Philosophy:Nimbarkacharya
Nimbarkacharya | |
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| Born | Niyamananda or Bhaskara 1130 (disputed) Nimbapura, Andhra Pradesh[1] (Identified present-day as Naidupattana, Bellary district, Karnataka) |
| Died | 1200 (disputed) |
| Religion | Hinduism |
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| Order | Vedanta |
| Founder of | Nimbarka Sampradaya |
| Philosophy | Dvaitadvaita Vedanta |
| Religious career | |
Disciples
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| Honors | Jagadguru |
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Nimbarkacharya (Sanskrit: निम्बार्काचार्य, romanized: Nimbārkāchārya) (c.1130 - c.1200[3]), also known as Nimbarka, Nimbaditya or Niyamananda, was an Hindu philosopher, theologian and the chief proponent of the theology of Dvaitadvaita (dvaita-advaita) or dualistic - non dualistic. He played a major role in spreading the worship of the divine couple Radha and Krishna, and founded Nimbarka Sampradaya, one of four main traditions of Hindu sect Vaishnavism.[4][5]
Nimbarka is believed to have lived around the 11th and 12th centuries, but this dating has been questioned, suggesting that he lived somewhat earlier than Shankaracharya, in the 6th or 7th century CE.[6] Born in Southern India, he spent most of his life in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh. He is sometimes identified with another philosopher named Bhaskara,[7] but this is considered to be a misconception due to the differences between the spiritual views of the two saints.[2][8][9]
Etymology and epithets
The word 'Nimbārka' (निंबार्क) is derived from two Sanskrit words — nimba (निम्ब) and arka (अर्क). It is believed that Nimbarka was given the name 'Niyamananda' at his birth. According to a folk tale, Niyamananda achieve the name Nimbarka because he trapped some rays of sunlight (arka) in the leaves of Neem (nimba). He was also referred as Nimbaditya by his followers.[10] Sometimes Bhaskara is also considered his epithet because of the identification of Nimbarka with the philosopher Bhaskara.[11] The tradition which he founded is named after him.
Datings
Nimbarka's traditional followers believe that he appeared in 3096 BCE, but this dating is controversial as historians believe that he lived between 7th to 11th century CE.[10] According to Roma Bose, Nimbarka lived in the 13th century, on the presupposition that Śrī Nimbārkāchārya was the author of the work Madhvamukhamardana.[8] Bhandarkar has placed him after Ramanuja, suggesting 1162 AD as the date of his demise.[12] S.N.Dasgupta dated Nimbarka to around middle of 14th century,[13] while S. A. A. Rizvi assigns a date of c.1130–1200 AD.[14]
According to Satyanand, Bose's dating of the 13th century is an erroneous attribution.[15] Malkovsky, following Satyanand, notes that in Bhandarkar's own work it is clearly stated that his dating of Nimbarka was an approximation based on an extremely flimsy calculation; yet most scholars chose to honour his suggested date, even until modern times.[16] According to Malkovsky, Satyanand has convincingly demonstrated that Nimbarka and his immediate disciple Shrinivasa flourished well before Ramanuja (1017–1137 CE), arguing that Shrinivasa was a contemporary, or just after Sankaracarya (early 8th century).[16] According to Ramnarace, summarising the available research, Nimbarka must be dated in the 7th century CE.[17]
Biography
Little is known about Nimbarka's life. He is said to have been born on the 3rd bright half of the month Vaisakha and his parents were Jagannath, a Bhagavata saint, and his wife Sarasvati, who lived in Nimbapuri, which is in present-day Bellary district, Karnataka.[18][12] However some other versions suggest that the name of his parents were Aruna Muni and Jayanti Devi, who lived in a place near the river Godavari, which may be in Andhra Pradesh. Nimbarka's followers believe him as the incarnation of Vishnu's weapon, Sudarshana Chakra.[10][12]
It is believed that Nimbarka was given the name Niyamananda at his birth, but sometimes Bhaskara is considered as his birth name.[19][11] During Nimbarka's early years, it is described that his family moved to Vrindavan, but there is no historical recorded account.[18]
Notes
Notes
References
- ↑ Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 312.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dalal 2010, p. 129.
- ↑ Jones & Ryan 2006, p. xxx.
- ↑ Malkovsky, p. 118.
- ↑ "Nimbarka | Indian philosopher" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nimbarka-Indian-philosopher.
- ↑ Ramnarace 2014.
- ↑ Hoiberg 2000.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bose 1940.
- ↑ Raju 2013, p. 158.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Mukundananda 2014.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ph.D 2016, p. 194.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Bhandarkar 1987.
- ↑ A History of Indian Philosophy (Vol. 3) by Surendranath Dasgupta, (Cambridge: 1921) page 420
- ↑ Saiyed A A Rizvi- A history of Sufism in India, Vol.1 (Munshi Ram Manoharlal Publishing Private Limited: 1978), page 355
- ↑ Satyanand, J. Nimbārka: A Pre-Śaṅkara Vedāntin and his philosophy, Varanasi, 1997
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Malkovsky 2001, p. 118.
- ↑ Ramnarace 2014, p. 180.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Dalal 2010.
- ↑ Pandey 2008.
Bibliography
- Bhandarkar, R.G. (1987). Vaisnavism, Saivaism and minor Religious system. Indological Book House, Varanasi, India. ISBN 9788120601222. https://books.google.com/books?id=C5zKrCIBmBwC&q=Nimb%C4%81rka.
- Ph.D, Lavanya Vemsani (2016-06-13) (in en). Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-211-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=nimbarka&pg=PA197.
- Dalal, Roshen (2010) (in en). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=nimbarka&pg=PA282.
- Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase Publishing, ISBN 9780816075645, https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC
- Beck, Guy L. (2005), "Krishna as Loving Husband of God", Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity (SUNY Press), ISBN 978-0-7914-6415-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&q=Four+sampradayas+Vaisnava&pg=PA65, retrieved 12 April 2008
- Bose, Roma (1940), Vedanta Parijata Saurabha of Nimbarka and Vedanta Kaustubha of Srinivasa (Commentaries on the Brahma-Sutras) – Doctrines of Nimbarka and his followers, vol.3, Asiatic Society of Bengal, https://ia800204.us.archive.org/12/items/Vedanta-parijata-saurabhaOfNimbarkaAndVedanta-kaustubhaOfSrinivasa/Vedanta-Parijata-Saurabha.of.Nimbarka.and.Vedanta-Kaustubha.of.Srinivasa_djvu.txt
- Malkovsky, B. (2001), The Role of Divine Grace in the Soteriology of Śaṁkarācārya, BRILL
- Ramnarace, Vijay (2014). Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.
- Sri Sarvesvara (1972), Sri Nimbarkacarya Aur Unka Sampraday, Akhila Bharatiya Nimbarkacarya Pitha, Salemabad, Rajasthan, India
- Hoiberg, Dale (2000) (in en). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=nimbarka+bhaskara&pg=PA112.
- Pandey, B. K. (2008) (in en). Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophers. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-3524-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=zsROAQAAIAAJ&q=Niyamananda.
- Raju, P. T. (2013-10-16) (in en). Idealistic Thought of India. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54343-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5TAQAAQBAJ&q=shrinivasa+Nimbarka&pg=PA158.
- Mukundananda, Swami (31 December 2014) (in en). Saints of India. Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog. https://books.google.com/books?id=QoQaBgAAQBAJ&q=birth+place+of+Nimbarkacharya&pg=PT35.
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