Philosophy:Self-destructive behavior
Self-destructive behavior is any behavior that is harmful or potentially harmful towards the person who engages in the behavior.
Self-destructive behaviors have been shown by many people throughout the years. It is on a continuum, with one extreme end of the scale being suicide.[1] Self-destructive actions may be deliberate, born of impulse, or developed as a habit. The term however tends to be applied toward self-destruction that either is fatal, or is potentially habit-forming or addictive and thus potentially fatal. Self-destructive behavior is often associated with mental illnesses such as borderline personality disorder[2] or schizophrenia.[3][4]
Origin
Self-destructive behavior was first studied in 1895 by Freud and Ferenczi when they first recognized how traumatic experiences affected the development of children. Freud and Ferenczi noticed that children who were raised in an unhealthy environment were more often the ones to act out and take part in self-destructive behavior.
Freud concluded that self-destructive behavior is influenced by one's ego or superego and aggression. Depending on how strongly influenced one is, it will increase the intensity of one’s destructive behavior. Guilt is a leading factor for one's superego. For instance, growing up with alcoholic parents can increase one’s self-destructive behavior because they feel guilty that they didn't provide them with the help they needed. Since they failed to help their parents overcome these obstacles, they feel as if their parents failed because of them. Then, they use harming themselves as a coping mechanism to their guilt and failure.
Freud additionally states that the aggression in self-destructive behavior is influenced by a personal motive. Just as cultural and environmental factors can play an important role of this, social factors can as well. For example, say a child was bullied all through middle school, the way to get rid of his pain the child would take action in self-destructive behavior, such as self-harm or yelling.
With investigations Freud and Ferenczi formed a hypothesis that people with self-destructive behavior suffer from "forbidden fantasies, not memories," meaning that since the action isn't supposed to be done, self-destructive people get a stronger drive to take part in these actions.
Self-destructive behavior comes in many different forms that varies from person to person. Therefore, superego and aggression is different in every person.[5]
Types of self-destructive behavior
- Suicide
- Self-harm
- Eating disorders
- Substance abuse
- Self-sabotaging
Forms
Self-destructive behavior may be used as a coping mechanism when one is overwhelmed. For example, faced with a pressing scholastic assessment, someone may choose to sabotage their work rather than cope with the stress. This would make submission of (or passing) the assessment impossible, but remove the worry associated with it.[6]
Self-destructive behavior may also manifest itself in an active attempt to drive away other people. For example, they may fear that they will "mess up" a relationship. Rather than deal with this fear, socially self-destructive individuals engage in annoying or alienating behavior, so that others will reject them first.[7]
More obvious forms of self-destruction are eating disorders, alcohol abuse, drug addictions, sex addiction, self-injury, and suicide attempts.[8]
An important aspect of self-destructive behavior is the inability to handle the stress stemming from an individual's lack of self-confidence – for example in a relationship, whether the other person is truly faithful ("how can they love someone like me?"); at work or school, whether the realization of assignments and deadlines is possible ("there is no way I can complete all my work on time").[9] Self-destructive people usually lack healthier coping mechanisms, like asserting personal boundaries. As a result, they tend to feel that showing they are incompetent is the only way to untangle themselves from demands.[10]
Successful individuals may self-destructively sabotage their own achievements; this may stem from a feeling of anxiety, unworthiness, or from an impulsive desire to repeat the "climb to the top."[11]
Self-destructive behavior is often considered to be synonymous with self-harm, but this is not accurate. Self-harm is an extreme form of self-destructive behavior, but it may appear in many other guises. Just as personal experience can affect how extreme ones self-destructive behavior is, self-harm reflects this. Overall, personal experience and mental health problems is what effects self-harm.[5]
Causes
Childhood trauma via sexual and physical abuse, as well as disrupted parental care, have been linked with self-destructive behavior.[12] Usually, behavior like this results from the lack of realization of healthy coping mechanisms.[6] Because there is not a lot of focus on specific mental health problems, such as self-destructive behavior, people are not being educated on specific ways that could benefit or even prevent these people from acting out.
Additionally, people who have experienced some form of trauma, such as abuse or neglect, can develop psychological issues that can lead to bigger problems. Aside from this, a need for attention or a feel good sensation can ultimately cause this behavior. A prime example of this would be addiction to drugs or alcohol. In the beginning stages, people have the tendency to ease their way into these unhealthy behaviors because it gives them a pleasurable sensation. However, as time goes on, it becomes a habit that they can not stop and they begin to lose these great feelings easily. When these feelings stop, self-destructive behavior enhances because they are not able to provide themselves with that feeling that makes mental or physical pain go away.[8]
Stages of change
Changing ones self-destructive behavior can be difficult, and may include major stages that one passes through on the way to recovery. The stages founded by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1982 included precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.[13]
See also
- Cupio dissolvi
- Borderline personality disorder
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Emotional self-regulation
- Self-defeating personality disorder
- 27 Club
References
- ↑ Beck, Aaron T.; Kovacs, Maria; Weissman, Arlene (1979). "Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicide Ideation". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 47 (2): 343–352. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.47.2.343. PMID 469082. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/924d9dbaa1d3da50a40e78104a960a590aae2089.
- ↑ Anthony W. Bateman, Roy Krawitz (2013). Borderline Personality Disorder: An evidence-based guide for generalist mental health professionals. OUP Oxford, ISBN:978-0199644209
- ↑ Nyman, A. K.; Jonsson, H. (1986). "Patterns of self-destructive behaviour in schizophrenia". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 73 (3): 252–262. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02682.x. PMID 3716842.
- ↑ Lovaas, O.Ivar; Freitag, Gilbert; Gold, Vivian J.; Kassorla, Irene C. (1965). "Experimental studies in childhood schizophrenia: Analysis of self-destructive behavior". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2: 67–84. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(65)90016-0.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 van der Kolk, Bessel (December 1991). "Childhood Origins of Self-Destructive Behavior". The American Journal of Psychiatry 12: 1665–1671.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Self-Destructive Behavior: The Causes, Traits, And Types" (in en). 2018-10-28. https://www.aconsciousrethink.com/9153/self-destructive-behavior/.
- ↑ Gvion, Yari (2015). "Traumatic Experiences and Their Relationship to Self-Destructive Behavior in Adolescents". Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy 14 (4): 406–422. doi:10.1080/15289168.2015.1090863.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Self-Destructive Behavior: Signs, Causes & Effects - Video & Lesson Transcript" (in en). http://study.com/academy/lesson/self-destructive-behavior-signs-causes-effects.html.
- ↑ Fisman, Raymond J.; Kariv, Shachar; Markovits, Daniel (2005). "Pareto Damaging Behaviors". SSRN Working Paper Series. doi:10.2139/ssrn.748404. ISSN 1556-5068. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5ec31e17c99b09e624a61c4ff8a63e3c1f851875.
- ↑ Scherzer, Andrea L. (2018-03-29), "Understanding self-destructive behaviour in adolescence", Violent Adolescents, Routledge, pp. 5–20, doi:10.4324/9780429484711-2, ISBN 9780429484711
- ↑ Pickrem, Faye (2017-01-01), "Disembodying Desire: Ontological Fantasy, Libidinal Anxiety and the Erotics of Renunciation in May Sinclair", May Sinclair, Edinburgh University Press, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474415750.003.0007, ISBN 9781474415750
- ↑ Van Der Kolk, B. A.; Perry, J. C.; Herman, J. L. (1991). "Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior". American Journal of Psychiatry 148 (12): 1665–1671. doi:10.1176/ajp.148.12.1665. PMID 1957928.
- ↑ Henshaw, Sophie (8 July 2018). "How to Change Self-Destructive Behavior: Stages of Change". World of Psychology. http://psychcentral.com/blog/how-to-change-self-destructive-behavior-stages-of-change. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
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