roof.
  • Jack the Clown, an icon of the Halloween Horror Nights event celebrated at Universal Studios Florida, Universal Studios Hollywood, Universal Studios Singapore, and Universal Studios Japan.[55][56][57]
  • The 2009 BBC comedy programme Psychoville features a protagonist named Mr Jelly, "[a]n embittered hook-handed clown and children's entertainer."[58]
  • The horror film series Killjoy features a demonic killer clown as its main antagonist.[59]
  • Captain Spaulding, a vulgar clown and serial killer portrayed by Sid Haig in the 2003 Rob Zombie film House of 1000 Corpses and its 2005 sequel The Devil's Rejects.[60]
  • In the 2012 anthology horror film Scary or Die, a drug dealer is bitten by a clown at a birthday party, and he begins to transform into a cannibalistic clown himself.[61]
  • The 2012 film Stitches features a murderous birthday clown, portrayed by Ross Noble, who is resurrected from the dead in order to enact revenge upon the children who contributed to his death.[62]
  • The 2013 horror film All Hallows' Eve, the 2016 film Terrifier and its subsequent sequels feature a homicidal clown named Art the Clown.[63]
  • The FX horror anthology series American Horror Story used two instances of evil clowns: The first being Twisty the Clown from the fourth season Freak Show, who made a cameo appearance in Cult where the season's antagonist created a murderous clown cult to orchestrate his rise to political power.[64]
  • The 2014 film Theatre of Fear, directed by Andrew Jones, features a murderous clown character played by Nathan Head.[65]
  • The 2014 horror film Clown, directed by Jon Watts and produced by Eli Roth, follows a man who, upon finding and wearing a clown suit, becomes trapped in the cursed skin of an ancient Nordic demon known as the "Clöyne".[66][67]
  • The 2017 film Behind the Sightings was inspired by the viral clown sightings of 2016.[68][69][70]

References

  1. ↑ Poe, Edgar Allan, "Hop-Frog" (1849)
  2. ↑ Morgan, Jack (2002). The biology of horror: gothic literature and film. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0809324712. https://books.google.com/books?id=yk-0SmCIZ_kC. 
  3. ↑ Mendès, Catulle (1904). La femme de Tabarin: Tragi-parade. Librairie Charpentier et Fasquelle. pp. 1–34. https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcESQAACAAJ. 
  4. ↑ Dryden, Konrad (2007). Leoncavallo: Life and Works. Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5880-0. https://archive.org/details/leoncavallo00domi. 
  5. ↑ Sullivan, Terry; Maiken, Peter T. (2000). Killer Clown: The John Wayne Gacy Murders. New York City: Pinnacle. ISBN 0-7860-1422-9. OCLC 156783287. https://books.google.com/books?id=u71s2gNZqJoC. 
  6. ↑ Thomas M. Kitts and Nick Baxter-Moore (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Popular Music and Humor, Chapter 6. 2019, Routledge ISBN:9781351266628
  7. ↑ Durwin, Joseph (15 November 2004). "Coulrophobia and the Trickster". Trickster's Way (San Antonio: Trinity University) 3 (1). Article 4. ISSN 1538-9030. http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=trickstersway&sei-redir=1. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  8. ↑ "Health | Hospital clown images 'too scary'". BBC News. 15 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7189401.stm. 
  9. ↑ Rohrer, Finlo (16 January 2008). "Why are clowns scary?". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7191721.stm. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Durwin, Joseph. "Coulrophobia & The Trickster". Trinity.edu. http://www.trinity.edu/org/tricksters/trixway/current/Vol%203/Vol3_1/Durwin.htm. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Radford, Ben (2016). Bad Clowns. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-5666-6. 
  12. ↑ Shone, Colton. "Recent scary clown trend nothing new, expert said". http://www.kob.com/albuquerque-news/recent-scary-clown-trend-nothing-new-expert-benjamin-radford-bad-clowns-author-book-creepy/4291893/?cat=500. 
  13. ↑ The term is listed by the Online Etymology Dictionary (Harper, Douglas. "coulrophobia". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/?term=coulrophobia. ) with the caveat that it "looks suspiciously like the sort of thing idle pseudo-intellectuals invent on the Internet and which every smarty-pants takes up thereafter". The prefix coulro- is "said to be built from Greek kolon 'limb,' with some supposed sense of 'stilt-walker,' hence 'clown'" (i.e. Greek κωλοβαθριστής kolobathristes "stilt-walker"). Probably coined no earlier than the late 1980s but no later than the 1990s, the term "has been coined more on the Internet than in printed form because it does not appear in any previously published, psychiatric, unabridged, or abridged dictionary." (Robertson 2003:62) The Oxford Dictionary of English adopted the term in 2010, also deriving it from kolobatheron "stilt" (Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010), "coulrophobia noun", Oxford Dictionary of English (online ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3, http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t140.e0183900, retrieved 14 March 2011 )
  14. ↑ Dery, Mark (1999). The Pyrotechnic Insanitarium: American Culture on the Brink. New York City: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3670-2. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780802136701. 
  15. ↑ "The Clown as the Lord of Disorder". Theology Today, October 1967. http://ttj.sagepub.com/content/24/3/306.short. 
  16. ↑ Hanna, Rania (27 May 2018). "Exploring the Uncanny Valley » Brain World" (in en-US). https://brainworldmagazine.com/exploring-the-uncanny-valley/. 
  17. ↑ "Fear of Clowns: Yes, It's Real". npr.org. https://www.npr.org/2013/08/06/209494071/fear-of-clowns-yes-its-real. 
  18. ↑ Heingartner, Douglas (2023-02-02). "New Study Into Coulrophobia (the Fear Of Clowns) Suggests Its Main Causes Are Unpredictability And Media Exposure" (in en-US). https://www.psychnewsdaily.com/coulrophobia-fear-of-clowns-study/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Brunvand, Jan Harold (2002). Encyclopedia of Urban Legends. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 313–315. ISBN 9780393323580. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofur00janh_0. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Bartholomew, Robert E.; Radford, Benjamin (2011). The Martians Have Landed!: A History of Media-Driven Panics and Hoaxes (Google eBook). McFarland & Company. pp. 105–109. ISBN 9780786486717. https://books.google.com/books?id=uyik93izNqEC&pg=PA105. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Brunvand, Jan Harold (9 August 1991). "SOMEONE KEEPS SENDING IN THE PHANTOM CLOWNS". Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/177088/SOMEONE-KEEPS-SENDING-IN-THE-PHANTOM-CLOWNS.html. 
  22. ↑ "'Palhaço da Kombi' aterrorizou crianças e adultos nos anos 90" (in pt-br). 13 May 2021. https://www.portaldoholanda.com.br/lendas-urbanas/palhaco-da-kombi-aterrorizou-criancas-e-adultos-nos-anos-90. 
  23. ↑ Simpson, Connor (16 October 2013). "Northampton Solves the Mystery of The Creepy Clown". https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/northampton-clown-unmasked/309900/. 
  24. ↑ Squires, John (18 September 2013). "Real Life Evil Clown Terrorizing Town in England!". Dread Central. https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/48166/real-life-evil-clown-terrorizing-town-in-england/. 
  25. ↑ "Why I am a 'killer clown'". BBC. 25 October 2016. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37612735. 
  26. ↑ Howard, Michael (27 October 2014). "France Joins The Creepy Clown Hysteria". Esquire. http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a30429/france-joins-the-evil-clown-hysteria-102714/. 
  27. ↑ "Wasco Clown: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy. 13 October 2014. http://heavy.com/news/2014/10/wasco-creepy-clowns-bakersfield-california-photos-prank-hoax-copycats/. 
  28. ↑ "Menacing clowns in Bakersfield prompt calls to police, one arrest". Los Angeles Times. 10 October 2014. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-bakersfield-clowns-20141010-htmlstory.html. 
  29. ↑ "SEE IT: Creepy Chicago clown scales cemetery gate, eerily waves". NY Daily News. 27 July 2015. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/creepy-chicago-clown-scales-cemetery-gate-article-1.2305104. 
  30. ↑ Teague, Matthew (8 October 2016). "Clown sightings: the day the craze began". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/oct/05/clown-sightings-south-carolina-alabama. 
  31. ↑ "'Creepy clown' epidemic comes to Upstate NY, several sightings reported". newyorkupstate.com. 29 September 2016. http://www.newyorkupstate.com/capital-region/2016/09/creepy_clown_epidemic_comes_to_upstate_ny_several_sightings_reported.html. 
  32. ↑ Radford, Ben (2017). "Return of the Phantom Clowns". Skeptical Inquirer (Committee for Skeptical Inquirer) 41 (1): 8–9. 
  33. ↑ Abramovitch, Sam (15 October 2014). "Professional Clown Club Attacks 'American Horror Story' Over Murderous Character". The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/professional-clown-club-attacks-american-740768. 
  34. ↑ "Top 100 Greatest Villains". Wizard 1 (177). July 2006. 
  35. ↑ "Some pop culture creations demonize the red-nosed men". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 15 February 2007. http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/AT/lib00059,117508302B023D18.html. 
  36. ↑ Rohrer, Finlo (16 January 2008). "Why are clowns scary?". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7191721.stm. 
  37. ↑ Steinberg, Steve (25 January 2003). "Nightmare with a red nose". Dallas Morning News. "Coulrophobia has spread to the Web, where sufferers can vent on sites such as ihateclowns.com and clownz.com." 
  38. ↑ Newsstand on-sale date 25 April 1940 per: "The first ad for Batman #1". DC Comics. http://www.goldenagebatman.com/batman1ad.htm. 
  39. ↑ Daniel Phillips (8 December 2008). "Why So Serious?: The Many Looks of Joker". IGN. https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/08/why-so-serious-the-many-looks-of-joker. 
  40. ↑ Aayush Gupta (11 October 2015). "3 Things Which Make the Clown Prince of Crime Tremble With Fear!". https://moviepilot.com/posts/3441651. 
  41. ↑ Spencer Perry (28 April 2017). "Injustice 2 Joker Trailer Shows Off the Clown Prince of Crime". https://www.comingsoon.net/games/trailers/842531-injustice-2-joker-trailer-shows-off-the-clown-prince-of-crime. 
  42. ↑ Jordan Zakarin (22 May 2015). "The 7 Most Nightmare-Inducing Scenes From the Original 'Poltergeist'". https://www.yahoo.com/movies/original-poltergeist-scariest-scenes-119604151242.html. 
  43. ↑ Andrew Shuster (2 April 2015). "'Poltergeist' 2015 New Trailer: Possessed Clowns Attack In Horror Movie Remake [WATCH"]. http://www.fashionnstyle.com/articles/55078/20150402/poltergeist-2015-new-trailer-possessed-clowns-attack-horror-movie-remake-watch.htm. 
  44. ↑ Sabienna Bowman (24 May 2015). "8 'Poltergeist' Scenes From the Original Film That Will Make You Wonder How It Received A PG Rating". https://www.bustle.com/articles/85515-8-poltergeist-scenes-from-the-original-film-that-will-make-you-wonder-how-it-received-a. 
  45. ↑ King, Stephen (1986). It. New York City: Viking Press. ISBN 0-451-16951-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=6a5vXEod09oC. 
  46. ↑ Jonathan Barkan (29 March 2017). "Tim Curry Describes Finding the Right Look for Pennywise". https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/220787/tim-curry-describes-finding-right-look-pennywise/. 
  47. ↑ David Opie (14 March 2017). "Bill Skarsgård "Freaked Out" The Young Cast of Stephen King's 'It' — Will His Pennywise Be Scarier Than Tim Curry's?". https://moviepilot.com/p/bill-skarsgard-pennywise-cast-stephen-king-it-2017/4224738. 
  48. ↑ Liz Calvario (29 March 2017). "'It' Teaser Trailer: Pennywise Creeps Back into Our Lives". https://deadline.com/2017/03/it-remake-teaser-trailer-pennywise-bill-skarsgard-stephen-king-1202054445/. 
  49. ↑ "Killer Klowns from Outer Space (1988)". 27 May 1988. https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/killer_klowns_from_outer_space/. 
  50. ↑ John Squires (18 October 2016). "Stephen Chiodo Explains 'Killer Klowns from Outer Space' Trilogy Plans". https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3410788/stephen-chiodo-explains-killer-klowns-outer-space-trilogy-plans/. 
  51. ↑ "Clownhouse (1989)". https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/clownhouse/. 
  52. ↑ "Doink the Clown". http://www.wwe.com/superstars/doink. 
  53. ↑ "The Top 100 Comic Book Villains". IGN. https://www.ign.com/lists/top-100-comic-book-villains/97. 
  54. ↑ "25 Coolest Videogame Characters". Entertainment Weekly. 5 May 2011. https://ew.com/gallery/25-coolest-videogame-characters/25-sweet-tooth-introduced-in-twisted-metal. Retrieved 1 June 2017. 
  55. ↑ "HHN". http://www.horrornightnightmares.com/hhn-x/. 
  56. ↑ Dewayne Bevil (19 May 2015). "Universal: Jack is back for Halloween Horror Nights". http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/attractions/theme-park-rangers-blog/os-universal-halloween-jack-clown-back-20150519-post.html. 
  57. ↑ John MacLauchlan (19 May 2015). ""Jack" Is Back at Universal Orlando's Halloween Horror Nights". CBS Miami. http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/05/19/jack-is-back-at-halloween-horror-nights/. 
  58. ↑ "BBC - Psychoville - Characters: Mr Jelly, played by Reece Shearsmith" (in en-GB). http://www.bbc.co.uk/psychoville/characters/jelly.shtml. 
  59. ↑ "Killjoy (2000)". 4 October 2005. https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1100772_killjoy. 
  60. ↑ Melissa Thomas (30 June 2014). "Rob Zombie's 31: Halloween 3, Captain Spaulding Film or Something New?". https://moviepilot.com/posts/1623178. 
  61. ↑ Scott Foy (16 September 2012). "Scary or Die (2012)". https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/37497/scary-or-die-2012/. 
  62. ↑ Gareth Jones (30 August 2012). "Stitches (2012)". https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/36946/stitches-2012/. 
  63. ↑ Jonathan Barkan (8 November 2016). "'Terrifier' Trailer Brings the Return of Art the Clown! (Exclusive)". https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3413793/terrifier-trailer-brings-return-art-clown-exclusive/. 
  64. ↑ Stacy Lambe (29 October 2014). "Who Is Twisty the Clown? Get To Know the Creepiest Villain of American Horror Story: Freak Show". https://www.vh1.com/news/luegtx/american-horror-story-twisty-the-clown-john-carroll-lynch. 
  65. ↑ "The Midnight Horror Show". 25 March 2015. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2846292/. 
  66. ↑ Brian Tallerico (17 June 2016). "Clown Movie Review & Film Summary (2016)". https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/clown-2016. 
  67. ↑ Michael Gingold (16 June 2016). "Director Jon Watts: How CLOWN Went from Fake Eli Roth Trailer to Real Eli Roth Production". Blumhouse Productions. http://www.blumhouse.com/2016/06/16/director-jon-watts-how-clown-went-from-fake-eli-roth-trailer-to-real-eli-roth-production/. 
  68. ↑ Amanda N'Duka (31 May 2017). "Tommy V Nabs Clown Epidemic Thriller 'Behind The Sightings'". https://deadline.com/2017/05/tommy-v-behind-the-sightings-film-1202103283/. 
  69. ↑ John Squires (31 May 2017). "Scary Clown Film 'Behind The Sightings' is Ripped from the Headlines". https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3439923/clown-film-behind-sightings-will-ripped-headlines-horror/. 
  70. ↑ Jonathan Barkan (31 May 2017). "Clown Sightings-Based Horror Film Behind the Sightings Acquired by Tommy V Films". https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/232135/clown-sightings-based-horror-film-behind-sightings-acquired-tommy-v-films/. 

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